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Topic: Tay Bridge

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	Infamous Bridge Disasters
		He designed most of his bridges with “lattice girders supported on slender cast iron columns braced with wrought iron struts and ties.”(5) The Tay Bridge, a bridge over the Firth of Tay in Scotland, was close to two miles in length.
		It was 7:15 PM when the Tay Bridge collapsed into the Firth of Tay at Dundee.
		“The Court of Inquiry report concluded that, 'The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale.'”(5) It was found that Bouch designed the Tay Bridge for a 10 lb/sq.ft. wind load, which is significantly underdesigned.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/aschaeff/tay/tay.html (447 words)

	Tay Road Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It crosses the Firth of Tay from Newport-on-Tay in Fife to Dundee.
		The bridge is one of the three remaining toll bridges in Scotland.
		The bridge was designed by and construction began in 1962 with the infilling of West Graving Dock, King William Dock and Earl Grey docks in Dundee.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Tay_Road_Bridge (298 words)

	Failure Magazine-Archives-Science & Technology-Tay Bridge
		In 1879 the Tay Bridge was the longest bridge in the world, spanning two miles across the Tay estuary in southeastern Scotland.
		The steady cumulative loosening of the structure on all of the towers allowed the lateral movement felt by the workmen on the bridge in the summer of 1879.
		The bridge had been open to traffic since September 1877, heavily loaded with trains carrying stone and coal, and traffic grew as passenger trains were added to the route.
	www.failuremag.com /arch_science_tay_bridge.html (1559 words)

	McGonagall Online: The Tay Bridge Disaster
		On the 2d of October 1877, while the bridge was in course of construction, one of the girders was blown down during a gale similar to that of to-day, but the only one of the workmen lost his life.
		Soon a new bridge would rise beside the ruins of the old, and the "Bard of the Tay" would once again be inspired to pick up his pen.
		The Fall of the Tay Bridge - David Swinfen's readable account of the rise and fall of the bridge, the subsequent enquiry and the building of the new bridge.
	www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk /poems/pgdisaster.htm (1294 words)

	The Failure of the Tay Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But the bridge was taken advantage of and due to poor maintenance, lack of a stable design, and faulty materials; it was only a matter of time before the bridge would inevitably come crashing down.
		Significance of the Tay Bridge before the Disaster The cause of in incident was due less to underestimated wind pressure than to some faults in materials and workmanship.
		The bridge was poorly designed to begin with and with all of the changes and detours that were taken, the design and structural integrity got even worse.
	www.pitt.edu /~mpk10/interesting_engineering_event.html (3208 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-08-17, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article.
		The Tay Bridge Disaster is an internationally-known poem by the Scottish poet William McGonagall and recounts the events of the evening of 28 December 1879, when, during a severe gale, Tay Rail Bridge near Dundee collapsed as a train was passing over it with the loss of all on board.
		And shook the central girders of the Bridge of Tay
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Tay_Bridge_Disaster (418 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Tay Rail Bridge [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The original Tay Bridge was constructed in the 19th century by noted railway engineer Thomas Bouch (who received a knighthood following the bridge's completion).
		The bridge was officially opened by Queen Victoria on June 1 of that year.
		A new railway bridge, with two sets of tracks, was designed by William Henry Barlow and built by William Arrol, 60 feet (18 m) upstream of, and parallel to, the original bridge.
	encyclozine.com /Tay_Rail_Bridge (655 words)

	Taybridge Disaster 1879 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although Queen Victoria was unable to open the bridge, she did cross it in the summer of 1879, shortly before she knighted Thomas Bouch.
		The tragedy of the Tay Bridge Disaster lives on in the memory of Dundonians and, 125 years after the event, it exercises a strange fascination over all who study it.
		the force of the wind on the bridge set up a domino effect whereby, one after the other, the upper courses of masonry on the bridge piers became detached from the lower courses, thus irretrievably tilting the bridge downwind.
	www.dundeecity.gov.uk /centlib/taybridge/taybridge.htm (458 words)

	Start Home Page view of Perth Bridge. River Tay and Perth's location (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The River Tay is tidal and Perth is as far up the River as medieval ships could sail, and as far down as a bridge could be built.
		The discharge of the Tay exceeds that of any other British river – three earlier bridges were swept away when the Tay was in flood.
		The Perth Bridge was built between 1766 and 1772 by John Smeaton (1724-1792) – the first to call himself a Civil (as opposed to a Military) Engineer.
	www.dbmcintyre.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /index_f/start_f/bridge.htm (282 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster - The Tay Bridge Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The disaster is one of the most famous bridge failures and to date it is still the worst structural engineering failure in the British Isles.
		Most of his bridges were lattice girders supported on slender cast iron columns braced with wrought iron struts and ties, such as the Belah Viaduct in the photograph to the right.
		The Tay bridge was nearly two miles long, consisting of 85 spans and at the time was the longest bridge in the world.
	taybridgedisaster.co.uk (892 words)

	The Forth Bridge
		The "Tay Bridge" collapsed during a hurricane and 75 passengers from the Edinburgh train were killed.
		The contract for the bridge construction was given on December 21st.1882, and work began by the realization of casings intended to support the three cantilevers.
		This bridge necessitated 54 000 tons of steel, 20 950 cubic metres of granite, 6 780 cubic metres of stone, 49 200 cubic metres of concrete, 50 tons of cement and 7 millions rivets.
	www.netrover.com /~capaigle/Ponts/fortha.html (685 words)

	1879 - Tay Bridge Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The bridge, since its completion, has withstood many a terrific blast, and remarks were made to the effect that it could hardly be possible that such a structure, in whose stability against both tide and wind its engineers and constructors had always had the most decided confidence, could have been demolished.
		At the Tay Bridge Station, however, the officials were unable to give any information, beyond the fact that since a few minutes after seven o'clock communication between the signal cabins at each end of the bridge had been cut off.
		During a violent gale in February 1877, while the bridge was in process of construction, two of the largest girders, which had been raised to the top of the piers prepared for them, but had not been put in their places, were blown down from the hanging gear.
	www.nls.uk /scotlandspages/timeline/1879.html (1476 words)

	St. Andrews to the Tay Bridge
		This bridge is an arched stone bridge with cutwaters.
		Across the bridge are parapets and pairs of rings, high and low, possibly for tethering.
		Above these bridges is the modern road bridge, built in 1938 with 3 arches and cutwaters.
	www.btinternet.com /~g.mcarthur/coast_10.htm (896 words)

	What was the Tay Bridge Rail Disaster?
		The conclusion was that the bridge was under-designed for the force of weather that it encountered that fateful night.
		When the Tay Bridge disaster was discovered to be a result of faulty design, the Forth Bridge design was handed over to Sir John Fowler and Benjamin Baker.
		Among the fatalities of the Tay Bridge disaster was Thomas Bouch's son in law.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-was-the-tay-bridge-rail-disaster.htm (483 words)

	CI LOCK UP DEVICE - TAY BRIDGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Tay Rail bridge was constructed in 1887 and at 3135 metres is the longest railway bridge in the UK.
		The bridge is vital link connecting the main Edinburgh to London line with Dundee and Aberdeen.
		This is part of a major bridge refurbishment programme and the LUDs will ensure that the Tay Rail bridge will be able to withstand the loads imposed by modern trains.
	www.colebrand.com /tay.htm (123 words)

	Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture - Timeline - Failed design triggers horrific Tay Bridge terror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although a bridge over the great estuary of the Tay had been planned for many years, it was not until a meeting of the North British Railway Company, in November 1869, that the dreams were finally turned into action.
		The bridge's construction involved sinking piers into the riverbed that would then be built upon with a structure of columns and girders to the height required.
		The bridge had 85 spans between the piers which, at the highest section, rose to 88ft (26.8 metres) above the river and were known as the "high girders".
	heritage.scotsman.com /timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=245702006 (1245 words)

	The Illustrated London News - Viaducts
		As there are sharp curves at both ends of the bridge, which causes the line to assume a horseshoe form, of which the bridge is the arch, an excellent view of it can be obtained on approaching it from either the Cornwall or Devon side.
		Previously, proposals had been made for a low-level bridge near the same spot, making use of Mugdrum island in the Tay, and, in consequence of opposition to this scheme, another project was to construct a swing bridge, so as to accommodate the river traffic.
		The quantity of wrought iron used, in-cluding many girders from the old bridge, is 19,000 tons; of steel, 3500 tons; and of cast-iron, for the piers, 2500 tons; with three million rivets, averaging five inches in length; ten million bricks, weighing 37,500 tons; and 70,000 tons of concrete.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/ind_rev/iln/viaduct.htm (2787 words)

	Tom Martin's Tay bridge disaster web page
		As the present bridge is now over one hundred years old, inspection of the bridge is carried out on a regular basis by Hi-Rope to check its structural integrity.
		The findings of the study suggest that the bridge was significantly underdesigned for the wind loading and,even if the wind bracing had been properly constructed, had little chance of surviving force 10 gales experienced in the Firth of Tay area.
		The effect of the train on the bridge is also analysed to determine whether it was necessary for the failure.
	www.tts1.demon.co.uk /oldtay.html (920 words)

	The OTHER Tay Bridge Disaster - on the Monikie, Scotland Website.
		About twenty minutes past ten workmen on a staging situated about midway across that portion of the bridge, distinctive from the rest by reason of its high girders, had completed their work at the place in question, and preparations were accordingly made for changing their position immediately to the north.
		About twenty minutes past ten in the forenoon the workmen on a staging situated about midway across that portion of the bridge, distinctive from the rest by reason of its high girders, had completed their work at the place in question, and preparations were accordingly made for changing their position immediately to the north.
		Much excitement prevailed at the city end of the bridge when news of the accident was received, and there were many anxious inquiries at the Esplanade Station to obtain particulars of the catastrophe.
	www.monikie.org.uk /other-tay-bridge-disaster-1902.htm (2835 words)

	Science Museum \| Heavy Weather \| The Tay Bridge disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tay Bridge Disaster: View of the broken bridge from the North End.
		At the time, the tragedy of Tay Bridge was not blamed on the strength of the storm but on bad engineering.
		Though this instrument was invented earlier than the Tay Bridge disaster, the importance of recording wind speed on it became more fully understood.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/heavy-weather/page3.asp (391 words)

	Tayport Community Website (Fife, Scotland, UK)
		Thousands came to from all quarters to see the bridge, which was acknowledged to be one of the greatest triumphs of engineering skill the world had ever witnessed.
		For eighteen months trains were run over the bridge night and day without the occurrence of a single accident, and the confidence of the public in the stability of the structure was fully established.
		A dark cloud obscured the moon; a wild gust tore down the valley of the Tay; flashes of fire were seen blazing from the bridge, and suddenly the lights of the train disappeared.
	www.tayport.org.uk /article.php?id=53 (815 words)

	The Forth Bridge Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
		In the aftermath of the Tay Bridge disaster the bridge was a testament to robust and conservative over-engineering.
		The whole bridge is balanced by 1000 ton counterweights on the outside of the outer cantilever structures.
		The bridge can be viewed to really good effect from both North Queensferryand Queensferry: and the views from one of the many trains crossing it is equally worthwhile, especially of North Queensferry and Queensferry and of the Forth Road Bridge only a short distance to the west.
	www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk /queensferry/forthrailbridge (647 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster
		The collapse of the bridge, only opened 19 months and passed safe by the Board of Trade, sent shock waves through the Victorian engineering profession and was reported widely in the newspapers of the time.
		The Tay bridge was two miles long, had 85 spans and was the longest bridge in the world.
		The Court of Inquiry which followed the disaster found, "The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale." In other words the bridge was not designed to withstand the strong winds and weight of the train.
	www.technologystudent.com /struct1/taybrd1.htm (322 words)

	The Forth Bridge
		The "Tay Bridge" collapsed during a hurricane and 75 passengers from the Edinburgh train were killed.
		The contract for the bridge construction was given on December 21st.1882, and work began by the realization of casings intended to support the three cantilevers.
		This bridge necessitated 54 000 tons of steel, 20 950 cubic metres of granite, 6 780 cubic metres of stone, 49 200 cubic metres of concrete, 50 tons of cement and 7 millions rivets.
	netrover.com /~capaigle/Ponts/fortha.html (685 words)

	Tay Bridge information
		Reappraisal of the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879;
		The TAY BRIDGE disaster of 1879 shocked the world and led to important changes in bridge design, construction, and inspection.
		The amplitude of these oscillations grew with time, because joints holding the bridge together were defective, and this in turn resulted in fatigue cracks being induced in the cast iron lugs, which reached criticality on the night of the disaster.
	technology.open.ac.uk /materials/about_us/tay_bridge.htm (529 words)

	ipedia.com: Tay Rail Bridge Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Engineers quickly determined that the metal used in the bridge's design was of poor quality, and modern structural analysis of the bridge also shows its design was not sufficient to resist the strong winds commonplace in the Tay estuary.
		A second rail bridge, designed by William Henry Barlow and built by William Arrol, sited 60 feet upstream, and parallel to the original bridge of which the stumps of the piers still remain.
		The new bridge remains in use today; and in 2003, a £20.85 million strengthening and refurbishment project on the Bridge won the British Construction Industry Civil Engineering Award, in consideration of the staggering scale and logistics involved.
	www.ipedia.com /tay_rail_bridge.html (438 words)

	Firth of Forth Cantilever Rail Bridge
		Due to the tragic collapse of the Tay Bridge, The Firth of Forth bridge, completed in 1890, was heavily over-constructed in an attempt to regain the public's confidence.
		Some structural members of the bridge are as large as 12 feet in diameter.
		The Forth Bridge is one of the highlights of British engineering history, signifying what Victorian engineers were capable of.
	bridgepros.com /projects/FirthofForth/FirthofForth.htm (202 words)

	Concrete Repairs Limited
		The A92 Tay Road Bridge was opened in 1966 and spans the river Tay between Dundee and Newport on Tay.
		The Tay Road Bridge Joint Board commissioned Babtie Group to undertake a structural assessment of the North Approach Viaduct and they identified a need to strengthen four support columns in order for them to be capable of withstanding vehicle collision loading.
		The Tay bridge support piers are unusual in that they have a parabolic shape and taper in height in the opposite direction on each axis.
	www.concrete-repairs.co.uk /news_and_events/tay_bridge.html (799 words)

	Tay Bridge disaster 1879 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The single-track bridge was a box construction with numerous box-section legs, up to 230ft apart, supporting the steam trains up to 88ft in the air as they snaked for almost two miles over the Tay and Perth-bound shipping.
		These points were discovered after the bridge’s central sections failed during the stormy night of 28 December 1879 while a train was crossing.
		When travelling on the 1887 replacement bridge over the Tay, the bases of the original’s supporting legs can be seen along the eastern side, reaching out of the cold water, a disturbing sight on a stormy crossing.
	www.scotclans.com /clans/1879.htm (197 words)

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