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Topic: Tawfiq of Egypt

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	Egypt 2001
		Under his energetic rule, Egypt was brought into the modern era, with the modernization of agriculture, the establishment of modern factories with European technology and managers manufacturing everything from cloth to refined sugar to glass, and the development of a large and modern army.
		Egypt's armed forces are primarily oriented towards the defense of the national territory of Egypt and Hijaz, with secondary orientations towards the defense of the Mediterranean basin and the Levant.
		Egypt maintains fully-accredited embassies in the capitals of each of the member-states of the East African Community and a mission to the Community government in Zanzibar, while the Community likewise maintains diplomatic posts on behalf of its member-states in the major cities of Egypt.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/egy2001.html (8231 words)

	Egypt - ISMAIL, TAWFIQ, AND THE URABI REVOLT
		Egypt - ISMAIL, TAWFIQ, AND THE URABI REVOLT
		For example, in return for increasing Egypt's annual payment to the Ottoman treasury from £175,000 to £400,000, Sultan Abdul Aziz allowed Ismail to change the rule of succession from the oldest surviving male heir of Muhammad Ali to direct male primogeniture in his family.
		Ismail's attempt to make Egypt independent foundered eventually because of the gap between the revenues the country could produce and the expenses necessary to achieve his goals.
	countrystudies.us /egypt/24.htm (619 words)

	Egypt
		The unification of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in the third millennium B.C. required the development of administrative and religious structures, and the monuments that remain demonstrate the mathematical, astronomical, and architectural skills attained in constructing rock tombs, temples, and pyramids--the latter dedicated to the divine kings, the pharaohs.
		The rift was underscored by Egypt's announcement of its decision in mid-September not to participate further in the Arab Cooperation Council, a primarily economic body formed in 1989 by Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen, prior to the May 1990 union of North and South Yemen).
		Thus, Egypt was affected by the spread of Christianity in the empire in the first century A.D. and by the decline of the empire during the third century A.D. Christianity arrived early in Egypt, and the new religion quickly spread from Alexandria into the hinterland, reaching Upper Egypt by the second century.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/egypt/all.html (19185 words)

	Egypt and the Eastern Question
		The transformation of Egypt led to the emergence of a ruling elite composed of large landowners of Turco-Circassian origin and the creation of a class of medium-sized landowners of Egyptian origin who played an increasingly important role in the political and economic life of the country.
		The decline of the ulama and the merchants was accelerated by the socioeconomic transformation of Egypt that led to the emergence of secular education, to secularly trained civil servants staffing the government bureaucracy, and to the reorientation of Egyptian trade.
		FROM AUTONOMY TO OCCUPATION: ISMAIL, TAWFIQ, AND THE URABI REVOLT
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/593Egy.html (9447 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Letter From Egypt by P.J. O'Rourke
		Ramadan is, in fact, Egypt's peak television-viewing period.
		The capitulation of Egypt to the Arabs was brokered by the Christian Patriarch of Alexandria in 642, on condition of security for persons and property and with religious freedom guaranteed in return for payment of tribute.
		Egypt's GDP grew by an average of 5.05 percent a year from 1997 to 2000.
	frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3298 (8195 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Egypt was an Augustan province so the governors were appointed directly by the Emperor rather than by the traditional Senatorial lottery.
		Because of the importance of Egypt as the Empire's breadbasket, by law the governor of Egypt could not be of the Senatorial class (it was feared that consolidating too much power in a Senator invited revolt).
		Though their hegemony was short-lived, the Hyksos left a lasting impact on Egypt; they introduced the composite bow, the khopesh sword, the horse and the chariot as well as many Canaanite gods and religious concepts.
	www.hostkingdom.net /egypt.html (2776 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Culture \| Obituary
		Born in Al-Simbelawein, Daqahliyya in 1921, Tumadir Tawfiq was a member of the generation of pioneering Egyptian women who took public life by storm in the mid twentieth century.
		In 1977, Tawfiq was the first woman to be appointed director of the Egyptian television, a position she held until 1980.
		Tawfiq's warm voice, long familiar to radio listeners, and her clear enunciation made her the excellent choice to record the speaking clock.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/538/cu4.htm (385 words)

	Egypt: No protection - systematic torture continues. - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Torture is a long-standing concern in Egypt, documented by Amnesty International for more than two decades.(1) Reports by Egyptian and international human rights organizations based on interviews with victims and witnesses, medical examinations and judgments by Egyptian courts clearly demonstrate the systematic practice of torture.
		In Egypt, as the case of Saif al-Islam Muhammad Rashwan demonstrates, the risk of torture is particularly high for those held in incommunicado detention by the SSI.
		People detained in Egypt continue to be at risk of torture because the authorities have failed to ensure effective and independent monitoring of all places of detention in the country.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGMDE120312002?open&of=ENG-EGY (7459 words)

	MIDEAST
		Egypt faced continued political violence and a deteriorating human rights situation in 1994.
		Also in February, six suspected militants were killed in one operation in Upper Egypt; local lawyers claim that three of them were in custody at the time, brought to the scene, and summarily executed.
		The father of Muhammed Ra'fit Tawfiq al-Naqrashi, one of the Balayza victims, claimed that his son had been in custody at the Abu Tig police station prior to his death, and that he had visited him there.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/WR95/MIDEAST-02.htm (3478 words)

	EGYPT
		The threat of rape and the sexually degrading treatment of women are perceived to be profound offenses against a woman's individual honor as well as the honor of her family and male relatives.
		A lawyer from Upper Egypt told Human Rights Watch that he was one of the hostages taken by SSI during a mass arrest in his town in 1992.
		In another case, local elected officials in a town in Upper Egypt served as intermediaries between SSI and one beleaguered family to negotiate the surrender of a fugitive whose mother and two brothers were being held hostage.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/Egypt.htm (15411 words)

	Egypt--Christian Persecution in Egypt
		Egypt, October 27 (Compass) -- An Egyptian Coptic Christian teenager kidnapped a month ago by Muslims who claim she’s converted to Islam is being refused direct access to her Christian family.
		The children of Fayza Abd El-Shaheed Tawfiq are considered Muslims because their father had converted to Islam for a period between 1990 and 1995.
		Pray for the Christians of Egypt that they may be protected from harm and that the Christian message may be heard and received by all Egyptians.
	www.persecution.org /Countries/egypt.html (6337 words)

	Dhimmi Watch: Egypt: Muslims throw stones at church building site; riot ensues
		But when Christians in Egypt tried to build a new church, Muslims, programmed by centuries of cultural habit, took umbrage at the uppity dhimmis; the ensuing confrontation was bloody.
		CAIRO (Reuters) - One man died and two others were injured in uncertain circumstances in southern Egypt, a police source said on Thursday, in the latest in a series of clashes between Muslims and Christians in Egypt.
		I don't know what the gun laws are in Egypt but I doubt that the gov't would ever allow Coptics to conceal and carry for their own protection.
	www.jihadwatch.org /dhimmiwatch/archives/004490.php (2169 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Egypt \| Trapped in Iraq
		When Egyptian truck driver Victor Tawfiq Guirgis left Egypt for Kuwait, his primary goal was to help make ends meet financially back at home.
		"What matters to Egypt is to protect the life of this citizen, and work to get him out of this ordeal safely," Maher said.
		Guirgis left Egypt for Kuwait seven months ago to look for work as a means of supporting his mother, wife and four children.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/694/eg5.htm (497 words)

	Egyptian Play Takes Center Stage at EMU
		According to Hildebrand, Tawfiq Al-Hakim, who lived 1899-1988, "is revered in the Arab world as the father of the modern Arabic theater, and yet scarcely anyone in the West has ever heard him.
		His life spanned a century of changes in all aspects of human life, in the world and in the Middle East.
		Admission to the play is $8 in advance and $10 at the door and $5 for seniors and non-EMU students.
	www.emu.edu /news/theater-spring03 (383 words)

	USATODAY.com - Turkish, Egyptian truck drivers released in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		BAGHDAD (AP) — Two truck drivers — a Turk and an Egyptian — were released and handed over to an Iraqi journalist Thursday, weeks after being kidnapped near the restive city of Fallujah.
		Truck drivers Bulent Yanik of Turkey and Victor Tawfiq Gerges of Egypt were taken hostage while hauling supplies from Kuwait to Iraq for the U.S.-run coalition.
		The two were released and handed over to the head of a Turkish news agency in Baghdad on Thursday near Fallujah, 40 miles west of the capital, Baghdad.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/iraq/2004-06-17-iraq-hostages_x.htm (249 words)

	Reading suggestions on Islam (including novels)
		U.S.-based Egyptian writer Samia Serageldin, writing in English, presents in her novel The Cairo House (Syracuse University Press, 2000), a "portrayal of a wealthy Cairo family's susceptibility to the winds of political change.
		This tale is interleaved with accounts of an Indian slave owned by a Jewish merchant who tradedbetween India, Egypt, and the Mediterranean nine centuries ago, gleaned from the massive store of Hebrew documents from the Cairo Genizeh trove.
		The contrast between medieval multiple identities and the modern attempt to create single authentic identities is poignant.
	www.unc.edu /~cernst/novels.htm (1443 words)

	CBSNews.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Truck drivers Bulent Yanik of Turkey and Victor Tawfiq Gerges of Egypt were taken hostage and held for weeks before being handed over to an Iraqi journalist.
		The two had been hauling supplies from Kuwait to Iraq for the U.S.-run coalition when they were kidnapped near Fallujah.
		At one point, the kidnappers had threatened to kill the drivers, but later they said that the decision was postponed.
	www.cbsnews.com /htdocs/america_at_war/postwar/hostages_1turk.html (67 words)

	Egypt
		25 Aug 1517 Egypt a province of the Ottoman Empire.
		5 Apr 1800 Upper Egypt is ceded to the Mameluke Murad Bey
		Aug 1882 - 13 Jun 1956 Britain administers the Suez Canal.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Egypt.html (2903 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Middle East / Developments in Iraq
		They demanded that Turkish companies cease doing business in Iraq.
		-- Another extremist group threatened to kill two contract truck drivers -- Victor Tawfiq Jerges of Egypt and Bulent Yanik of Turkey -- by noon.
		The two had been shown on a video released last week.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2004/06/10/developments_in_iraq (420 words)

	The Jawa Report: Sudan Hostages Video + (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I expect this will secure the release of their hostages and I'm happy for that.
		Let's not forget this week's incident in Egypt relates to the fact that Sudan supports militia that is committing genocide in Darfur.
		I was a bit confused as to why Al-Qaeda would kidnap people from Sudan given that relationship.
	mypetjawa.mu.nu /archives/147495.php (1180 words)

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