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	IOSOT2007 / Programme of IOTS Congress
		Douglas Gropp, The Aramaic of Targums Onkelos and Jonathan
		Gudrun E. Lier, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and the Rendition of Genesis 1:26-27
		Targum and Taxonomy in the Caves of Qumran
	www.iosot2007.si /temp/index_03_1.html (208 words)

	Targum Bibliography
		Lund, Jerome A., 'Morphological Varaition in the Imperfect of "hewa" in Onqelos and Jonathan', Sefarad 58.2 (1988), pp.
		Lund, Jerome A., 'Morhological Varaition in the Imperfect of "hewa" in Onqelos and Jonathan', Sefarad 58.2 (1988), pp.
		Melamed, Ezra A., 'Targum Yonatan we-Tafsir `Arabi shel Shirath Debora', Erets Yisra'el 3 (1954), pp.
	faculty.washington.edu /snoegel/targumbiblio.html (9159 words)

	TARGUM - LoveToKnow Article on TARGUM
		The Targums are the Aramaic translationsor rather paraphrasesof the books of the Old Testament, and, in their earliest form, date from the time when Aramaic superseded Hebrew as the spoken language of the Jews (see HEBREW LANGUAGE).
		The second Jerusalem Targum, or the so-called pseudo-Jonathan, admittedly owes its ascription to Jonathan ben Uzziel to the incorrect solution of the abbreviated form by which it was frequently cited, viz.
		The official Targum on the Prophets is stated by the Babylonian Talmud7 to have been said by Jonathan hen Uzziel, the disciple of Hillel, and is usually known, therefore, as the Targum Jonathan.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TA/TARGUM.htm (4086 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Targum
		That as early as the third century the text, for instance, of the Targum on the Pentateuch was regarded by the synagogue as traditionally settled is evident from the "Mishna Meg.", IV, 10, "Jer.
		THE TARGUM OF ONKELOS: KAUTZSCH, Mitteilung uber eine alte Handschr.
		THE TARGUM OF JONATHAN: PRACTORIUS, Das Targum zu Josua nach Yemenischer Uberlieferung (Berlin, 1899); IDEM, Das Targum zum Buch der Richter nach yemen.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14454b.htm (3712 words)

	TARGUM - Online Information article about TARGUM (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But though the existence of an older Targum Jerushalmi cannot be denied, it is clear that the form in which it was utilized by the two Palestinian Targums cannot be of an early date, for many of the latest elements in the Fragmentary and pseudo-Jonathan Targums were undoubtedly derived from their common source.
		The language employed in the Targum of Onkelos is, admittedly, Palestinian or Judaean, and since language and thought are ever closely allied, we may conjecture that the current Judaean exegesis, which, in part at least, must go back to the 2nd century A.D., was not without its influence on the Babylonian translation.
		The Targum to Canticles is of a similar character to that of the " second " Esther.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SUS_TAV/TARGUM.html (4867 words)

	Targum Jonathan -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Targum Jonathan (ben Uzziel) (תרגום יונתן בן עוזיאל) is the official eastern ((The ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written) Babylonian) (Click link for more info and facts about targum) targum to the (Click link for more info and facts about Nevi'im) Nevi'im.
		In talmudic times (and to this day in Yemenite Jewish communities) Targum Jonathan was read as a verse-by-verse translation alternatively with the Hebrew verses of the (A short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah) haftarah in the synagogue.
		The Talmud states that "a persion should complete his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once." This passage may be taken to refer to Targum Jonathan (as well as to (Click link for more info and facts about Targum Onkelos) Targum Onkelos).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/ta/targum_jonathan.htm (211 words)

	The History of the Targum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It must be stressed that this emphasis does not contradict the normal Targumic teaching; indeed, an eschatological figure is of necessity to be conceived of as pre-existent, in that he is part of the divine intention.
		The Targum, of course, is possessed of an ambivalent attitude to the Temple, which corresponds partially to both of the sources cited.
		The Isaiah Targum is evidence for the greater diversity of early Judaism as compared to rabbinic Judaism.
	inside.bard.edu /religion/facultyproj/temple/temple_isaiah/targum.htm (8400 words)

	Targum Bibliography
		Each Targum is evaluated in the light of Jewish tradition and of modern linguistic and biblical research.
		Each translated Targum has its own apparatus indicating the relationship between the English translation and the Aramaic original and every volume has a useful bibliography." For an introduction to the Targums in general I recommend John W. Bowker's introduction described at the bottom of this page.
		John W. Etheridge, ed., The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch, with the fragments of the Jerusalem Targum.
	www.bible-researcher.com /aramaic5.html (1793 words)

	CAL Search Page
		In the single case of Targum Jonathan to Zephaniah, however, the main text is rather that re-edited by Josep Ribera Florit in "La version aramaica del Profeta Sofonias," EstBib 40 (1982):127-158 with variants (marked as #2#) from his apparatus.
		Targum Neofiti was completely collated against the microfilm of the manuscript, and re-read again for marginalia by M. Abegg and S. Kaufman.
		According to M. Goshen-Gottstein, this text was a summary recension of the Targum Rishon type after the fashion of sixteenth century humanistic editing.
	cal1.cn.huc.edu /searching/targum_info.html (829 words)

	Catholic Biblical Quarterly, The: Targum and Scripture: Studies in Aramaic Translation and Interpretation in Memory of ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PAUL V. FLESHER (ed.), Targum and Scripture: Studies in Aramaic Translation and Interpretation in Memory of Ernest G. Clarke (Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture 2; Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2002).
		The relative newness of the field of targumic studies is evidenced by several of the contributions.
		She concludes that, in contrast to the other Palestinian targums, PJ regards the temple, rather than the Torah, as Judaism's primary symbol.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3679/is_200401/ai_n9351259 (865 words)

	John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible
		Another priest, according to the Targum of Jonathan; but it seems to design Eleazar the priest, and so, in later times, the same priest that burnt the cow took these things; the Jews say {h}, when he took them he said, is this cedar wood?
		In forty seahs of water, as the Targum of Jonathan: this shows that one different from this is designed in Numbers 19:7; and that this is one distinct from him that sprinkled the blood, Numbers 19:4;
		Three stalks of hyssop bound together, as the Targum of Jonathan, and this man was to be a clean priest, according to the same; but it does not seem necessary that he should be a priest, but that anyone free from ceremonial pollution might do it:
	eword.gospelcom.net /comments/numbers/gill/numbers19.htm (1588 words)

	Catholic Culture : Library : Most Theological Collection : Browse
		We are especially concerned with the Targum Jonathan, the official targum to the prophets -- for most of the greatest messianic prophecies are found in that targum, to the prophets Isaiah and Micah.
		And for certain, the Targum Jonathan reflects Jewish understanding of the prophecies without the help of hindsight, that is, without the help of seeing them fulfilled in Christ, whom they hated.
		So the fact that the targum does not mark 7:14 as such is readily explained by the distortion later introduced into the targums by the Jews who wanted to keep Christians from using them -- a fact admitted by several major modern Jewish scholars.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=145 (5532 words)

	Targum, by John F. Stenning (Encyclopedia Britannica)
		The Targums are the Aramaic translations--or rather paraphrases--of the books of the Old Testament, and, in their earliest form, date from the time when Aramaic superseded Hebrew as the spoken language of the Jews.
		With the exception of this one reference, the Targum is always introduced in the Babylonian Talmud by the phrase "as we translate" (כדמתרגמיגן), or "our Targum" (תרגום דידן): it is probable, therefore, that the name of the author, or authors, was unknown to the Babylonian Jews.
		This Targum represents a later and more successful attempt to correct and supplement the Targum of Onkelos by the aid of variants derived from another source.
	www.bible-researcher.com /aramaic3.html (3910 words)

	On The Sources Of The Story Of Cain & Abel In The Qur'an
		The authorship of this Targum is unknown and the Targum itself was rarely found in the Middle Ages, although it was quoted frequently from 11th century CE onwards.
		A conversation, or rather argument, between Cain and Abel is mentioned in the Jewish legend both in the Targum of Jonathan and in the Targum of Jerusalem...
		It has already been mentioned that the final redaction of the Targum took place after the advent of Islam and that the the matter of conversation between Cain and Abel in the Qur'an and in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan is strikingly different.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Quran/Sources/BBCandA.html (7859 words)

	Christ in the Old Testament
		The Targums were indeed an actualization of the Bible, and they often elucidate the ancient Jewish understanding of particular texts.
		Hence the Targums are relevant sources for the study of the Hebrew OT not only because they demonstrate how the text was translated and understood, in much the same way as the LXX and other ancient Bible translations, but also because the Targums preserve remnants of Jewish thought from late antiquity.
		Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (so named because of an initial misidentification of its composer by scholars) and the Jerusalem Targum both tell us that it was the Memra (Aramaic for "Word") of YHVH who came and spoke to Hagar.
	users.aristotle.net /~bhuie/christot.htm (8206 words)

	Aramaic archive at Targuman
		My doctoral thesis was a verse-by-verse commentary and the book was an analysis of the work as a whole, with reference back to the thesis.
		Over the coming months we will be updating the site to include all of the information formally available (targumic texts in translation, news, and bibliography) as well as a searchable bibliographic database, Wiki edited by scholars in the field, and hopefully some images of targumic manuscripts.
		Targum Manuscript Database - David Kroezer, Kampen, presented on the state of the new database of targumic manuscripts.
	targuman.org /blog/?cat=12 (2272 words)

	[No title]
		We are especially concerned with the Targum Jonathan, the official targum to the prophets _ for most of the greatest messianic prophecies are found in that targum, to the prophets Isaiah and Micah.
		Thus we can make a coherent picture with another piece of data, namely: The Targum Jonathan does say that Isaiah 9:5-6 is messianic _ but _ scholars commonly agree today32 that the child in 9:5-6 is the same as the child in 7:14.
		So the fact that the targum does not mark 7:14 as such is readily explained by the distortion later introduced into the targums by the Jews who wanted to keep Christians from using them _ a fact admitted by several major modern Jewish scholars.
	www.ewtn.com /library/SCRIPTUR/FR92203.TXT (4520 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Targum Jonathan of the Former Prophets: Introduction, Translation and Notes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Targum Jonathan of the Former Prophets: Introduction, Translation and Notes
		The Targums were Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible interspersed with rabbinic commentary.
		The Targums, which date to the middle of the first millenium and earlier, provide insights as to how the Jews (and some early Christians) actually interpreted the texts.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0894534793 (309 words)

	Dove Booksellers New Books
		New volumes will be sent to you as they are released by the publisher, always at the best Dove discount prices.
		Targum of Canticles: Translated, with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus, and Notes
		All trademarks are owned by their respective companies, or Dove Booksellers.
	www.dovebook.com /new/product.asp?code=like'909' (348 words)

	Jesus The Messiah Revealed from the Talmud and other Jewish writings
		The Targums concluded that this passage was speaking of Messiah.
		The Targum Jonathan (second century A. And You Bethlehem Ephrath, you who were too small to be numbered among the thousands of the house of Judah, From you shall come forth before Me The Messiah, to exercise dominion over Israel, He whose name was mentioned from before, from the Days of Creation.
		Targum Onkelos states: “He who excerciseth dominion shall not pass away from the house of Jehuda, nor the saphra from his children’s children until the Messiah come.
	www.jesusplusnothing.com /messiah/messiah.htm (8799 words)

	Difficult Saying with Jonathan Went on StudyLight.org
		Follow the instructions in the email to confirm your addition to this list.
		Jonathan Went teaches biblical Hebrew and Jewish background to Christianity.
		Strong's #1142) and the Aramaic Targum by "idols".
	www.studylight.org /col/ds (962 words)

	Religion archive at Targuman
		Tomorrow morning I will be hitting the road for the next five days (making the rounds and making our case for the capital campaign).
		Geralyn Wolf, bishop of the Diocese of Rhode Island, wrote in an e-mail to Episcopal Church leaders.
		Published July 2, 2007 in Academics, Aramaic, Bible, Religion and Targum.
	targuman.org /blog/?cat=11 (1726 words)

	KKMS Am 980 - Interactive Christian Talk
		Silas was born a few months ago with spina bifida and needless to say, their family has special challenges.
		The Targums were authoritative Aramaic paraphrases of the books of the Tenach which were read in the synagogues along with the Hebrew of the Torah and hafTorah readings.
		Whenever the Targums come to passages where YHWH is anthropomorphisised or seen, or where two or more YHWHs are indicated by the text, the Targums will often substitute "The Word [Memra] of YHWH" for YHWH.
	www.kkms.com /subpage.asp?StationId=KKMS-AM&PageNo=59 (863 words)

	MEMRA: The Word of YHVH
		The Targums were authoritative Aramaic paraphrases of the books of the
		YHWH." It was, according to Targum Onkelos, this Word of YHWH that Abraham
		The Fragmentary Targum of the Torah also expresses that the Word of YHWH
	www.hebroots.org /hebrootsarchive/0208/0208d.html (623 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2002027656
		Table of contents for The Targum of Samuel / by Eveline van Staalduine-Sulman.
		Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
		Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: Bible, O, T, Former prophets, Aramaic, Targum Jonathan Commentaries
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy033/2002027656.html (79 words)

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