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Topic: Tariff of 1816

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	Tariff - LoveToKnow 1911
		The tariff history of France in the 19th century divides itself into three periods: one of complete prohibition, lasting till 1860; second, of liberal legislation, from 1860 to 1881; third, of reversion to protection after 1881.
		The tariff history of Germany, up to the foundation of the German Empire, is the history of the Zollverein or German customs union; and this in turn is closely connected with the tariff history of Prussia.
		Efforts were made also to reduce the tariff duties, but these naturally came last: they met with strong opposition, and in the end they were almost completely frustrated, thus leaving as the basis of the tariff the rates which had been levied in the course of the war.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tariff (6316 words)

	Taxation without representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although tariffs are a source of government revenue, tariffs are also used as part of political and economic policies.
		The trend to increase tariffs continued in the 1800s and early 1900s and was particularly strong during the early years of the Great Depression (1930s).
		Because that tariff resulted in higher prices of articles used in the agricultural South, it was bitterly denounced by representatives of the southern states.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /schools/rmhs/media/SocialStudies/Taxationweb.htm (2138 words)

	1816-1860: The Second American Party System and the Tariff
		A House bill to increase the entire tariff schedule by 5 percent — with even higher duties on cotton and wool cloth, finished clothing, iron, and hemp — passed the House but was not enacted.
		The marked upward revision of the tariff rates enacted by the Tariff of 1828, dubbed the Tariff of Abominations by its southern opponents, formed the basis for the nullification crisis.
		The party platform endorsed revenue tariffs designed to generate significant funds, part of which were to be distributed to the states to pay for internal improvements (roads and canals), another component of the American System.
	www.tax.org /Museum/1816-1860.htm (2719 words)

	The Tariff History of the United States (Part I) by F.W. Taussig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The committee which reported the tariff bill of that year recommended the adoption in regard to woollens of a proviso framed after that, of the tariff of 1816 in regard to cottons, the minimum valuation being eighty cents a yard.
		They were convinced, and in the main justly convinced, that the taxes levied by the tariff fell with peculiar weight on the slave States, and their opposition was already tinged with the bitterness which made possible, a few years later, the attempt at nullification of the tariff of 1832.
		The result expected was that no tariff bill at all would be passed during the session, which was the object of the Southern wing of the opposition On the other hand, the obloquy of defeating it would be cast on the Adams party, which was the object of the Jacksonians of the North.
	teachingamericanhistory.org /library/index.asp?document=1136 (8504 words)

	the development of core capitalism in the U.S.
		Tariff politics are one reflection the class forces that were contending for state power in the antebellum period.
		Tariffs on coarse woolen and cotton textiles came to be opposed by the Southern planters who were purchasing these commodities to clothe their slaves.
		The principle of protection was abandoned and henceforth tariff advocates had to couch their proposals in terms of "incidental protection." But the bill specified that tariff rates were to be lowered slowly until 1842, when they were to be drastically reduced to an average of 20% ad valorem.
	www.irows.ucr.edu /cd/papers/ustariffpol.htm (13655 words)

	Dixie Outfitters
		The tariff of 1816 was raised to 20% and was not resisted by Southerners.
		Tariffs were more of an issue in downward trends in the business cycle when domestic producers became relatively more interested in wealth transfers as their profits fell.
		Lower tariffs in 1846 and 1857 further eased tensions in the South on the issue, and growth in manufacturing took place from 1833 to 1860 with a declining tariff.
	www.dixieoutfitters.com /heritage/cw20.shtml (3045 words)

	Causes of the Civil War - A Southern Perspective
		Tariffs were permitted in the Constitution to allow the United States to generate revenue.
		In the Tariff of 1816, however, the United States tariff structure changed from revenue producing to protectionist.
		Tariffs are generally considered to be a "Lost Cause" of the Civil War, but the cited example is directly out of the Georgia Causes of Secession document.
	blueandgraytrail.com /features/southerncauses.html (2900 words)

	Tariff of 1816
		Tariffs are taxes placed on goods imported from foreign countries.
		The Tariff of 1816 helped level the playing field for American businessmen.
		The Tariff of 1816 helped the United States, including Ohio, to compete at least domestically with foreign products.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1429 (603 words)

	United States History - Nullification Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by Jackson in 1832 was milder than that of 1828, but it further embittered many in the state.
		South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared both the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within state borders.
		Clay's tariff bill -- quickly passed in 1833 -- specified that all duties in excess of 20 percent of the value of the goods imported were to be reduced by easy stages, so that by 1842, the duties on all articles would reach the level of the moderate tariff of 1816.
	countrystudies.us /united-states/history-50.htm (507 words)

	Advancements In Manufacturing Technology
		Contact US The issue of tariffs was part of the economic history of the United States from the beginning.
		Again, in 1812, the government increased tariffs to raise revenue for the War of 1812.
		The tariff placed a duty of 25% on imported textiles until June 30, 1819; after which the duty fell to 20%.
	www.multied.com /NN/economic/Tariffs.html (432 words)

	Daniel Webster - MSN Encarta
		Webster was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Boston in 1822 and to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 1827.
		He had opposed legislation for a protective tariff in 1816 and did so again in 1824.
		He supported the tariff of 1828 and become a protector of northern industrial interests on other issues as well.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559650/Webster_Daniel.html (619 words)

	John C. Calhoun
		Even as a representative of South Carolina he favored the Tariff of 1816 because it would give the country more money for internal development and would also encourage a more viable manufacturing sector, which in turn would be better for the Union.
		The reason for this was that Calhoun still thought that the tariff was for the revenue of the federal government, and not for the sole purpose of promoting the agenda of one section, the north, over another's, the south.
		In this paper he stated that the tariff of 1828 favored the north over the south and was not for the sole purpose of revenue.
	www.studyworld.com /john_c_calhoun.htm (1742 words)

	Taussig, Some Aspects of the Tariff Question, Part IV, Chapter XVII: Library of Economics and Liberty
		It was systematically and successfully developed during the time of the early protective movement which set in with the tariff of 1816; it maintained itself unshaken notwithstanding the gradual reduction of duties carried out in 1833-40 under the provisions of the compromise tariff act of 1833.
		In the tariff act of 1861, enacted before the war, specific duties were substituted for the ad valorem duties of 1846 and 1857; with the declared intention, and in the main probably with the effect, of simply changing the method of levy, not the height of the tariff.
		In the protective tariff acts that came after 1883,—those of 1890, 1897, and 1909,—the same process of cautious reduction of the duties on the cheaper grades was continued.
	www.econlib.org /library/Taussig/tsgSTQ17.html (5012 words)

	Tariff Table
		GATT talks aimed at tariff reduction, primarily with Western Europe; approximate 33 percent reductions; (L. Johnson administration).
		Tariffs are taxes placed on foreign goods by federal governments.
		In 1828 a new revision of the tariff was made in favor of protection.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h963.html (569 words)

	Taussig, Essay on Tariffs from the Encyclopedia Britannica: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Where tariff duties are imposed solely for revenue, an equivalent excise tax is imposed within the country, so as to put the domestic producer precisely on the footing of his foreign competitor; and tariffs so maintained are in complete conformity with the principle of free trade.
		The tariff of 1828 was affected by some political manipulation, which caused it to contain objectionable provisions, and to be dubbed "the tariff of abominations." But the so-called abominations were removed in 1832, when the protective system was deliberately and carefully rearranged.
		The Democratic party now was in control of legislation, and in the Tariff Act of 1846 established a system of moderate and purely ad valorem duties, in which the protected articles were subjected, as a rule, to a rate of 30 per cent., in some cases to rates of 25 and 20 per cent.
	www.econlib.org /library/Taussig/tsgEnc1.html (6146 words)

	history100jacksoniannationalism
		The Democratic proponents of the tariff figured that once it was defeated, they could still claim in the North and West that they had created it (and thereby win political support), and in the South, they could claim to have defeated it, likewise winning southern votes.
		4) The “Tariff Controversy” (re: the Tariff of 1828).
		Since the Tariff of 1828 brought in record amounts of revenue for the federal government, allowing a budget surplus for the first time in U.S. history (and since Jackson’s veto of internal improvement spending, the money could not be touched), President Jackson asked the Congress to revise it in the Tariff of 1832.
	home.att.net /~history240/history100jacksoniannationalism.html (2145 words)

	Tariff of 1816
		The Tariff of 1816 was a mildly protectionist measure, raising the average rates to around 20 percent.
		The 1816 tariff act was the first true protectionist measure, reversing the revenue-generation emphasis of the 1789 measure.
		revision of the tariff rates enacted by the Tariff of 1828, dubbed the Tariff of Abominations by its southern opponents, formed the basis for the nullification crisis.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h973.html (437 words)

	Nullification in Mississippi
		In 1828, at the time of the passage of "the tariff of abominations," Mississippi was a young frontier community, the experiences and interests of which had made it national in sentiment and a supporter of the party in control of the general government.
		The tariff of 1816 was considered from the point of view of expediency and had been passed because it was thought to be for the good of all.
		When the South was faced with the tariff of 1828, it well knew that to attack it with economic arguments was useless for its adherents of the manufacturing States of the East and the wool and hemp growing States of the West and Southwest were too firmly persuaded of its advantages.
	www.datasync.com /~jtaylor/Nullif.htm (6154 words)

	The Tariff and Southern Secession
		The July 4, 1789, tariff was the first substantive legislation passed by the new American government.
		In spite of the protective Tariff of 1816, the American economy collapsed in 1819.
		Calhoun and other Southerners had supported the tariff of 1816 as a fair recompense to New Englanders whose interests had been damaged by the embargo and the war.
	www.etymonline.com /cw/economics.htm (3720 words)

	myessay10
		(34 of the 57 representatives from the South voted against the Tariff of 1816.) At this point in time, the South was prospering from their cotton crops and exporting cotton to various parts of the globe.
		By introducing this tariff, they would have to pay an additional fee to the federal government in order to import luxury goods from foreign countries, such as England and France.
		The North, Middle and Western states, however, were for this tariff, because it provided for an increase in revenue which would provide for the building of roads to ship goods across the nation.
	www.historyteacher.net /USProjects/myessay10.htm (1057 words)

	Tariff of Abominations « 3 x 5 cards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Morrill Tariff of 1861 November 28, 2006
		A cartoon allegory that portrays the Tariff of Abominations as a misunderstood monster terrorizing the South while appealing to the North.
		You are a northern manufacturer, write a letter to the editor of your local paper that expresses your reactions to the accusations made by John C. Calhoun.
	3x5cards.wordpress.com /tag/tariff-of-abominations (309 words)

	American America History - Clay, Calhoun, Webster
		In 1816, soon after the end of the War of 1812, the British, who had failed to defeat the Americans in battle, attempted to shut down the newly formed American manufacturing business.
		Webster was a representative from the North, a New Hampshire resident, who strongly opposed the Tariff of 1816.
		A fierce nationalist and former warhawk, he was much in favor of the Tariff of 1816.
	www.123helpme.com /view.asp?id=23167 (913 words)

	USA:(4)Union principle triumphs
		Clay's tariff bill - quickly passed in 1833 - specified that all duties in excess of 20 per cent of the value of the goods imported were to be reduced by easy stages, so that, by 1842, the duties on all articles would reach the level of the moderate tariff of 1816.
		It became increasingly clear that state banks could not provide the country with a uniform currency, and in 1816, a second Bank of the United States, similar to the first, was chartered for 20 years.
		With John Tyler, whose views on states rights and a low tariff were popular in the south, as his vice-presidential candidate, Harrison won a sweeping victory.
	odur.let.rug.nl /usa.990917/H/1990/ch4_p7.htm (860 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: American History (1994): Chapter Five: Nullification Crisis (5/11)
		Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff.
		In response, a number of South Carolina citizens endorsed the states' rights principle of "nullification," which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president until 1832, in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828).
		When the question of tariff duties again came before Congress, it soon became clear that only one man, Senator Henry Clay, the great advocate of protection (and a political rival of Jackson), could pilot a compromise measure through Congress.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/H/1994/ch5_p5.htm (534 words)

	Jacksonian_Democracy
		They were especially anxious that the tariff be changed after Congress voted to hike it in 1828—the so-called "Tariff of Abominations," which raised tariff rates to their highest level before the Civil War.
		Congress voted for a new tariff in 1832, but even though it was lower than the Tariff of 1828, this was still not good enough for South Carolinians, who objected to the very principle of a protective tariff.
		In November of 1832, the convention met and nullified the tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
	home.earthlink.net /~kahnep63/Jacksonian_Democracy.html (2183 words)

	Tariff of 1828
		John Quincy Adams reluctantly signed the tariff measure, fully realizing he was being made a scapegoat by his political enemies.
		Little thought was given to vetoing the tariff; the inclination of the early presidents was to exercise that power only for matters of dubious constitutionality.
		The Tariff of 1828 had been purposely drafted to make Andrew Jackson appear as a free trade advocate in the South and as a protectionist in the North.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h268.html (400 words)

	Tariffs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hawley Smoot Tariff of 1930 by the U.S. Congress
		It brought the U.S. tariff to its highest point in history
		The retaliatory tariffs of foreign nations caused a sharp decline in U.S. foreign trade
	members.aol.com /riptor273/apush/tariffs.htm (157 words)

	SIMONS, SOCIAL FORCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY, CHAP. 15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		THE industrial boom created by the Embargo, the war, western land speculation, and the canal and turnpike enthusiasm, and fostered by the tariff of 1816 gave the infant capitalism severe internal pains, climaxing in the first crisis in 1819.
		Many others were sure it was caused by the tariff enacted in the same year.
		A little later a committee was appointed to investigate the public charities of Philadelphia, and its report reveals a mass of misery among the workers that foretells the city slum of to-day.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/simons/15.html (2470 words)

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