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Topic: Teichoic acid

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	MetaCyc teichoic acid (poly-glycerol) biosynthesis
		Wall teichoic acids are a diverse group of peptidoglycan-linked, phosphate-rich polymers, found in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria [ Heptinstal70, Mauel89 ].
		Membrane teichoic acids, also known as lipoteichoic acids, are similar polymers of glycerol phosphate, but are linked to glycolipid molecules located in the cell membrane [ Lambert77 ].
		Mutations that disrupt the biosynthesis of teichoic acids result in a morphological change of the cell from rod shape to a sphere shape, and were initially known as rod mutations.
	biocyc.org /META/new-image?type=PATHWAY&object=TEICHOICACID-PWY (1201 words)

	Teichoic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Teichoic acids are not found in the gram-negative bacteria.
		The combined units comprised of teichoic acids and lipids are referred to as lipoteichoic acids.
		Teichoic acids are negatively charged and therefore contribute to the negative charge of the gram-positive cell wall.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teichoic_acid (173 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Absence of Serotype-Specific Surface Antigen and Altered Teichoic Acid Glycostation among ...
		Strains of this serotype express a surface antigen, which is associated with the teichoic acid of the cell wall and is recognized by the serotype 4b-specific monoclonal antibody c74.22.
		In contrast to their c74.22-positive counterparts, which have galactose and glucose on the N-acetylglucosamine of the teichoic acid, the c74.22- negative strains completely lacked galacatose from the teichoic acid, whereas glucose was present.
		The data suggest the establishment in epidemic strain populations of mutations, which lead to loss of galactose from the teichoic acid and to phage resistance.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=111409&pf=1 (378 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 2
		Lipoteichoic Acids: Lipoteichoic acids as membrane teichoic acids are polymers of amphiphitic glycophosphates with the lipophilic glycolipid and anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane.
		Wall teichoic acids are found only in certain Gram-positive bacteria (such as staphylococci, streptococci, lactobacilli, and Bacillus spp); so far, they have not been found in gram- negative organisms.
		Teichoic acids are polyol phosphate polymers, with either ribitol or glycerol linked by phosphodiester bonds; their structures are illustrated in Figure 2-9.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch002.htm (5515 words)

	ARUP Laboratories: Teichoic Acid Antibodies (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The teichoic acid antibody test (TAA) is a standardized, semiquantitative screening procedure for antibodies to staphylococcal ribitol teichoic acid, performed by immunodiffusion.
		The antigen is a partially purified teichoic acid prepared by phenylhydrazine extraction of the Lafferty strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
		The teichoic acid antibody titer is taken as the highest serum dilution forming a precipitin line of identity with the positive serum sample.
	www.aruplab.com /guides/clt/tests/clt_239b.jsp (287 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Genomic characterization of ribitol teichoic acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus: ...
		Teichoic acids, polymers of alternating phosphate and alditol groups, in addition to peptidoglycan are an essential component of bacterial cell walls.
		In strain 168, the biosynthesis of teichoic acid poly(GroP) involves genes tagA, tagB, tagD, tagE, and tagF.
		Kojima N, Araki Y, Ito E: Structure of linkage region between ribitol teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus H. J Biol Chem 1983, 258:9043-9045.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/7/74 (4301 words)

	Cell envelope
		Covalently bound to the thick peptidoglycan are teichoic acid (their backbones are usually phosphorus-containing polymers of ribitol or glycerol) or teichuronic acid (glucuronic acid- containing polysaccharides).
		Teichoic acids can also direct autolytic enzymes to sites of peptidoglycan digestion (autolysis), one of the steps in cell wall biosynthesis.
		Completed subunits of teichoic and teichuronic acids are also synthesized in the cell membrane (on lipid carriers) before transport and insertion into the existing cell wall.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /fox/cell_envelope.htm (963 words)

	BioMed Central \| Abstract \| Genomic characterization of ribitol teichoic acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus: ...
		Genomic characterization of ribitol teichoic acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus: genes, genomic organization and gene duplication
		aureus, teichoic acid is an essential component of the cell wall, and its biosynthesis is not yet well characterized.
		aureus strains we analyzed, tar (teichoic acid ribitol) is the main teichoic acid biogenesis pathway.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/7/74/abstract (394 words)

	Cell Biology of Bacteria - Page 4 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lipoteichoic acid which is on the surface, embedded in the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the cytoplasmic membrane.
		Wall teichoic acid is on the surface and is linked to only the peptidoglycan layer.
		Teichoic acid is responsible for the antigenic determinant of the organism.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~fpm/bio205/cellwall-4.html (216 words)

	A comparative analysis of antibody repertoire against Staphylococcus aureus antigens in Patients with Deep-Seated ...
		Teichoic acid was extracted from cell wall fractions with 5% TCA at room temp 3 times overnight on shaker (1g cell wall per 250 ml, 160 ml, and 100 ml of TCA).
		Elevated levels of IgG antibodies to teichoic acid antigen were detected in 100% (25/25) patients with deep-seated infections and 40% (10/25) of patients with superficial infection.
		Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan are the major components of staphylococcal cell wall and they are known to induce inflammatory response in humans [29].
	www.medsci.org /v02p0129.htm (4990 words)

	Procaryote Cell Walls and Membranes
		Teichoic acids are phosphate group joined polymers of glycerol or ribitol.
		Teichoic acids additionally bind sugars and amino acids and tend to be covalently linked with the peptidoglycan of the cell wall as well as to plasma membrane lipids.
		Teichoic acids are useful for distinguishing strains gram-positive bacteria by serological means.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1080.htm (2927 words)

	Bacteria
		Succinic acid is released from the capsule and paralyzes the pmn leukocyte.
		The capsule of bacteria may be penetrated by structures arising from the cell wall or plasma membrane such as cell wall specific polysaccharide, cell wall teichoic acid, plasma membrane lipoteichoic acid, flagella and pili.
		Teichoic acids are specifically modified in different bacteria by addition to the polyol units of ester linked D-alanine, D-lysine or O-glycoside linked glucose, galactose or N-acetyl-hexosamines.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/Tritzmed/LECTS/BACTERIA.HTM (3188 words)

	Yogurt
		The acid fermentation curdles the milk and preserves it from putrefaction and spoilage.
		The possible immunostimulatory activity of yogurt is probably due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria, as well as nonbacterial components of yogurt.
		The cell wall of lactic acid bacteria is composed of peptidoglycans, teichoic acid and polysaccharides.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/yog_0307.shtml (1226 words)

	[No title]
		The teichuronic acid of the cell wall of M.luteus is a polysaccharide consisting of D-glucose and N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid (ManNAcU)1 residues in which the repeating unit is [4)b-D-ManNAcUp-(16)a-D-Glcp-(1]n (17, 18).
		During biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc is the donor of the initial residue, or so-called linker, that becomes the potential reducing terminal residue of native teichuronic acid, which is linked to peptidoglycan through a phosphodiester bond (21, 22).
		Some of the teichoic acid molecules have a lipid portion (and are called lipoteichoic acids) which binds the molecules to the underlying plasma membrane.
	espanol.lycos.com /info/cell-wall.html (672 words)

	Transposon-Induced Mutations in Two Loci of Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 1/2a Result in Phage Resistance and Lack of ...
		Absence of N-acetylglucosamine in the wall teichoic acid of the phage-resistant mutants.
		Teichoic acid composition of wild-type parent strain 1/2a3 (A), mutant HLT2 (B), and mutant HLT8 (C).
		Teichoic acids were prepared and analyzed as described previously (4, 12).
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/11/4793 (3855 words)

	[No title]
		Lipoteichoic acid is chemically identical to the teichoic acid but is attached to the cell membrane by a lipid moiety.
		Both the teichoic acid and the lipoteichoic acid contain phosphorylcholine; two choline residues may be covalently added to each carbohydrate repeat.
		The phosphorylcholine decorating the teichoic acid and the lipoteichoic acid is a key molecule enabling invasion, and acts both as an adhesin and as a docking site for the choline-binding proteins (CBPs).
	textbookofbacteriology.net /S.pneumoniae.html (3248 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		Genomic characterization of ribitol teichoic acid synthesis in
		, teichoic acid is an essential component of the cell wall, and its biosynthesis is not yet well characterized.
		(teichoic acid ribitol) is the main teichoic acid biogenesis pathway.
	www.doaj.org /doaj?func=abstract&id=165635&recNo=74&toc=1 (202 words)

	Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Mechanisms of Their Targeting to the Cell Wall Envelope -- Navarre and ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Wall teichoic acids are anionic polymers of glycerol-phosphate, ribitol-phosphate, or glucosyl-phosphate and are tethered to the peptidoglycan.
		Lipoteichoic acids are polyanionic polymers inserted in the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane via a lipid moiety (205).
		acids is thought to occur on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/1/174 (8534 words)

	Development and Characterization of a Xylose-Dependent System for Expression of Cloned Genes in Bacillus subtilis: ...
		Genetic and biochemical characterization of Bacillus subtilis 168 mutants specifically blocked in the synthesis of the teichoic acid poly(3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate): gneA, a new locus, is associated with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase activity.
		Isolation and characterization of teichoic acid-like substance as an adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus to HeLa cells.
		Genes concerned with synthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate), the essential teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis strain 168, are organized in two divergent transcription units.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/1/403 (4773 words)

	IBiS Faculty \| Francis C. Neuhaus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mutants that are deficient in the d-alanine esters of these teichoic acids are unable to control their shape and septation.
		Our goal is to modulate the expression of these genes to establish whether the d- alanine esters of teichoic acids play a role in transmembrane signaling and thus control cell shape.
		"Insertional inactivation of genes responsible for the D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid in Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) affects intrageneric coaggregations." Infection and Immunity 67: 2464-2474.
	www.biochem.northwestern.edu /ibis/faculty/neuhaus.htm (529 words)

	The D-Alanine Residues of Staphylococcus aureus Teichoic Acids Alter the Susceptibility to Vancomycin and the Activity ...
		The D-Alanine Residues of Staphylococcus aureus Teichoic Acids Alter the Susceptibility to Vancomycin and the Activity of Autolytic Enzymes -- Peschel et al.
		acids are involved in the control of autolysin activity (3).
		Teichoic acid synthesis in Bacillus subtilis: genetic organization and biological roles, p.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/44/10/2845 (2321 words)

	A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing: Listeria innocua Strains with Teichoic Acid-Associated Surface Antigens and Genes ...
		Biochemical analysis of the teichoic acid composition of 14D9 was pursued to determine whether the insertion affected the
		Teichoic acids were prepared and analyzed as described previously (6, 12, 27).
		The teichoic acid composition of strains F7833 and F8735 was identical to that of F8596.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/21/6161 (4700 words)

	Relationship between Cell Surface Carbohydrates and Intrastrain Variation on Opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus ...
		(B) Amounts of teichoic acid in a type 2 strain, D39 (open bar); a nonencapsulated mutant of D39, R6x (solid bar); and a transformant of R6x expressing a type 3 capsule, P156 (stippled bar), were compared.
		Values are the averages of two determinations and were calculated by comparison with standards consisting of purified lipoteichoic acid expressed as picomoles of teichoic acid per microgram of total cellular protein.
		Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus pneumoniae possess identical chain structures.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/5/2327 (4963 words)

	Absence of Serotype-Specific Surface Antigen and Altered Teichoic Acid Glycosylation among Epidemic-Associated Strains ...
		Absence of Serotype-Specific Surface Antigen and Altered Teichoic Acid Glycosylation among Epidemic-Associated Strains of Listeria monocytogenes -- Clark et al.
		Absence of Serotype-Specific Surface Antigen and Altered Teichoic Acid Glycosylation among Epidemic-Associated Strains of Listeria monocytogenes
		acid of the cell wall, and were resistant to the serotype 4b-specific
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/38/10/3856 (346 words)

	Teichoic Acid
		Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are anionic polymers that decorate the peptidoglycan layers of many Gram-positive organisms.
		Mechanistic and structural studies of key WTA enzymes from Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus are now underway, and we are developing both in vitro and cell-based approaches to discover inhibitors of wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in S.
		The biosynthetic pathway for wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis 168
	www.chem.harvard.edu /groups/walker/teichoicacid.htm (168 words)

	Incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol into cell surface components of Bacillus subtilis 168 and thermosensitive mutants ...
		Mauël, C., Young, M. and Karamata, D. Genes concerned with synthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate), the essential teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis strain 168, are organized in two divergent transcription units.
		Pooley, H. and Karamata, D. Teichoic acid synthesis in Bacillus subtilis: genetic organisation and biological roles.
		Pooley, H. M., Abellan, F.-X. and Karamata, D. CDP-glycerol:poly(glycerolphosphate)phosphoglycerotransferase, involved in the synthesis of the major wall teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis 168, is encoded by tagF (rodC).
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/4/797 (4391 words)

	Pneumococcal Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) Is Not as Potent as Staphylococcal LTA in Stimulating Toll-Like Receptor 2 -- Han ...
		Pneumococcal Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) Is Not as Potent as Staphylococcal LTA in Stimulating Toll-Like Receptor 2 -- Han et al.
		Pneumococcal Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) Is Not as Potent as Staphylococcal LTA in Stimulating Toll-Like Receptor 2
		Mechanism of gram-positive shock: identification of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid moieties essential in the induction of nitric oxide synthase, shock, and multiple organ failure.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/10/5541 (5542 words)

	Cell Envelope.1995
		PG donates fatty acids to the OM lipoprotein, and glycerol-P units to the MDO.
		ECA is an acidic polysaccharide of NAG, N-acetyl-mannosamine uronic acid and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose.
		N-terminus is glyceryl-Cys to which two fatty acids are attached by ester links (to the glycerol) and one fatty acid by amide link (to the cysteine).
	www.science.siu.edu /microbiology/micr425/425Notes/02-CellEnv.html (4123 words)

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