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Topic: Taste buds

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	The Sense of Taste
		Taste is the ability to respond to dissolved molecules and ions called tastants.
		Each taste bud has a pore that opens out to the surface of the tongue enabling molecules and ions taken into the mouth to reach the receptor cells inside.
		Taste receptor cells are connected, through an ATP-releasing synapse, to a sensory neuron leading back to the brain.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.html (707 words)

	ific.org : Taste Matters
		We are born with 10,000 taste buds located on the back, sides, and tip of the tongue, on the palate, and in the throat.
		When taste receptor cells within the taste buds are excited by chemical stimuli, they detect five primary sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and "umami," the savory taste of glutamate found in protein foods and monosodium glutamate (MSG).
		Taste buds first appear when a fetus is seven or eight weeks old, and are functioning by the third trimester of pregnancy.
	ific.org /foodinsight/1999/ja/tastefi499.cfm (1574 words)

	Anosmia Foundation
		Ageusia - the absence of the sense of taste.
		A taste disorder may present as a loss of taste, that is the loss of the ability to detect salt, sweet, sour, and bitter or it may present as an abnormal taste in the mouth such as a bitter taste, an unpleasant taste, or even an electrical sensation.
		Abnormal tastes may be caused by injury to the taste buds, injury to the nerves responsible for taste, or to a variety of other conditions which occur within the mouth.
	www.anosmiafoundation.org /taste.shtml (1488 words)

	06.25.2004 - A fly's taste experience is much like ours
		While human taste receptors are limited to the tongue, the receptors in flies are mounted on bristles scattered all over the body, including the legs, the wings, the food-sucking proboscis and the egg-laying ovipositor.
		Tracing the taste receptor nerve cells into the brain, Scott and her team showed that fly brains contain a map both of the location on the body and the type or quality of the taste.
		Taste is geared mainly to locating food and deciding whether or not to eat it, without any fine taste distinctions, she said.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2004/06/25_flies.shtml (1077 words)

	Taste bud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten.
		Each taste bud is flask-like in shape, its broad base resting on the corium, and its neck opening by an orifice, the gustatory pore, between the cells of the epithelium.
		The nerve fibrils after losing their medullary sheaths enter the taste bud, and end in fine extremities between the gustatory cells; other nerve fibrils ramify between the supporting cells and terminate in fine extremities; these, however, are believed to be nerves of ordinary sensation and not gustatory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taste_bud (698 words)

	Taste Matters
		We are born with 10,000 taste buds located on the back, sides, and tip of the tongue, on the palate, and in the throat.
		When taste receptor cells within the taste buds are excited by chemical stimuli, they detect five primary sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and "umami," the savory taste of glutamate found in protein foods and monosodium glutamate (MSG).
		Taste buds first appear when a fetus is seven or eight weeks old, and are functioning by the third trimester of pregnancy.
	www.ific.org /foodinsight/1999/ja/tastefi499.cfm (1572 words)

	All About the Tongue & the Sense of Taste
		Taste or gustation is the ability to respond to dissolved molecules and ions (as contrasted with the sense of smell which detects airborne molecules).
		It is bound to the floor of the mouth and to the epiglottis (a plate of cartilage that serves as a lid for the larynx) by folds of its mucous membrane.
		Taste buds are specially modified epithelial cells and are distributed throughout the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa in a topographic, overlapping manner.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /article/bodytaste/773 (893 words)

	The Investigation Of The Taste Buds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A taste bud is a small structure that is sensitive to taste.
		The sense organ for taste is the tongue.
		Taste buds for each of the four tastes are located in different areas of the tongue.
	www.iit.edu /~smile/bi9210.html (485 words)

	Statistics on Taste [NIDCD Health Information]
		Taste buds, located mainly on the lingual surface, palate, and oropharynx, are primarily responsible for mediating sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and metallic sensations.
		Importantly, taste sensitivity, as measured by detection thresholds, is directly related to the number of taste papillae and taste buds stimulated, implying that some taste disorders are conceivably accounted for by changes in the peripheral lingual anatomy (Doty et al., 2001; Miller et al., 2002).
		Such tasting ability correlates with the number of fungiform papillae, as well as sensitivity to some other agents (e.g., NaCl, sucrose), begging the question as to whether sensitivity to PROP is a simple reflection of the number of taste buds.
	www.nidcd.nih.gov /health/statistics/taste.asp (1277 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Qualitative and quantitative differences between taste buds of the rat and mouse
		PGP 9.5 is present approximately in 14.6% of the taste cells in rat circumvallate taste buds [25] and 23% of taste cells in mouse circumvallate taste buds [26].
		Taste bud synapses in rat circumvallate taste buds are only associated with the type III cells [11,13,14].
		Numerical density of taste cells in a taste bud was calculated by dividing the number of taste cells by the volume of the taste bud.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/8/5 (5335 words)

	Taste Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health - Find Articles
		Taste is one of the five senses (the others being smell, touch, vision, and hearing) through which all animals interpret the world around them.
		One of the two chemical senses (the other being smell), taste is stimulated through the contact of certain chemicals in substances with clusters of taste bud cells found primarily on the tongue.
		Clusters of cells called taste buds (because under the microscope they look similar to plant buds) cover the tongue and are also found to a lesser extent on the cheek, throat, and the roof of the mouth.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_gGENH/is_/ai_2699003771 (938 words)

	SitNews - Scientists discover secret of bittersweet taste buds
		The same taste buds in the tongue that detect sweet also pick up on bitter, and researchers think they tell the brain the difference by using two different chemical messengers that pass along information to the nearest nerve connection.
		Taste buds are actually clusters of 50 to 100 cells in the tongue.
		Herness and his team several years ago had found that CCK is active in some taste bud cells, and seemed to be involved in sending signals to the brain.
	www.sitnews.us /0705news/071905/071905_shns_tastebuds.html (479 words)

	The Physiology of Taste - by Tim Jacob
		In mammals taste buds are located throughout the oral cavity, in the pharynx, the laryngeal epiglottis and at the entrance of the eosophagus.
		Taste buds on the dorsal lingual epithelium are the most numerous (total number of taste buds, all classes, = 4600 per tongue) and best-studied taste end-organs.
		Sensitivity to all tastes is distributed across the whole tongue and indeed to other regions of the mouth where there are taste buds (epiglottis, soft palate), but some areas are indeed more responsive to certain tastes than others.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html (2745 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Same taste bud for 'bitter-sweet'
		This is the first time that the chemical for sweet taste, called neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found in the tongue's taste buds.
		Taste buds - the tiny bumps on our tongues - are clusters of 50 to 100 cells.
		In their study, they isolated taste bud cells from the tongues of rats and attached very small electrodes to these single cells.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/4692475.stm (567 words)

	Society for Neuroscience \| Taste Detectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Taste's important role has led many researchers to try and unravel the molecular mechanisms that enable the brain to perceive flavors.
		The food chemicals that produce tastes each appear to set off different reactions from the taste buds with a main goal of sending signals along nerve fibers to the brain for interpretation.
		Past research suggested that salty and sour launch the process by acting through small pores on cells in the taste buds, known as channels, while sweet, bitter and umami launch the process by uniting with receptors, special detector proteins that reside on cells in the taste buds.
	web.sfn.org /index.cfm?pagename=brainBriefings_tasteDetectors (766 words)

	Science News: Taste Gene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The researchers focused on a specific interval of DNA on one human chromosome that was known to be associated with the ability to taste the bitter compound PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil).
		Mice are used in studying taste because strains have been bred with the inborn ability to taste or not taste certain bitter substances.
		Taste receptor research is not all focused on bitter flavors.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SU/taste42k.html (1082 words)

	Your Sense of Taste
		The salty/sweet taste buds are located near the front of your tongue; the sour taste buds line the sides of your tongue; and the bitter taste buds are found at the very back of your tongue.
		When you were a baby, you had taste buds, not only on your tongue, but on the sides and roof of your mouth.
		As you grew, the taste buds began to disappear from the sides and roof of your mouth, leaving taste buds mostly on your tongue.
	library.thinkquest.org /3750/taste/taste.html (378 words)

	“Taste Buds”
		Our bitter taste bud is in the back, our salty and sour buds are on the sides of our tongue and the sweet bud is on the tip of out tongue.
		Taste is actually the flavor of food and liquid and taste buds are little organs found on the tongue that sense and communicate different flavors in foods and liquids.
		Taste buds are little organs all over our tongues that interpret or pick up the sense of what flavors are in our food and liquids.
	www.southwestern.edu /~kamenm/auburn/su9himes.htm (730 words)

	Satisfying Picky Taste Buds - FLAVORx Addresses the Science of Taste Perception and Physiology
		The average adult has approximately 10,000 taste buds which are regenerated once every two weeks, but children have even more, some located along the inside of the cheek.
		As with many of the senses, taste becomes altered as a function of aging process, which explains why most children find certain flavors to be too ‘strong’ when adults do not.
		Technically, the word ‘flavor’ refers to a complex sensation of taste, touch, smell, sight and sound, all of which combine to produce an infinite number of levels in the perception of a substance.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2006/7/prweb416690.htm (855 words)

	MEEI - Taste Disorders
		The taste cells are clustered in the taste buds of the mouth, tongue, and throat.
		In the mouth, these tastes, along with texture, temperature, and the sensations from the common chemical sense, combine with odors to produce a perception of flavor.
		A patient may also be asked to compare the tastes of different chemicals or to note how the intensity of a taste grows when a chemical's concentration is increased.
	www.meei.harvard.edu /patient/taste.php (870 words)

	First Science - Tricking our Taste Buds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In past research, brain scans performed on Old World monkeys showed that the taste region of their brain, called the primary taste cortex, always gave the same response to a specific taste, regardless of how hungry the monkeys were when they tasted it.
		The bitter tastes were made from quinine-the chemical that gives tonic water its bite-while the pleasant tastes were different concentrations of sugar water.
		But when the subjects were given the same "very bitter" taste with a cue that made them think it would taste better, the primary taste cortex gave a much lower response.
	www.firstscience.com /SITE/ARTICLES/taste.asp (665 words)

	Taste buds
		Each taste bud is made up of receptor or taste cells and each receptor or taste cell has a taste hair that is stimulated by food chemicals dissolved in saliva.
		Taste buds sensitive to a sweet taste were grouped on the tip of the tongue, while taste buds sensitive to a bitter taste were located at the back of the tongue.
		Rather, a single taste bud is thought to contain 50-100 receptor or taste cells representing all 4 taste sensations.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/science_surfing/111156 (380 words)

	How Do Taste Buds Work?
		The taste buds are chemoreceptors, meaning that they transduce, or translate, chemical signals in food into electrical signals in the body.
		Taste buds are known as direct chemoreceptors, meaning that they must make direct contact with the chemicals in food in order for us to taste.
		This is because sour and bitter tastes may indicate rotten food or poison, while nutritious, high-calorie foods usually taste salty, sweet, or savory.
	www.wisegeek.com /how-do-taste-buds-work.htm (495 words)

	What Are Taste Buds?
		Taste buds are sensory organs that are found on your tongue and allow you to experience tastes that are sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
		When you have a cold or allergies, and your nose is stuffy, you might notice that your food doesn't seem to have much flavor.
		You'll notice that your taste buds are able to tell your brain something about what you're eating - that it's sweet, for instance - but you won't be able to pick the exact flavor until you let go of your nose.
	kidshealth.org /kid/talk/qa/taste_buds.html (426 words)

	Taste Buds
		“Taste buds” are little organs all over our tongues that interpret or pick up the sense of what flavors are in our food and drinks.
		We also have a few taste buds on the lips (especially salt-sensitive ones), the inside of the cheeks, the underside of the tongue, the roof of the mouth, and the back of the throat.
		During discussions, listen for evidence that they understand we sense flavors due to taste buds located on our tongues and that taste buds are located in special areas of the tongue.
	reachoutmichigan.org /funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/tastebud.html (968 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Taste
		Each taste bud (and there approximately 10,000 taste buds in humans) is made up of many (between 50-150) receptor cells.
		cranial nerves that innervate the tongue and are used for taste: the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
		Older people have a reduced sense of taste because their taste buds are not replaced as fast those in younger people.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/tasty.html (523 words)

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