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	Tayasal lookout over Flores and Lake Peten Itza
		Tayasal is mis-named, since the original Itza capital was on what is the present island of Flores (now obliterated by the church and hotels).
		What is called Tayasal today is an earlier Classic period Maya site, same time period as Mayan archaeological ruins elsewhere such as Tikal, Yaxha, and everywhere else.
		When you go over to Tayasal to climb up the observatory, you are climbing up a Classic period pyramid; a second pyramid is on top of the first one.
	www.maya-archaeology.org /pre-Columbian_Mayan_archaeological_sites_Maya_ruins_archaeology_museums_El_Peten_Guatemala_Central_America_ecology_national_parks/Postclassic_Tayasal_Flores_Island_El_Peten_Guatemala.php (259 words)

	Spanish Conquest of Yucatan Article, SpanishConquestYucatan Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Itza capital was in Tayasal, an island city in lakePeten.
		The Itza land was separated from Spanish Yucatán to the north and Spanish Guatemala to the south by thick jungles withlittle population.
		In 1695 three Franciscans headed to Tayasal accompanied by four Christian Maya singers.They were well received, and a number of the Itza consented to be baptized.
	www.anoca.org /yucat/itza/spanish_conquest_of_yucatan.html (1258 words)

	Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Itza capital was in Tayasal, an island city in lake Peten.
		The command in Merida decided that a major force was needed, and in 1697 sent out a force of 235 Spanish soldiers and as many Maya allies, with horses, artillery, and a large supply train with mules and men to cut a path through the jungle.
		On March 13, 1697 this force succeeded in conquering the Itza of Tayasal.
	www.portaljuice.com /spanish_conquest_of_yucatan.html (1395 words)

	El Petén - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first Europeans to visit the region, an expedition led by Hernán Cortés which passed through in 1524 to 1525, reported that the region mostly had small hamlets separated by thick forest, with Tayasal being the only sizable inhabited city they observed in the region.
		The Spanish town of Flores was established atop the site of Tayasal, but this remained an isolated backwater through the colonial era and after the independence of Mexico and Central America.
		When Guatemalan President Rafael Carrera sent a small force to Flores to claim the region for Guatemala in the 1840s, the governments of Mexico and Yucatán decided the region was not worth the trouble of contesting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peten (530 words)

	AllRefer.com - Flores, town, Guatemala, Guatemala (Guatemalan Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Flores was built on an island in the southern part of Lake PetEn ItzA and on the site of the ItzA Mayan city of Tayasal.
		Tayasal was not taken by the Spanish until 1697 and may have been the last major functioning Mayan ceremonial complex.
		All traces of Tayasal were destroyed by the Spanish.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/FloreGua.html (198 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The conquest of the Yucatán peninsula spanned almost 20 years (from 1527 to 1546), and the Itzaj Maya capital of Ta Itzá (or Tayasal it was known to the Spanish) was not conquered until 1697.
		Subjugating the Maya of Tayasal was especially challenging for the Spanish armies because of their remote location on an island in Lake Petén Itzá in the heart of the Petén in present Guatemala.
		Reports indicate that some of these were taken by Ursua, the captain of the Spanish forces, although their present whereabouts are unknown.
	madrid.doaks.org /codex/History.asp (396 words)

	The Blue Monkey Review: Tayasal and Flores
		The last area that came under control was the lowlands of Guatemala, El Peten, and the last Mayan city was Tayasal.
		Finally in 1696 to 97 Martin de Ursua led the military expedition that laid siege of Tayasal and brought down the last Mayan city.
		Did the kings of Tayasal still draw blood from their penises to please the gods while John Locke was writing his treatises on civil government?
	blogs.setonhill.edu /JohnSpurlock/015910.html (996 words)

	Tori Saneda - Image Gallery: Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		San Benito is one of a cluster of small towns around Lake Peten Itza in the Peten region.
		Flores is situated on an island in Lake Peten Itza.
		The ruins at Tayasal are not reconstructed so don't expect a mini- Tikal if you visit the island.
	lunaperdida.com /guategeneral.htm (538 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Based on the fact that Enríquez was killed in at the town of Sacalum 1624 during an attempt to conquer Tayasal, Coe proposes that the manuscript was produced after this date.
		Porter attributes these two scenes directly to Hernan Cortés’ visit to Tayasal in 1525, and therefore dates the painting of the codex to the interval between Cortés’ departure and the conquest of Tayasal in 1697.
		In an analysis of the material culture represented in the Madrid Codex, Don Graff identified a number of artifacts that are diagnostic of a certain time period in the archaeological record, including specific varieties of incense burners, several drums, a rattle, and a weaving pick.
	madrid.doaks.org /codex/Dating.asp (1619 words)

	History of Flores Peten Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Where Flores now sits, the Mayan city of Tayasal was one of the cities to be conquered by the Spanish.
		The Mayans erected a statue in honor of the wounded horse and it became an idol, until it was destroyed by the Franciscans nearly one hundred years later.
		The Spanish, who eventually conquered Tayasal in 1697, had ignored the Mayan city for almost 200 years - probably because of its remote location - while they conquered the rest of the country.
	www.thegringosguide.com /PETENflores/FloresHistory.htm (177 words)

	A CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATION OF THE TAYASAL-PAXCAMAN ZONE, EL PETEN, GUATEMALA.
		Field information for the thesis was generated during 1971 University Museum--University of Pennsylvania excavations at the sites of Cenote, Tayasal, and Nima as well as in subsequent seasons of survey and analysis by the author.
		Construction activity, burials, and associated artifactual remains have been used to interpret the substantial changes in foci during each of these times and to suggest the social forces that produced the extant archaeological record.
		Additional important data also exist in the Zone for understanding of the Postclassic Period of the Southern Lowlands, thus validating the original research design that was responsible for the excavations undertaken on the Tayasal Peninsula.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI8406652 (376 words)

	Redating the Madrid Codex
		Harvard epigrapher David Stuart cautions that what may be seen as Yucatecan spellings and words may actually be archaic Maya forms that had fallen out of common use in the Petén but persisted in the Yucatán.
		He maintains that the paper with Latin text is sandwiched between two layers of bark paper, evidence that it was incorporated into the codex during its manufacture.
		If the planting iconography refers to June, it may indicate the codex came from the northern part of the peninsula, not Tayasal in the central Petén, where planting was finished before the end of May.
	www.archaeology.org /9901/newsbriefs/codex.html (642 words)

	Mayan World: Archaeological Sites of Guatemala
		Flores, the capital of the department of El Petén, was built in the site once occupied by Tayasal.
		The Itza, left the Yucatán in the 13th century and turned the city of Tayasal into their capital.
		It was here, on the island of Flores on the shore of Lake Petén Itzá, that the last vestiges of the Maya civilization held out against the onslaught of the Spanish conquers.
	www.mayan-world.com /ruinas/guatem2-m.htm (1696 words)

	tayasal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ancient city of Tayasal is now the city of Flores.
		It was here, on the island of Flores on the shore of Lake Petén Itzá, that the last vestiges of the Maya civilization held out against the onslaught of the Spanish conquers.
		In 1541 A.D. Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but due to the thickness of the jungle and the fine defensive location of the city the Spanish didn't manage to conquer the island until 1697 A.D.
	www.freedom8.net /more/tayasalmain.htm (142 words)

	Flores & Santa Elena : Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hernán Cortés had visited the Itzá city of Tayasal, which once stood on the far side of the lake, in 1525 but had not tried to conquer the Itzás, who had a reputation for being fierce warriors.
		One of the most curious pieces of local history is the story of a sick horse left in Tayasal by Cortés when he passed through the area.
		When the horse died, a stone statue of it was made, and the worship continued until Spanish missionaries arrived in Tayasal 100 years later.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=3561&catID=3561010001 (624 words)

	History of Guatemala
		Either way, what is known is that the main centers of the Classic Period were abandoned and the populations diminished at the end of this period and later on, in the Post classic period, only smaller towns were known to exist around lake Petén Itzá.
		During the late Post Classic period the central towns were Tayasal, at lake Petén Itzá, and Topoxté, at lake Yaxhá.
		From then on Spain continued to conquer Mayan population centers and defeated the last significant Mayan population in 1697 in Tayasal, capital of the Itzaes of Petén.
	guatemalahist.com (2521 words)

	À. Tokovinin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This study is an attempt to reconstruct Tayasal's location, borders, territory, social and political structure on the basis of Spanish chronicles, documents contemporary to the conquest of Tayasal in 1967, and archaeological sources.
		Another major basis of the reconstruction is the data on the maya society of late Yucatan (XVI century) its principles of territorial and social organization being highly similar to those of Tayasal.
		It has been supposed that Tayasal was a community with a dispersed settlement pattern and 10 "subjects" of different levels - from the settlement of one lineage (termed "patronimia" by Russian ethnologists) to the two - level or more elevated structure like chiefdom (Kam Ahaw identified by the author as late To-poxte).
	liber.rsuh.ru /Conf/Civilization/sammary.htm (1550 words)

	chicagomediaworks.com - Universal Citizen Script
		So they carve a stone horse to replace the dead one, and paddle it to the sacred city of Tayasal to be given to Cortes when he returns, but the canoe capsizes and the stone horse sinks.
		By morning he has returned alone near Tayasal where he picks up workers, and works with them on the sunroof of his house.
		I'm staying at the Universal Hotel and begin to think of him as a "Universal Citizen"--and then think of filming him on his sunroof with him changing languages with each turn and telling about his life in the country of the language he's speaking.
	www.chicagomediaworks.com /2mediawks/3media_ucitizen/ucitizenscriptpage.html (945 words)

	Isla de Flores en Guatemala
		La isla de Flores antiguamente llamada Tayasal está ubicada en el lago Peten Itzá, era desde el siglo IX D.C una ciudad Itzá.
		Luego de varios infructuosos intentos de convertir a los indígenas al cristianismo, los españoles destruyeron Tayasal en el siglo XVI quedando abandonada hasta el siglo XVIII.
		Sus simpáticas calles y callejones bajo los cuáles se encuentran restos de la antigua Tayasal, su plaza central con algunas estelas Mayas, merecen ser visitados.
	www.guatemalaviajes.com /flores.htm (233 words)

	The Conquistador's Horse
		Six months later they arrived at the stronghold of Tayasal, where the Itza ruler received them hospitably.
		, "The fathers were shown a large idol in the form of a horse, called Tzimin Chac, the "thunder horse." When Cortes had visited Tayasal, he left a lame horse with the Canek of that day, promising to return for it himself or to send for it.
		After Cortes's departure, the Itza treated the horse as a god, offering it fowl, other meats, and flowers, on which diet the horse died.
	www.mesoweb.com /maler/conquistador.html (2934 words)

	Petén
		They mispronounced Tah Itzá as Tayasal and replaced the rubble with the Spanish city of Flores.
		The dispersal of the survivors into the jungle may have even given rise to the myth of a surviving and lost Maya city.
		Although boat tours often include a visit to a "Tayasal" on the other side of the lake, this is false.
	www.mostlymaya.com /2Peten.html (1452 words)

	Travel for Kids: Flores, Guatemala
		Cruising at sunset is also pleasant, the air is warm and the sunsets spectacular.
		Tayasal – Another spot to stop on Lake Peten Itza is Tayasal, another Maya ruin.
		The ruins of Tayasal are still mostly buried under the vegetation, but the lookout at the top of the hill is worth the visit.
	www.travelforkids.com /Funtodo/Guatemala/flores.htm (562 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Matthew D. Moriarty - Investigating an Inland Maya Port: The 2003 Field Season at Trinidad ...
		Based on his description, however, Playa Buena Vista was almost certainly the eastern portion of Trinidad de Nosotros.
		Trinidad was later visited by members of the University of Pennsylvania Tayasal Project including Stanley Loten and Arlen Chase.
		Chase (1983:1168) noted the presence of numerous mounds in the area including one mound eroding into the lake.
	www.famsi.org /reports/02061/section02.htm (577 words)

	Aventura Maya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Canek quien ya había escuchado anteriormente a otros sacerdotes le dice que va a considerar la proposición y les dice que regresen en cuatro meses.
		Les ofrece guías para llevarlos de regreso a Tipú, la comunidad maya más cercana a Tayasal con dominio español.
		Los franciscanos se van a por ayuda, Avedaño se queda con cuatro de los indígenas.
	www.unav.es /digilab/proyectosenl/2003/aventuramaya/z3c.htm (138 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		1985 "Contextual Implications of Pictorial Vases from Tayasal, Peten," in M.G. Robertson and E. Benson, Eds., Fourth Palenque Round Table, 1980, Vol.
		1985 "Archaeology in the Maya Heartland: The Tayasal - Paxcaman Zone, Lake Peten, Guatemala," Archaeology 38(1): 32-39.
		1980 "Contextual Implications of Pictorial Vases from Tayasal, Peten," Cuarto Mesa Redonda de Palenque, Mexico (June).
	www.caracol.org /afcvita.htm (6295 words)

	Tiwy.com - Guatemala, Flores. Fotos 2004
		Las angostas calles de Flores, pavimentadas con bloques de cemento, ofrecen muchos hoteles y restaurantes.
		En el proximidades de Flores se encontraba en los siglos XV-XVII la ciudad maya Tayasal.
		Los soldados espanoles destruyeron piramides y templos "paganos"de Tayasal.
	www.tiwy.com /pais/guatemala/guate_2004/flores/esp.phtml (228 words)

	Flores, Lake Peten Itza Guatemala
		After several failed attempts to convert the natives to Christianity, the Spaniards destroyed Tayasal in 16th century and it was then abandoned until the 18th century.
		The Island is named after Cirilo Flores, one of the first Guatemaltecos to call for independence from the Colonial powers.
		Flores is built over the old city of Tayasal and in the center the plaza and some stelaes remain.
	www.enjoyguatemala.com /flores.htm (257 words)

	Aventura Maya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cuando Hernán Cortés comenzó la conquista pasó por Tayasal, donde fue bien acogido.
		Pocos días después de haber llegado Cortés tiene que dejar tayasal para regresar a su campamento.
		Sin embargo, el caballo muere a los pocos días por la diferencia de alimentación y los itzaes erigen una escultura para adorarlo.
	www.unav.es /digilab/proyectosenl/2003/aventuramaya/z1a.htm (100 words)

	Maya Timeline
		City of Tayasal is taken by the Spanish
		Emperor Pacal dies at the age of 80, Maya
		Do you have any comments and suggestions about this timeline, please e-mail and tell us at: suggestions@timelines.info
	www.timelines.info /history/empires_and_civilizations/ancient_civilisations/mesoamerica/maya (78 words)

	McClung Museum - MAYA: Portraits of a People
		The southernmost Maya, in the Guatemala highlands, fell to the Spaniards shortly afterward.
		The northern lowlands followed in 1542, and the interior fell in 1697, when the Itza Maya of Tayasal, in the present-day Petén district of Guatemala, yielded to the friars and soldiers of Spain.
		Despite more than five centuries of oppression and change that came with the European presence (including Maya rebellions in both the colonial and modern periods), traditional Maya culture and beliefs have endured in substantial part.
	mcclungmuseum.utk.edu /specex/maya/maya.htm (891 words)

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