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	Targum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A targum (plural: targumim) is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) written or compiled in the Land of Israel or in Babylonia from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium).
		This is true both for those targumim that are fairly literal, as well as for those which contain a great many midrashic expansions.
		The Talmud explicitly states that no official targumim were composed besides these two on Torah and Nevi'im alone, and that there is no official targum to Ketuvim ("The Writings").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Targum (974 words)

	Targum - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Aramaic was the lingua franca for hundreds of years in major Jewish communities in the Land of Israel and Babylonia.
		Nevertheless, later halakhic authorities argued that the requirement to privately review targum (which means "translation") might also be met by reading a translation in the current vernacular in place of the official Targum, or else by studying an important commentary containing midrashic interpretation (especially that of Rashi).
		The targumim to Ketuvim were unknown in Yemen, so no living tradition of pronunciation was preserved for them.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Targum (886 words)

	Targum - BibleWiki
		The paraphrastic style of translation affected by the Targumim generally, in order to obviate all anthropomorphisms in reference to God, is observed with special care in the Targum Onḳelos, which employs paraphrases also in the poetic sections of the Pentateuch and in many other cases.
		The Babylonian Targumim to the Pentateuch and that to the Prophets were the only ones which enjoyed official recognition; so that even in Babylonia there was no authorized Targum to the Hagiographa, since thisportion of the Bible furnished no sidrot for public worship.
		Characteristic of both these Targumim is the fact that they contain more variants from the Masoretic text in vowel-points and even in consonants than any other Targum, about fifty of them occurring in the Targum to Psalms, and almost as many being found in the Targum to Job, despite its relative brevity.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/Targums (5032 words)

	HaDavar Online:
		Another factor influencing the use of the Hebrew Scriptures by the New Testament writers is the "Targumim Factor." This refers to the interpretive translation style of the Targumim that was prominent in the first century.
		The word "targum" means "translation" or "to translate." Targumim is the plural form-"translations." The Targumim are Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible.
		The goal of the Living Bible is the same as that of the Targumim, the aim-the goal-was to communicate understanding.
	www.hadavar.org /Targumim.html (913 words)

	eBay - A Dictionary of the Targumim the Talmud Babli and ... items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
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	Bible Studies - Русские страницы - Ветхий Завет - Текстология ВЗ
		The remaining two targumim (T1 and T2) are preserved by Nьrnberg in its margin in the same order and are therefore included by de Prato in the "proper" sequence.
		Insofar as the shared readings and even otherwise unattested ordering of alternative targumim might also fit this set of circumstances, we must look for evidence of a decisive nature before a verdict may be reached regarding the direction of dependence.
		STEC, The Text of the Targum, 86, prefers this term to that suggested by Weiss ("duplicate targumim") on the grounds that "duplicate" is suggestive of "two" and does not reflect the cases where three or even four targumim are attested.
	www.biblicalstudies.ru /OT/41.html (6040 words)

	[No title]
		Targum fragments found in the Dead Sea Scrolls indicate that use of written targumim can be dated to pre-Christian times, and eventually two of these written Targumim, Targum Onqelos on the Pentateuch, and Targum Jonathan on the Prophets, gained official status, and were specifically designated for use in synagogue services.
		While precise dating of the individual Targumim can be problematic, many of the Targumim we have come from the first seven centuries of this era**, and some of the fragments, such as those found at Qumran, may well be older still.
		Many of these Targumim were used not only by later rabbinical writers, but by Christian theologians as well, making these documents important for the history of interpretation of the passages they comment on, both as snapshots of what was being taught in early Jewish communities and as sources for later theological work.
	www.logos.com /targums (927 words)

	Jastrow: Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Hardcover. ...
		Jastrow: Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature.
		Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature.
		Complete in one volume, in a reader friendly format and page size, with a sturdy binding and an index of Scriptural quotations, it is the most comprehensive single-volume dictionary available for reading early Jewish texts.
	www.atleest.com /en-us/p_13571.html (164 words)

	Targum Bibliography
		Kaufman, Steven A., and Y. Maori, 'The Targumim to Exodus 20: Reconstructing the Palestinian Targum', Textus 16 (1991), pp.
		Chilton, Bruce, 'Reference to the Targumim in the Exegesis of the New Testament', SBLSP 34 (1995), pp.
		Smelik, Willem F., 'Translation and commentary in One: The Interplay of Pluses and Substitutes in the Targumim of the Prophets', JSJ 29.3 (1998), pp.
	faculty.washington.edu /snoegel/targumbiblio.html (9159 words)

	[No title]
		The Targums are important source documents that can be compared with the Septuagint in terms of their significance for doing text criticism, understanding the history of biblical interpretation, and studying the New Testament use of Hebrew scriptures.
		As such, the Targumim function as important early witnesses to the text of Hebrew scriptures and are commonly cited in the critical apparatus of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, as well as commentaries and other books concerned with establishing the oldest text of the bible.
		Many of these Targumim were used by early Christian theologians, making these documents important for the history of interpretation of the passages they comment on, both as snapshots of what was being taught in early Jewish communities and as sources for later theological work.
	www.logos.com /products/details/2068 (804 words)

	Tov, Electronic Resources Relevant to the Textual Criticism of Hebrew Scripture
		The Targumim and the Peshitta are available in several sources, foremost on the website of the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon (CAL), together with lexicographical facilities and search capacities.
		The key to the effective use of any software program of Scripture texts is the availability in the background of a lemmatization and of a morphological analysis (grammatical tagging) of all the Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic, and Syriac text words.
		For the Targumim, there is the analysis of CAL, while for the Vulgate there is no such analysis, so searching in that translation is rather restricted.
	rosetta.reltech.org /TC/vol08/Tov2003.html (2880 words)

	PENN & VAN ROMPAY: Seminar Report - Aramaic in Post-Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity, Duke University, June 14 ...
		Blane Conklin, Translation technique in the Peshitta and the Targumim in the case of Hebrew ky ’m.
		Madeline Kochen, Human and divine property in Rabbinic literature and in the Targumim.
		Kyong-Jin Lee, A comparative analysis of the hapax legomena in the Targumim on Genesis.
	syrcom.cua.edu /hugoye/Vol7No2/HV7N2CRPennVanRompay.html (499 words)

	Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Bavli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature - Marcus Jastrow, Judaica Press, ...
		Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Bavli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature, Book, Hardcover, Religion - Judaism, Reference, Judaism - Sacred Writings, Dictionaries - General, Judaica Press, Marcus Jastrow,
		Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Bavli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature
		Comment: Unless you are fluent in hebrew and aramaic this book is essential for any serious student of Talmud.
	www.cheapsaledeal.com /books/details/1932443207 (228 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Literature of Formative Judaism; The Targumim & Other Jewish Writings in Late Antiquity: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
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	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0824081838 (223 words)

	NTCS - Targumic Texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		We are slowly adding translations of the targumim.
		You may access texts via the links below.
		The texts in this section have been made available by and formatted by David Everson.
	www.tulane.edu /~ntcs/tgtext.htm (88 words)

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	midrashim/targumim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		And the German 1938 J Winter one possibly not in print anymore?) -Sifre Numbers (somebody seems to have stolen our copy of the 1959 G Kuhn translation/commentary.
		Is the last volume of the Neusner/Green tranlation out, I wonder?) -Sifre Deuteronomy (I've found references to three translations done in the 1980'es by R. Hammer, J. Neusner and H. Bietenhard - any recommendations?) TARGUMIM: If the bursar will be persuaded, I assume we ought to fork out the price of the McNamara edition, right?
		On the other hand, the bursar might NOT be persuaded, and we'll have to make do with the Sperber textual edition for Onqelos, the E.G. Clarke for Pseudo-Jonathan and the A. Diez Macho for Neophyti 1.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2002-October/014157.html (300 words)

	Find in a Library: Divine revelation and divine titles in the Pentateuchal targumim
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	A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature : Dictionaries: Translation ...
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		Needs to be updated and cleaned up April 8, 1999
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