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Topic: Tatar invasions

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	Tatars - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The name of Tatars, or Tartars, given to the invaders, was afterwards extended so as to include different stems of the same Turkic branch in Siberia, and even the bulk of the inhabitants of the high plateau of Asia and its northwestern slopes, described under the general name of Tartary.
		The Kazan Tatars' language became a literary one in the 15th century (iske tatar tele), because it is understandable to all groups of European Tatars as well as to the Chuvash and Bashkirs.
		Western Tatars capital is the town of Qasím (Kasimov in Russian transcription) in Ryazan Oblast with a Tatar population of 500.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Tatars (3416 words)

	Mongol invasion of Rus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mongol Invasion of Rus was an invasion of the medieval state of Kievan Rus' by a large army of nomadic Mongols, starting in 1223.
		At first it was collected in a rough-and-ready fashion by a swarm of Tatar tax-gatherers, but about 1259 it was regulated by a census of the population, and, finally, the collection of it was entrusted to the native princes, so that the people were no longer brought into direct contact with the Tatar officials.
		The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus' was uneven.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Russia (1370 words)

	All Empires - The Crimean Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In 1580 and 1581 Russia suffered with devastating Tatar invasions in which significant Moscow forces were diverted by the Polish in the north.
		These invasions were staged both in retaliation for an assault against the Khanate by Cossacks and as a response - partially inspired by the Sultan - to the Polish's attempts to establish a new alliance with the Habsburgs.
		The invasion was repeated in the summer 1623, where once again the Polish resistance was very weak, which allowed the attackers to reach as far as city Sandomierz.
	www.allempires.com /empires/Crimean/crimean.htm (7616 words)

	Tatars - Gurupedia
		Mongol invasion of the 13th century and kept the name of their conquerors.
		Kazan Tatars' language became literacy Tatar language since the 15th century (iske tatar tele), because it is understandable to all groups of European Tatars as well as to the Chuvash and Bashkirs.
		Mişärs capital is the town of Kasimov (Qasím or Qaçim in Tatar) in Ryazan Oblast whith a Tatar population of 1,000.
	www.gurupedia.com /t/ta/tatars.htm (3191 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Russia : the Tatar Invasions, 1223-1241
		The Tatars were superior in mobility, were able to apply a wider range of strategies and determined the way the battle was fought.
		At Legnica, the Tatars knew that a Bohemian force was approaching to link up with the Polish-German force, the combination of which might have been too much for the Tatars.
		At the Kuraltai in 1242 it was decided that the Kipchaks (Tatars) move their herds into the steppe of Southern Russia, where they were to form the KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE, with it's capital at SARAI.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/tatarinv.html (834 words)

	Tatars - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Some scientists suppose that Keräşen Tatars ancestors, Suwars were converted to Christianity by Armenians in the 6th cencury, when they lived in the Caucasus.
		Mişär Tatars capital is the town of Qasím (Kasimov in Russian transcription) in Ryazan Oblast whith a Tatar population of 1,000.
		The mountain Tatars number about 850,000, and they are divided into many tribes and of an origin still undetermined, and are scattered throughout Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Dagestan.
	en.freepedia.org /Tatars.html (3112 words)

	Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Eventually, Kievan Rus' became weakened by internal quarrels and destroyed by Mongol and Tatar invasions.
		On Ukrainian territory, the state of Kievan Rus' was succeeded by the principalities of Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskii, which were merged into the state of Halych-Volynia, later subjugated by Lithuania and Poland, and after the 1376 marriage of Lithuania's Grand Duke Jagiello to Poland's Queen Jadwiga, ruled by the Poles (see the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
		Ukrainian (the official state language) and Russian are the principal languages and although Russian is very widely spoken most of the population identifies Ukrainian as their native language.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/u/uk/ukraine.html (1384 words)

	Piast Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Another cultural relic of the Tatar invasion of Poland is the distinctly Cracovian tradition of Lajkonik.
		This tradition commemorates the fact that during the tatar invasion, a crafty Polish ferryman deliberately drowned a khan while ostensibly transporting him across a river in that suburb.This is the farcical continuation of a Tatar attack which in fact was averted.
		Tatar invasions, defeat of Henry the Pious at Legnica (1241).
	www.utexas.edu /courses/polish/pol324f02/p324-d4-5.htm (777 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Bulgaria, 1185-1393
		Tatar invasions in 1241 and 1273-1277 caused heavy damage.
		Ivailo was killed in 1280; his successor was imposed by the Tatars (Tatar Dynasty).
		For a number of decades, Bulgaria became a Tatar vassall; territory was lost to the Hungarians and to the Serbs.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/balkans/bulgaria11851393.html (379 words)

	Tatar invasions - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Tatar invasions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Tatar invasions - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Tatar invasions.
		Here you will find more informations about Tatar invasions.
		The orginal Tatar invasions article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Tatar-invasions.html (309 words)

	All Empires - The Zaphorozian Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A word "Cossack" - a man being of Turkish and Tatar descent - was used for the first time in a dictionary of a language of Polovci (Kumans) - Codex Cumanicus of 1303.
		In time, however, due to the threat of rapacious Tatar invasions, these communities began to form into bigger groups.
		In 1534 their number was assessed to be 2000, in 1553 to be 3000 and in the beginning of the XVII century to be more than 20000.
	yiannis95.brinkster.net /empires/zaphorzian/zaphorzian.htm (834 words)

	Mongol invasions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria from 1223 to 1236.
		Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281
		Tatar invasions from 13th century to 17th century
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Mongol-invasions.htm (104 words)

	History of Iran: The Persian Wars
		The Tatar invasions were the most important turning point in Russian history.
		They had to retreat towards the area where earlier they had sent their women and children, as well as the greatest part of their cattle.
		The ensuing military operation was more grandiose than anything that was accomplished by Napoleon or Hitler in their invasions of Russia.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/persian_wars3.php (4458 words)

	Rotten Tomatoes Forums - Andrei and the horses
		After all, no horses to carry them means no foreign tatar invasions and subsequent rule.
		I agree that the Tatars are shown as a powerful military tribe and that sense of overbearing power is also represented in the way they tower over the russian peasants in the film because they are always on horseback.
		Invasion of the enemy Razons into the peaceful land of the cuddly creatures -- the Mopira!
	www.rottentomatoes.com /vine/showthread.php?t=157816 (2860 words)

	The Holy Mother of God
		In the 12th century, the Greek patriarch sent the icon as a gift to the Great Prince of Kiev, and later the icon was transferred to the city of Vladimir, from whence it got its name.
		The feast of August 26th commemorates the miraculous saving of Moscow from the invasion of the Tatar khan Tamerlane.
		In 1395, Tamerlane and his hordes of Tatars invaded the Russian land and approached the city of Moscow.
	www.holy-transfiguration.org /library_en/moth_vladicon.html (383 words)

	The Holy Mother of God
		Thus, for example, the Vladimir icon of the Mother of God defended the Russian people from Tatar invasions and destruction, while the Kazan icon of the Theotokos played an important role during the Time of Troubles (1605-1613) and the invasion of Napoleon (1812).
		Until 1812 the icon belonged to a convent in Moscow, but in the year of Napoleon’s invasion of Moscow it was hidden in the Kolomenskoye village and forgotten there for 105 years, until the time came for the icon to be revealed in accordance with God’s will.
		The icon was found among other old icons in the cellar of the church of Ascension, after the peasant woman Yevdokiya Adrianova was twice instructed in a dream to go to the Kolomenskoye village and search there for a special icon of the Mother of God.
	www.holy-transfiguration.org /library_en/moth_sovereign.html (446 words)

	The Criterion Collection: Andrei Rublev
		Violent, even gory, for a Soviet film, Andrei Rublev is set against the carnage of the Tatar invasions and takes the form of a chronologically discontinuous pageant.
		The otherworldly hero wanders across a landscape of forlorn splendor—observing suffering peasants, hallucinating the scriptures, working for brutal nobles until, having killed a man in the sack of Vladimir, he takes a vow of silence and gives up painting.
		From a close-up recording the impact of a horse’s hooves on the surface of a turbid river, Tarkovsky’s camera swivels to reveal a Tatar regiment sweeping across a barren hill.
	www.criterionco.com /asp/release.asp?id=34&eid=50§ion=essay (286 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Crimean Khanate
		The losses of Tatars were supposed to amount to 10.000 of warriors.
		In the face of this threat the khan Dzanibeg reached an agreement with Kantemir — united crimean and nogay army amounted to 25.000 of warriors.
		The Khan Mehmed suspected by Cossacks of betrayal was slashed, whereas Shahin escaped under a protection of the persian Shah to Kaukaz.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=44&PN=1 (7725 words)

	The Courtly Lives - The Princes of Novogrod and Moscow (7-11)
		Vasilii II's reign was marked by civil strife and Tatar invasions, yet he added further lands to the grand princedom and, in 1456, signed a treaty with Novgorod.
		Vassilissa Melentievna was married to Ivan in 1576, and was sent to a convent for adultery in 1577.
		was the daughter of a court official of Tatar descent.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/polcrt/MosPrinces2.html (1509 words)

	The Muscovite period (from Russia) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Continuity with Kiev was provided by the Orthodox church, which had acted as a beacon of national life during the period of Tatar domination and which continued to play the central role in Russian cultural life into the 17th century.
		As a result, Russian cultural development in the Muscovite period was quite different from that of western Europe, which at this time was experiencing the secularization of society and the rediscovery of the classical cultural heritage that characterized the Renaissance.
		Built to commemorate the Russian capture of the Tatar capital Kazan, St. Basil's is a perfect example of the confluence of Byzantine and Asiatic cultural streams that characterizes Muscovite culture.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-38630 (1313 words)

	Art Gallery / Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		During this period, the style of Ukrainian iconography was formed and crystallized, with new centres forming in Galicia (Halychyna) and Volhynia, joining those established earlier.
		Gradually reviving after the Tatar-Mongol invasions, Kiev renewed its position of importance.
		The works from these centres comprise the largest part of our collection, because it is specifically in these regions, removed from the constant invasions which troubled almost all of Ukraine, that the majority of these treasures were preserved.
	art.sumix.com /articles/article_15_1.html (7578 words)

	Kazakhstan: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Kipchaks never achieved political unity and remained outside the realm of Islamic influence, which was concentrated in the cities along the Caspian Sea.
		Until the 13th century, successive waves of Seleucid, Kidan and Tatar invasions swept across the great steppes.
		In the early decades of this century, Kazakhstan received massive waves of Ukrainian, Belorusian, German, Bulgarian, Polish, Jewish and Tatar immigrants.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=60 (1968 words)

	Novgorod, Russia, Pictures
		In the 13th and 14th centuries, Novgorod flourished as a trade outpost of the Hanseatic League and was a major cultural center.
		It repulsed Tatar invasions in the late 13th century.
		In 1478 the city was annexed by its rival, Moscow, under Ivan III.
	www.greatestcities.com /Europe/Russia/Novgorod_city.html (278 words)

	Serbian Rulers - Stefan Uros I (1243 - 1276)
		For one thing, he led a more independent foreign policy than the two, who were forced (or chose) to exercise policies that relied heavily on their Epeirote Greek and Bulgarian neighbors, respectively.
		To be sure, the regional and international situation had objectively changed as well, as Uros I acceded to the throne in the wake the Tatar invasions; their devastation affected all of southeastern Europe, but was more pronounced in Hungary and (in particular) Bulgaria.
		Foreign conflagrations during this rather long reign were mostly limited to those with Dubrovnik over the littoral Hum area and its surroundings during the early 1250s, and with Hungarians over the northwestern province of Macva in 1268; none of them resulted in significant changes.
	www-dev.serbianunity.net /culture/history/Serb_History/Rulers/Stefan_Uros_I.html (503 words)

	Regional: Europe: Ukraine - Open Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Kievan Rus' became weakened by internal quarrels and was destroyed by Mongol and Tatar invasions.
		On Ukrainian territory (Rus' in the narrow sense), the state of Kievan Rus' was succeeded by the principalities of Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskyi, which were merged into the state of Halych-Volynia.
	open-site.org /Regional/Europe/Ukraine (1963 words)

	InfoHub Forums - Eger Castle
		The castle was built in the thirteenth century and bears the name of a species of trees very spread in the region.
		Then in the fourteenth century the inhabitants of the castle built stone walls to protect the city from the tatar invasions.
		But the castle remained in history due to his heros who defended it during the Ottoman invasion of 1552.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?t=4551 (541 words)

	Metropolitan
		metropoly before the Tatar invasions), ensured that synodal decisions were adhered to, and oversaw the appointment of bishops to vacant positions.
		The metropolitan had the patriarchal right to consecrate and distribute the Holy Myron; he could also confirm and ordain
		The decline of the Kyivan state and the destruction of Kyiv by the Tatars led to the disintegration of the
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/M/E/Metropolitan.htm (939 words)

	Voyager: In Depth: Andrei Rublev
		The otherworldly hero wanders across a landscape of forlorn splendor -- observing suffering peasants, hallucinating the scriptures, working for brutal nobles until, having killed a man in the sack of Vladimir, he takes a vow of silence and gives up painting.
		As the Renaissance gathered momentum, sacred images were transmuted into secular works of art; Russian paintings, however, remained less representations of the world than embodiments of spirit.
		On one hand, Rublev is founded on the conflict between austere Christianity and sensual paganism -- whether Slavic or Tatar.
	www.dvduell.de /criterion_website/criterion/indepth-16.html (1197 words)

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