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Topic: Tarsal

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	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
		The tarsal tunnel is the region beneath the flexor retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle.
		The contents of the tarsal tunnel are the posterior tibial nerve and the posterior tibialis artery and two accompanying veins.
		Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome is traditionally known as a single region of compression on the posterior tibial nerve by the flexor retinaculum.
	www.tarsaltunnelcenter.com /assets/tarsal.shtml (193 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is analogous to the carpal tunnel syndrome seen in the wrist, however far less common (Laing, 1995).
		The flexor retinaculum constitutes the roof of the tarsal tunnel and is formed by the deep fascia of the leg and the deep transverse fascia (Richli, Roger, Carrasco, Charnsangavej, Rosenthal and Wallace, 1993).
		Stefko, R.M. and Lauerman, W.C. Tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by an
	www.podiatry.curtin.edu.au:16080 /encyclopedia/tarsaltunnel (3040 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a condition that is caused by the entrapment of the tibial nerve on the inside of the ankle.
		The diagnsis of tarsal tunnel syndrome is sometimes made using nerve conduction tests.
		An incision is made into the tisses to allow room for expansion of the nerve or for remoeal of a cyst or other structure that is compressing the nerve.
	www.epodiatry.com /tarsal-tunnel-syndrome.htm (451 words)

	Fracture and Luxation of the Tarsus and Metatarsus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tibial tarsal bone possesses a trochlea and is the primary articulating surface of the tarsus.
		Tarsal bone I is a small bone that articulates with the central tarsal bone, tarsal bone II, and metatarsal I. Tarsal bone II articulates with the central tarsal bone proximally, the third tarsal bone laterally, the first tarsal bone medially, and the second metatarsal distally.
		Tarsal bone III is larger than I or II and articulates proximally with the central tarsal bone, laterally with the fourth tarsal bone, medially with the second tarsal and metatarsal bones, and distally with metatarsal III.
	www.ivis.org /special_books/ortho/chapter_32/32mast.asp (3316 words)

	Tarsal Coalitions
		Tarsal coalitions are unions of two or more bones in the foot that are not normally fused.
		Tarsal coalitions are rare, with various studies reporting the frequency to be between 4 per 10,000 to 140 per 10,000 young adults.
		Tarsal coalitions are described based on the type of tissue that forms between the tarsal bones and causes the two bones to fuse together.
	podiatry.temple.edu /clinic/tarsal_coal.html (1231 words)

	Tarsal - Surch
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome -- tarsal: meaning the lower ankle area of the foot -- is a condition that...
		tunnel syndrome, a condition that affects the wrist, tarsal tunnel syndrome is caused by entrapment of a nerve...
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rare entrapment neuropathy involving the foot.
	www.surch.co.uk /tarsal (418 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
		The tarsal tunnel is the region beneath the flexor retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle.
		The contents of the tarsal tunnel are the posterior tibial nerve, the posterior tibial artery and two accompanying veins.
		Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome is traditionally known as a single region of compression on the posterior tibial nerve by the flexor retinaculum.
	www.neuropathyhelp.com /bwd2_005.htm (350 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome -- tarsal: meaning the lower ankle area of the foot -- is a condition that usually affects the medial (inside) aspect of the ankle.
		Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when the posterior tibial nerve, as it courses under the ligament at the ankle, becomes inflamed for a variety of reasons, namely: excessive pronation, arthritic problems such as rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, and even obesity.
		The symptoms that are characteristic of this disease are persistent burning pain, pain that radiates down to the toes and/or up to the lower leg, and pain that is usually unremitting, in that is does not subside after weight has been removed from the foot.
	www.ncpainmanagement.com /TarsalTunnel.htm (2613 words)

	Meridian Family Foot & Ankle Clinic of Oklahoma City Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is the name given to a painful condition involving injury, inflammation, and/or compression of one or more of major nerves of the foot.
		Patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome report varying types of symptoms that include electric shock-like sensations, numbness, a sense of the foot "giving away", and pain radiating up into the leg, arch, heel, and/or toes.
		Moderate cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome are treated with soft supportive shoes, orthotics to support the foot, anti-inflammatory medications, and rest.
	www.mffac.com /tarsal.htm (327 words)

	Tarsal Coalitions
		Tarsal conditions can be thought of as a form of blockage between two bones.
		The foot with a tarsal condition may present with a normal arch height or as a flatfoot deformity.
		Pain may be elicited upon palpation of the sinus tarsi, joints involved, or the sustentaculum tali.
	www.aapsm.org /tarsal_coalitions.html (532 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: The Sinus Tarsi Syndrome
		Ligamentous structures within the tarsal canal include the inferior attachment of the extensor retinaculum of the foot, the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, and the cervical ligament.
		The main ligament is the interosseous talocalcaneal, a wide and very strong ligament that originates from a broad attachment in the middle of the canal on the surface of the calcaneus and runs anteromedially to the deepest portion of the tarsal canal, where it inserts on the talus.
		Tarsal canal ligaments maintain alignment between the talus and calcaneus and limit inversion.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2000/05_00/klausner.htm (2418 words)

	eMedicine - Tarsal Coalition : Article by Louis Vu, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tarsal coalition is a condition in which 2 or more bones in the midfoot or hindfoot are joined.
		When the internal rotation is restricted by the coalition, the tarsal joints have to compensate, with flattening of the foot and loss of longitudinal arch, and a valgus appearance in the horizontal plane.
		Tarsal coalitions are relatively rare congenital abnormalities of the foot in which 2 or more of the tarsal bones are joined by bone, cartilage, or fibrous tissue.
	www.emedicine.com /orthoped/topic326.htm (5421 words)

	Information about tarsal tunnel syndrome
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a condition where the posterior tibial nerve in the foot is trapped.
		The main difference between tarsal tunnel syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome is that tarsal tunnel occurs in the foot and carpal tunnel occurs in the hands and wrist.
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome can be treated with medication (to reduce pain and swelling), physical therapy, steroid injections, arch supports in shoes, and in severe cases, surgery.
	www.mamashealth.com /foot/tarsal.asp (222 words)

	Tarsal tunnel syndrome
		The neurophysiological and clinical outcomes of surgical decompression of 22 cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome are analysed.
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome describes the entrapment of the posterior tibial nerve at the level of the medial malleolus, resulting in pain and/or sensory disturbance in the foot.
		Twenty-two tarsal tunnels were decompressed, the average age of the patient being 55 years.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /journal/vol43_1/4310013.htm (1608 words)

	Tarsal Coalitions and Arthrodesis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A tarsal coalition is a condition in which there is a bridge of bone or cartilage which causes restricted or absent motion between two or more tarsal bones.
		Tarsal coalitions may be acquired following arthritis, infection, neoplasia or trauma, or they may be congenital.
		Indications include acute displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus, late complications of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures, acquired adult flatfoot, isolated talocalcaneal arthrosis, tarsal coalitions and valgus rearfoot deformity.
	podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/rearfoot_surgery/TarsCoalitions.html (465 words)

	MEPC - McPhail Chair Presentations (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The fused second and third tarsal bones are small and lie behind the much larger third tarsal bone that occupies the area between the central tarsal above and the third metatarsal below.
		The primary movement at the tarsal joint is flexion and extension in a slightly oblique plane.
		The large torques during the stance phase emphasize the role of the stance phase in the aetiology of tarsal joint injuries and the importance of optimizing the stance phase forces.
	cvm.msu.edu /dressage/articles/mcpres/AABOTH.htm (1345 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome most commonly occurs in active adults, but also can occur in children.
		In tarsal tunnel syndrome, the same types of forces are applied to the tibial nerve.
		People with exceptionally flat feet also can develop tarsal tunnel syndrome because the flattened arch causes the muscles and nerves running around the ankle to change their route slightly, compressing the tibial nerve.
	www.curefootpain.co.uk /tarsal.htm (603 words)

	Orthoseek \| Orthopedic Topics \| Tarsal Coalition
		Tarsal coalition is a condition that occurs when one or more joints in the foot or tarsus fails to form properly during development.
		Although the tarsal coalition is present at birth, symptoms do not appear till later because that is the time the coalition starts to transform from fibrous tissue or cartilage to bone.
		It should be remembered that 75% of people with tarsal coalition do not have symptoms, and the purpose of conservative treatment is to convert these 25% of people with symptoms to aymptomatic ones.
	www.orthoseek.com /articles/tarsalcoal.html (354 words)

	Podiatry Today
		The tarsal tunnel is actually a channel produced by the septa of the flexor retinaculum, which has a constantly changing volume dependent on the position of the foot.
		Therefore, a pathology specific orthotic for tarsal tunnel syndrome relief would be semi-rigid or rigid, have a minimum fill and a 4 mm medial skive, a wide width, a deep 16+ mm heel cup, a 0/0 rearfoot post and a 3- to 6 mm heel lift.
		Fujita I, Matsumotok: Tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by epineural ganglion of the posterior tibial nerve.
	www.podiatrytoday.com /podtd/displayArticleaa.cfm?articleID=article3337 (2221 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel: Complete Medical Resource (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when a tibial nerve in the foot becomes pinched.
		Tarsal — referring to the lower ankle and Tunnel referring to the structure within the ankle — is an area that contains different nerves, blood vessels and tendons.
		Another cause of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome is arthritis which can cause inflammation in the joint of the ankle and lead to damaged nerves in ankle.
	www.heel-that-pain.com /tarsal_tunnel/index.php (492 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - Overview, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment - podiatrychannel
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is caused by the entrapment of the tibial nerve.
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is most common in active adults, but it can also occur in children.
		People with exceptionally flat feet can develop tarsal tunnel syndrome because the flattened arch causes the muscles and nerves around the ankle to change their route slightly, compressing the tibial nerve.
	podiatrychannel.com /tarsaltunnelsyndrome (578 words)

	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
		The initial symptoms of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome are swelling of the feet, painful burning, tingling or numb sensations in the lower legs.
		Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome may be caused by a number of different conditions that can compress the tibial nerve at the ankle.
		Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome can begin at any age but is usually related to activities which involve long periods of standing.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord370.htm (757 words)

	Fractures and Dislocations Associated with Racing Greyhound (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fourth tarsal fractures are usually associated with at least a type IV or greater central tarsal fracture.
		Repair is aimed at restoring the medial buttress, which is the central tarsal bone, thereby indirectly stabilizing the fourth tarsal (Fig.35-13).
		In severe fractures of the fourth tarsal bone, the repair is augmented by placing an additional 4-mm cancerous screw in a medial-lateral direction through the second and third tarsal bones into the distal portion of the fourth.
	www.ivis.org /special_books/ortho/chapter_35/35mast.asp (3549 words)

	tarsal -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tarsals correspond to the carpal bones of the upper limb.
		In humans the tarsals, in combination with the metatarsal bones, form a longitudinal arch in the foot—a shape well...
		The articulation of one of the tarsal bones, the ankle bone (talus, or astragalus), with the fibula and tibia of the lower leg forms the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9071330 (478 words)

	tarsal_tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy (pressure on nerve) of the tibial nerve as it courses through the inside aspect of the foot and ankle.
		The diagnosis of tarsal tunnel is made primarily by the clinic experience of a podiatric foot and ankle surgeon.
		Conservative treatment for tarsal tunnel syndrome includes the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, ice, physical therapy, orthotic devices, steroid injections and cast immobilization.
	www.footdocsoc.com /tarsal_tunnel.htm (352 words)

	Gross Anatomy: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT
		Tarsal Joints - or intertarsal joints, are a complex of joints between the tarsal bones.
		Movements of the transverse tarsal joints enable the forefoot to move on the midfoot.
		The tarsal joints "lock" and the foot is turned into a rigid lever supporting the ability of the limb to transition from stance to swing phase.
	www.upstate.edu /cdb/grossanat/limbs9.shtml (2413 words)

	Dr. Koop - Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rarely reported entrapment neuropathy of the deep peroneal nerve under the extensor retinaculum at the ankle.
		The neuropathy is due to chronic pressure on the nerve at the point where it passes through the tarsal tunnel.
		Rarely, symptoms are severe and diffuse enough to require administration of a tricyclic antidepressant medication to decrease the nerve irritability.
	www.drkoop.com /encyclopedia/93/328.html (443 words)

	eMedicine - Tarsal Coalition : Article by Eric A Wang, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tarsal fusions can be associated with other musculoskeletal conditions such as hand-foot-uterus syndrome, carpal coalition, symphalangism, arthrogryposis, Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly), and Nievergelt-Pearlman syndrome.
		Mortality/Morbidity: Tarsal coalitions are a common cause of spastic peroneal flatfoot.
		The bones of the midfoot are composed of 5 distal tarsals.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic673.htm (2736 words)

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