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Topic: Taxonomy of the orchid family

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	Orchid_Taxonomy
		The taxonomy of the orchid family has evolved slowly during the last 150 years, starting with Carolus Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized eight genera.
		De Jussieu recognized the Orchidaceae as a separate family in 1789.
		According to morphological cladistics and research with rbcL nucleotide sequences, the orchid family, as well as the clades within the family, are a monophyletic group.
	www.southtampaorchidprofessor.com /Orchid_Taxonomy.htm (303 words)

	Taxonomy of the orchid family - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to morphological cladistics and research with rbcL nucleotide sequences, the orchid family, as well as the clades within the family, are a monophyletic group.
		The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is subdivided in several subfamilies, and then in tribes, subtribes, alliances and then genera.
		This subfamily is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Taxonomy_of_the_orchid_family (1589 words)

	Taxonomy Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Taxonomies, which are composed of taxonomic units known as taxa (singular taxon), are frequently hierarchical in structure, and commonly display parent-child relationships.
		Originally the term taxonomy only referred to the science of classifying living organisms (now known as alpha taxonomy); however, the term is now applied in a wider, more general sense and now may refer to a classification of things, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification.
		In numerical taxonomy or taximetrics, the field of solving or best-fitting of numerical equations that characterize all measurable quantities of a set of objects is called cluster analysis.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Taxonomy.html (840 words)

	Orchids Growing & Orchid Background Information
		Orchids (Orchidaceae family) are among the largest and most diverse of the flowering plant (Angiospermae) families, with over 800 described genera and 25,000 species.
		Orchids, through their interactions with pollinators and their symbiosis with mycorrhizae fungi, are considered by some, along with the grasses, to be examples of the most complex floral evolution known.
		Though orchid hybridization has been happening for many years, only recently has new technology made it into what it is. Thailand is the leading country in the orchid-buying world, with one of the only pure white orchids.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botany/orchid.html (3344 words)

	Hoosier Orchid: Resources
		Many books have been published on orchids and orchid growing, and those listed below are just a suggestion of some of the more important ones.
		For information on the taxonomy of the orchid family, Dressler's Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family is the most up-to-date source.
		Many of these books can be found in your local library, at your orchid society's meeting, or may be purchased from the AOS Book Department, or a bookstore near you.
	www.hoosierorchid.com /resources.asp (0 words)

	Excite France - Orchidaceae > Liliopsida > Magnoliophyta > Plantae > Flora and Fauna > Biology > Science (Web-Catalogue)
		Meeting in 2001 that brought together orchid conservation specialists, researchers, and practitioners, to develop an understanding of global issues in orchid conservation.
		Devoted to the tropical orchid genus, Sobralia, native to Central and South America.
		Brief details of the family, and descriptions and photographs of a range of its members.
	www.excite.fr /directory/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Plantae/Magnoliophyta/Liliopsida/Orchidaceae (381 words)

	Large Round-Leaved Orchid (Platanthera orbiculata)
		Orchids are highly evolved mutualistic species with specialized floral morphology and a high degree of dependence on certain species of fungi and insects.
		Orchid mycorrhizae are thought to be different from other mycorrhizal associations as the flow of carbohydrates is primarily from the fungus to their orchid host (J. Ammirati, pers.
		Orchids receive substantial benefits from their mycorrhizal fungi; carbohydrates are transferred from the fungus to the orchid, and mycorrhizae provide for an increased uptake of nutrients (Currah 1991).
	www.blm.gov /or/plans/surveyandmanage/MR/VascularPlants/section12.htm (7756 words)

	Comprehensive Culture Guide—Introduction to orchids
		Orchids, in those times, were believed to have medicinal properties, one of them being an aphrodisiac.
		Through experimentation and by gathering more information on the growing conditions of orchids in their natural habitat, knowledge was slowly being developed and by 1851 B. Williams published the first edition of “The Orchid Grower’s Manual”.
		The name of orchids is decided by the discover for new species or by the first person who registers a new hybrid.
	www.orchidsusa.com /1Introduction.htm (2584 words)

	Taxonomy of the orchid family (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to morphological cladistics, the Orchid family is a monophyletic group.
		This subfamily is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids.
		Dressler, Robert L. Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family.
	www.casimiro.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/t/ta/taxonomy_of_the_orchid_family.html (1218 words)

	Best4WebShopping
		Orchids, through their interactions with pollinators and their symbiosis with orchid mycorrhizal fungi, are considered by some, along with the grasses, to be examples of the most advanced (derived) floral evolution known.
		Orchids like the grasses and the palms, which they resemble in some waysâ”for instance the form of their leavesâ”are monocotyledons.
		The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage salep or the so-called "fox-testicle ice cream" salepi dondurma.
	www.best4webshopping.com /search.php?keyword=orchid (4011 words)

	The Flower Expert - Flowers Encyclopedia presents a detailed account of Orchid flowers, a complex and much admired ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Epiphytic Orchids are grown perched high in the trees clinging to branches or in the trunk apex of the tree.
		Orchids make up the world's most diverse plant family with the number of species estimated to be between 30,000 and 40,000 in over 800 genera.
		The reproductive organs of an Orchid are in the center (stamens and pistil), and have adapted to become a cylindrical structure called the column or gynandrium.
	www.theflowerexpert.com /content/aboutflowers/exoticflowers/orchids (1254 words)

	:: Arundina Orchid
		Orchids are one of nature's most prized and collected plants.
		Because of the popularity of orchid plants and orchid flowers, there are many common decorations and products utilizing the orchid theme, such as arundina orchid, orchid clothing, orchid wallpaper, orchid bouquets for weddings, orchid dresses, orchid perfumes, orchid floral draperies, books on growing orchids and much more.
		The orchid is among the largest and most highly developed of the plant families, with some fifteen to twenty thousand species.
	www.how-to-grow-orchids.com /arundina-orchid.html (297 words)

	Project Description - Assembling the Tree of Life: Orchidaceae (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Orchids are one of the most striking examples of interaction between plant and fungus - all known species require a fungus at least to germinate.
		Orchids exhibit a range of photosynthetic mechanisms between C3 and CAM occurring in the family.
		Orchids elicit great popular interest and are economically important (the industry being worth more than $110 million annually in the US alone); a phylogenetic classification will be significant in guiding hybridization and genetic engineering programs.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /orchidatol/pd/orchidATOLpd.htm (13031 words)

	9th Annual Slipper Orchid Symposium
		Ratcliffe Orchids and the Slipper Orchid Study Group are supplying a free slipper seedling to each paid attendee but your spot in the picking rotation will be determined by the time your registration slip is received.
		Bill is: an Accredited American Orchid Society (AOS) Judge in the National Capitol Center and is Co-Chair (with Lynn) of the Paphiopedilum Forum held annually in Washington, D.C. He is Co-Chair of the AOS Research Committee and is a frequent speaker on orchid cultivation, hybridization and adventure at conferences and orchid society meetings.
		Woodstream Orchids is the largest active producer of seed-grown orchid species and hybrids in the Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Washington, D.C. area.
	home.cfl.rr.com /slipperorchids (1170 words)

	EXPLORE: Orchidaceae - Plant Guide
		Orchids, in their natural habitat, are considered by CITES as threatened or endangered.
		subtropical orchids, and these are the most commonly known, as they are available at nurseries and through orchid clubs across the world.
		roots, achlorophyllous orchids that are entirely reliant upon their mycorrhizal symbiont for their nutrition, "jewel" orchids with foliage that is as pretty as their flowers, and so many others that are capable of affecting the most dedicated of growers very deeply.
	www.marz-kreations.com /WildPlants/ORCH/Docs/OPHBO/Orchidaceae.htm (2038 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The family Asteraceae or, alternatively, Compositae, known as the aster, daisy or sunflower family, is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants.
		The family name is derived from the genus Aster and refers to the star-shaped flower head of its members, epitomized well by the daisy.
		Many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, e.g., chrysanthemums and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Asteraceae (576 words)

	Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Information sheets: Role of the living orchid collection
		Part of the orchid collection is on permanent display to the public and is housed in the Princess of Wales Conservatory.
		The reserve orchid collection is housed in an area of the nursery which is not open to the public on a daily basis.
		As orchids beome more threatened in the wild by over-collection and changes in their habitats, Kew’s work is becoming more important because it is essential that every possible opportunity is taken to conserve them.
	www.rbgkew.org.uk /ksheets/liv-orch.html (1223 words)

	Aphids on Orchids
		On orchids aphids are found feeding on the buds and flowers, but also on other succulent new and growing tissues such as leaves, sheaths, and the rachis, peduncles, sepals and petals of inflorescences.
		Insecticidal soaps are specifically formulated to be plant safe as well as effective and efficient agents for killing and controlling aphids and other orchid pests, particularly with home environments and small greenhouses.
		Throughout the orchid world there are numerous recommendations to either use dish soaps or such agents variously mixed with isopropyl or other substances.
	nathist.sdstate.edu /orchids/Pests/Aphids.htm (4629 words)

	What is a species?
		Taxonomy is a fancy word that refers to the science of organizing things.
		Orchids are different from other flowering plants, of course, but share some characteristics, so they are thrown together into another group, with another name, and so on.
		There are some species of orchids that look sufficiently different from other species that it is possible to tell at a glance that they are distinct.
	www.msu.edu /~halgren/orchids/species.htm (1425 words)

	Orchids Hawaii
		Orchids (Orchidaceae family) are among the largest and most diverse of the flowering plant (angiosperm) families, with over 800 described genera and 25,000 (some sources give 30,000) species, and perhapsanother 60,000 hybrids and varieties produced by horticulturalists.
		Orchids get their name from the Greek orchis, meaning'testicle', from the appearance of subterranean tuberoids in some terrestrial species.
		Orchids, in their natural habitat, are considered by CITES as threatened orendangered.
	www.altvetmed.com /face/16658-orchids-hawaii.html (441 words)

	DailyStocks Open Directory Page
		Native Orchid Conservation - Manitoba - A non-profit organization whose purpose is to protect unique mini-ecosystems and their plant communities.
		Orchids of Cilento (Southern Italy) - More than 200 photographs of the wild orchids of Cilento National Park in southern Italy.
		Taxonomy of the Orchid Family - Follows the classification system of Robert Louis Dressler, which is widely accepted by botanists and growers.
	www.dailystocks.com /odp.cgi?passurl=/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Plantae/Magnoliophyta/Liliopsida/Orchidaceae (443 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		For centuries orchids have been among the most popular of plant families, with thousands of species and hybrids cultivated worldwide for the diversity, beauty, and intricacy of their flowers.
		The editors, who are all distinguished orchid specialists, incorporate a wealth of new DNA data into a truly phylogenetic classification, identifying the areas and taxa that merit additional work.
		Orchidaceae is the largest monocotyledon family and perhaps the largest plant family in terms of number of species, approximately 25,000.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198507123 (607 words)

	Fungus Gnats
		Orchid growers are reputed to pamper their plants excessively.
		Most natural species orchids are adapted to harsh and low nutrient conditions, with roots in well drained media, if covered at all.
		Feeding on roots of seedling orchids has been observed, possibly due to a combination of sterilized media, high moisture, stressed plants, and lack of fungi for the maggots.
	nathist.sdstate.edu /orchids/Pests/fungus_gnats.htm (1345 words)

	Caring for Orchids : How I Became an Expert Orchid Doctor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		My interest was piqued in the orchid family when Professor Ames suggested I go to several orchid shows in Boston.
		My growing collection of orchids offered relief from the tensions of long days and nights as Professor of Surgery at UCLA with the demands of professional and academic life.
		Much of the knowledge and lore of orchids was absorbed by me through contacts with giants in the field such as Ernest Hetherington, Leo Holguin and Frank Fordyce.
	www.caringfororchids.com /drbarker.html (222 words)

	Taxonomy of the orchid family Details, Meaning Taxonomy of the orchid family Article and Explanation Guide
		Taxonomy of the orchid family Details, Meaning Taxonomy of the orchid family Article and Explanation Guide
		The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is subdivided in several several subfamilies, and then in tribes, subtribes, alliances and then genera.
		This is an Article on Taxonomy of the orchid family.
	www.e-paranoids.com /t/ta/taxonomy_of_the_orchid_family.html (1145 words)

	Albion College Science Explorations
		Mark Chase, '73, one of the world's foremost experts on orchid genetics, visited Albion yesterday to discuss how his research, along with that of other botanical geneticists, is causing a major shift in the field of botany and taxonomy.
		Chase himself recently told a British orchid society that two species of beloved British wild orchids were not, in fact, orchids, and were being reclassified into other families.
		Chase was a pioneer in the use of DNA to unravel the relationships of flowering plant families, and from 1991-2001, he was recognized by a leading research organization as one of the 15 most cited authors in agriculture, plant, and animal sciences.
	www.albion.edu /ac_news/AlbionExplorations2005/markchaseorchids.asp (558 words)

	Taxonomy of the Orchid family - meaning of word
		The following subfamilies are recognized : Subfamily Apostasioideae : monophyletic - the most primitive orchids* : 3 fertile anthers or two fertile anthers and a filamentous staminode.
		Dragon's Mouth Orchid (''Arethusa bulbosa'')]] == Subfamily ORCHIDOIDEAE == [[Image:Cranefly-Orchid.jpgthumbrightCranefly Orchid (''Tipularia discolor'')]] Tribe CRANICHIDEAE : The former subfamily SPIRANTHOIDEAE is now embedded in the clade Orchideoideae as the tribe Cranichideae..
		Genera : Acianthera, Acostea, Anathallis, Anthereon, Barbosella, Barbrodria, Brachionidium, Chamelophyton, Condylago, Draconanthes, Dracula (orchid**), Dreslerella, Dryadella, Echinosepala, Frondaria, Jostia, Lepanthes, Lepanthopsis, Luerella, Masdevallia, Myoxanthus, Octomeria, Ophidion, Phloeophila, Platystele, Pleurothallis, Porroglossum, Restrepia, Restrepiella, Salpistele, Scaphosepalum, Specklinia, Stelis, Teagueia, Trichosalpinx, Trisetella, Zootrophion.
	www.wordsonline.org /Taxonomy_of_the_orchid_family (1761 words)

	AusEmade: Orchids
		The largest and most diverse of the flowering plant (Angiospermae) families, are the Orchids (Orchidaceae family), with over 950 genera and 30,000 species found all over the world, although they are most abundant in the tropics., and new species continually being discovered.
		The Taxonomy of the Orchid Family, is a story all on it’s own, with a number of classification systems.
		The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is subdivided into several subfamilies, and then into tribes, subtribes, alliances and then genera.
	www.ausemade.com.au /fauna-flora/flora/orchid/index-orchids.htm (317 words)

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