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Topic: Tawantinsuyu

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	CONK! Encyclopedia: Inca_Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu in modern Quechua and Aymara orthography, or Tahuantinsuyo in Hispanicized Quechua and Aymara orthography; The Four United Regions), was an empire located in South America from 1438 AD to 1533 AD.
		Tawantinsuyu, the indigenous name of the empire, derives from the Quechua "tawa" (four), to which the sufix "-ntin" (together or united) is added, followed by "suyu" (region or province), which roughly renders as "The land of the four parts together".
		Tawantinsuyu has a modern rainbow flag which is displayed throughout Peru.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Inca_Empire (3533 words)

	The Cosmology of Tawantinsuyu
		Tawantinsuyu means “the four quarters” of which the Inca empire consisted - Chinchasuyu to the North, Qollasuyu to the South, Antisuyu to the East and Kuntisuyu to the West.
		At the center of Tawantinsuyu was Cusco, the capital, with the Inca ruler and the Coricancha.
		If we may on this basis draw the surmise that the center of Tawantinsuyu, too, was dedicated to Saturn, it would then follow that the Coricancha was a temple of Saturn, and Viracocha, the chief object of worship in that shrine, was none other than Saturn.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /esp_cosmotawa.htm (2698 words)

	Woodland Indians of North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Tawantinsuyu stretched 4,300 kilometers along the West coast of South America.
		Tawantinsuyu (both in history and as mythical kingdom concept) is still an organizing symbol system today for the continuity of indigenous culture and religions.
		Perhaps the most extraordinary example of the Inca Tawantinsuyu world is this amazing archaeological site, hidden from the Spanish and discovered in the Twentieth Century by Hiram Bingham.
	www.uwec.edu /greider/indigenous/Tawantinsuyo.Andean.lecture.htm (568 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Peru - Regionalism and Political Divisions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Tawantinsuyu (Land of the Four Quarters) retained these preexisting ethnogeographic zones in one form or another, according to anthropologist Michael Edward Moseley, establishing at least eighty ethnically distinct political provinces throughout the empire's vast territory.
		The Spaniards reorganized the Tawantinsuyu on discovering that the highland Inca capitals at Cusco and Cuenca (Ecuador) and their own first choice of Jauja near present-day Huancayo suited neither their physiological nor political needs.
		When they founded Lima, the Spaniards turned the Inca spatial concepts upside down: centrality and place were reoriented as Cusco became a province and no longer was the "navel of the universe" from which all roads departed.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/peru/36.php (1524 words)

	sept18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The vast empire stretched from central Chile to present Ecuador-Colombia border and included most of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina (this is a land area equal to the entire portion of the United States from Maine to Florida east of the Appalachians).
		During the ensuing reigns of the emperors Pachakuti, and Topa Inca the Inca armies expanded the frontiers of Tawantinsuyu from southern Columbia to central Chile.
		Four of these seques represented the four intercardinal roads to the four quarters of Tawantinsuyu, others pointed to the equinox and solstice points, and still others to the heliacal rise positions of different stars and constellations highly important to the Inca.
	www.sacredsites.com /pilgrimages/latin_america/third_update/sept18.html (3357 words)

	Andy Carvin's Waste of Bandwidth: November 1998 Archives
		By the 1430's Cusco became the capital of this new empire, Tawantinsuyu (the Four Corners), which were divided into the regions of Chinchaysuyu (the north and northwest), Kuntisuyo (the south and west), Kollasuyo (the south and southeast) and Antisuyo (the east), all of which radiated from the navel of the world, Cusco.
		Tawantinsuyu and the Inca dynasty thrived for all but one hundred years until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.
		In its time Coricancha was one of the greatest temples of the Tawantinsuyu empire.
	www.andycarvin.com /archives/1998/11 (7520 words)

	Tahuantinsuyu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Inca Empire (called Tawantinsuyu in modern spelling Aymara and Quechua, or Tahuantinsuyu in old spelling Quechua), was an empire located in South America from 1438 AD to 1533 AD.
		The empire was divided into four provinces (suyu), whose corners met at the empire's capital, Cusco (Qosqo).
		Tawantin means "a group of four", so the Quechua name for the empire, Tawantinsuyu, means "the four provinces".
	www.firebird.cn /wiki/Tahuantinsuyu (3555 words)

	All Empires - Inca Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Manco Inca's decision to raise the siege of Cusco and withdraw to Vilcabamba in the rainforest valley known as Espiritu Pampa ("the Plain of Ghosts") was a sudden one.
		However, it was probably the only realistic choice he had, considering the arrival of Spanish reinforcements from the Indies led by Diego de Almagro.
		Though he would always dress as a Spanish nobleman of the period (or, indeed, like any man with some wealth and education living in the 1700s), and had been schooled in Spanish law, he was an avid reader of the history of the empire of Tawantinsuyu, and he was ever mindful of his heritage.
	www.allempires.com /empires/inca/inca2.htm (3787 words)

	TWO
		Their feats cast a long shadow on subsequent events; Habsburg greatness and Peruvian silver were inextricably linked in the years to come, and the overthrow of Tawantinsuyu is arguably the salient political and cultural event of modern Andean history.
		Following the overthrow of Tawantinsuyu, the Spanish, in a commanding though not dominant position, could turn increasingly to nonmilitary means of expanding their social and political control and securing economic advantage.
		From Pizarro’s entry into Tawantinsuyu in the spring of 1532 until the collapse of Manco Inca’s final revolt in 1539, the Spanish were forced of necessity to assign first priority to strategic and tactical military concerns.
	www.angelfire.com /ga4/guilmartin.com/Edge.html (11395 words)

	Veni . . . Llosa Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The vertical and totalitarian structure of the Tawantinsuyu was without doubt more harmful to its survival than all of the conquistadores' firearms and iron weapons.
		The individual had no importance and virtually no existence in that pyramidal and theocratic society whose achievements had always been collective and anonymous---carrying the gigantic stones of the Machu Picchu citadel of the Ollantay fortress up the steepest of peaks, directing water to all the slopes.
		A state religion that took away the individual's free will and crowned the authority's decision with the aura of a divine mandate turned the Tawantinsuyu into a beehive---laborious, efficient, stoic.
	mitpress2.mit.edu /e-journals/Leonardo/isast/articles/hermr15.html (161 words)

	Visit Lima, Cuzco, Machu-Picchu, Puerto-Maldonado in Peru
		However, the factors that gave rise to the Incas' development would not have been of particular interest to scholars, if not for the size and complexity their culture reached.
		The four directional lines (north-east, north-west, south-east, and south-west) that divided Tawantinsuyu into the four quarters originated from a point in Cuzco, the capital city and symbolic center of the Inka world.
		Tawantinsuyu reached from the extreme southern part of Columbia, south to the central part of Chile and the northern part of Argentina, including the high plateau (altiplano) and the mountains of Bolivia.
	www.storiesfromdouwe.com /perue.html (2757 words)

	IBM - Environments for change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was its highly developed infrastructure that made Tawantinsuyu prosperous and one of the world's foremost empires.
		And though they vastly outnumbered the Spaniards, the thousands-of-years-old Tawantinsuyu civilization succumbed to diseases, the superior firepower and the superior technology of the Conquistadors.
		And an organization without the ability to adjust to change, an organization with an infrastructure that is efficient but not flexible, may thrive, but it won't thrive forever.
	www-306.ibm.com /e-business/ondemand/us/growth/environments_for_change.shtml (778 words)

	The Cosmology of Tawantinsuyu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We may observe that the dominant deity depicted on the altar is not the Sun, but a large oblong disk, which, the author tells us, was made of gold.
		Tawantinsuyu means “the four quarters” of which the Inca empire consisted-Chinchasuyu to the North, Qollasuyu to the South, Antisuyu to the East and Kuntisuyu to the West.
		At the center of Tawantinsuyu was Cuzco, the capital, with the Inca ruler and the Coricancha.
	www.interpres.cz /worag/cosmol/tawan.htm (2577 words)

	A Brief Introduction to the Inca Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Quechua, the language of the Incas, the empire wasknown as Tawantinsuyu, which, loosely translated, means "land of thefour quarters." As the name implies, the realm was divided into fourparts, coming together at the capital of Cuzco: Chinchasuyu to the northwest,Condesuyu to the southwest, Antisuyu to the northeast, and Collasuyu tothe southeast.
		The second was diplomacy, in which the Incas offeredthe elites of the region the choice of submitting peacefully and gainingfavor, backed by the threat of armed conquest.
		To consolidate their control over the land and peopleof Tawantinsuyu, the Incas used various strategies of integrating the nativepolitical and religious systems into those of the empire.
	www.millville.org /Workshops_f/Acker_Inca/inca.htm (924 words)

	Incaway South American Handicrafts Alpaca Garments Melbourne Australia
		In Quechua, the language of the Incas, the empire was known as Tawantinsuyu, which means "land of the four quarters." As the name implies, the realm was divided into four parts, coming together at the capital of Cuzco: Chinchasuyu to the northwest, Condesuyu to the southwest, Antisuyu to the northeast, and Collasuyu tothe southeast.
		The second was diplomacy, in which the Incas offered the elites of the region the choice of submitting peacefully and gaining favour, backed by the threat of armed conquest.
		To consolidate their control over the land and people of Tawantinsuyu, the Incas used various strategies of integrating the native political and religious systems into those of the empire.
	www.incaway.com /incas.html (935 words)

	Sacred Sites: Places of Peace and Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the western hemisphere, Cuzco was the political and religious capital of the Inca Empire of Tawantinsuyu, meaning ‘Four Quarters of the Earth’.
		The original Quechua name of the city was Qosqo, meaning ‘navel’ or ‘center’ but the early Spanish conquerors changed the name to Cuzco meaning a hypocrite, humpback or small dog.
		Four of the ceques represented the four intercardinal roads to the four quarters of Tawantinsuyu, others pointed to the equinox and solstice points, and still others to the heliacal rise positions of different stars and constellations highly important to the Inca.
	www.sacredsites.com /americas/peru/cuzco_coricancha.html (1746 words)

	Why Blame Smallpox? The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Ancient Peru (Tawantinsuyu)
		The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Ancient Peru (Tawantinsuyu)
		The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Tawantinsuyu (Ancient
		In sum, as a complement to prospective research lines concerning the history of medicine, education, and public assistance, the former Hospital Real de San Andrés represents a unique monument and emblem for the Andean civilization.
	www.hist.umn.edu /~rmccaa/aha2004/whypox.htm (8279 words)

	Kevin J. Vaughn's Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Tawantinsuyu held political domain over a vast terrain, some 4300 kilometers from end to end covering the entire range of the Andes mountains from southern Columbia to central Chile.
		Von Hagen and Morris focus on the monumental sites of the Andes, and their analysis of how and why cities developed in the Andes provides a framework for us that will be augmented substantially by other readings and lectures.
		It is included as an optional book because of the few novels that exist about Tawantinsuyu, this is the one that is the most accurate in its portrayal of history and culture (plus, it is highly entertaining).
	www.plu.edu /~vaughnkj/337_syllabus.htm (2032 words)

	High Plains Backpacker: Cusco, The Navel of the Earth
		By the 1430's Cusco became the capital of this new empire, Tawantinsuyu (the Four Corners), which were divided into the regions of Chinchaysuyu (the north and northwest), Kuntisuyo (the south and west), Kollasuyo (the south and southeast) and Antisuyo (the east), all of which radiated from the navel of the earth, Cusco.
		Tawantinsuyu and the Inca dynasty thrived for all but 100 years until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.
		Two of the Inca's sons fought over their right of ascension, dividing Tawantinsuyu into two rival kingdoms.
	www.edwebproject.org /altiplano/cusco1.html (2179 words)

	[No title]
		In contrast to Mexico, where there is a broad range of sources documenting the first outbreak and the death of the Aztec ruler Cuitlahuatzin from smallpox in 1520, for Peru, the evidence rests almost entirely on rather brief references in chronicles, few of which state unequivocally that Huayna Capac died of the disease.
		As in the epigraph, early descriptions of native peoples, which remark on the presence of pockmarks, may settle the question regarding the first appearance of the dreaded disease in the Andes as well as the degree of devastation which it caused.
		In the meantime, to continue to blame smallpox for the death of Huayna Capac (and the destruction of the native peoples of the Andean Region) without considering alternative explanations in at least as great detail, seems to these authors an unfortunate distortion of the historical record.
	www.hist.umn.edu /~rmccaa/aha2004/whypox.doc (10399 words)

	The Name Tawantinsuyu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Independent researcher, Andean cultural history, UK Little appreciation is given to the relatively late entry of the word Tawantinsuyu into colonial period literature.
		This may have originally referred to a nascent sense of togetherness that was invoked by the leader of the neo-Inca resistance.
		This unity is expressed in terms of ancestral time when nations were created and lived equally.
	www.essex.ac.uk /conferences/fourthworld/PaulSteele.htm (72 words)

	The Empire Of The Inkas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Tawantinsuyu is unique in its size and grandeur, in particular because it was located south of the equator and in the Western Hemisphere, a region in which little evidence has been found of large, influential empires.
		The Inka influence can be seen across their known world with beautifully crafted goods, religious iconography, and stunning architecture.
		Even the Spaniards, with all their wealth and knowledge of the Old World, were awed at the strength and riches of Tawantinsuyu.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /dept/an/TorresRouff/AN203/AN203trigilio (244 words)

	Professor Martti Pärssinen
		Pärssinen has studied and published articles of the development and collapse of the Inca Empire, its climate, administration, the history of catastrophes and fortresses.
		"Tawantinsuyu is what Incas themselves called their Empire and it means the Land of the Four Quarters."
		The search on lost villages and fortresses begins from archives, followed by the search work in the terrain.
	www.uta.fi /festnews/fn2001/en/wed/parssinen.htm (526 words)

	The Building of the First La Purisima Mission, 1789-1812: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As long as the leaders of the indigenous communities delivered labor and tribute and did not challenge Spanish authority, they were allowed to govern their own people.
		On the fringes of the sedentary societies of Mesoamerica and Tawantinsuyu, the Spanish encountered different peoples who were either sedentary agriculturalists, semi-sedentary agriculturalists, or hunters and gatherers who did not live in hierarchical state systems that the Spanish could fairly easily overthrown and adapt to fit their own policy goals.
		North of Mexico City the Spanish first encountered the groups collectively called the Chichimecs, and were fought to a standstill until shifting policy away from a military solution to congregacion (settlement in new indigenous communities) and assimilation under the direction of members of the missionary orders.
	www.timsbaja.com /rjackson/lapurisimaarticle.htm (13143 words)

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