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	Telegraph sounder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Telegraph Sounder is a device which produces an audible sound when connected to an operating electrical telegraph.
		When the current returns, the armature is raised back to the upper arm resulting in a "clack." Thus, as the remote telegraph key makes and breaks a contact, the sounder echos the up and down state of the key.
		Note that it is important that a sounder makes a sound both when the circuit is broken and when it is restored.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Telegraph_sounder (199 words)

	Electrical telegraph - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals.
		The early systems were needle telegraphs invented by Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke, and patented in May 1837 as an alarm system.
		In early 1845, John Trawell was apprehended following the use of a needle telegraph message from Slough to Paddington on January 1, 1845.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrical_telegraph (474 words)

	The Telegraph Sounder
		The telegraph sounder was invented by Alfred Vail after 1850 to aid the rapid reception of Morse Code by ear, replacing the slow and cumbersome Morse register.
		Special sounders with higher resistance (and lower operating current) were also available for direct connection in the line in emergencies, and these were often mounted together with a key in a set, called a pocket relay, protected by a case.
		The sounder (to be precise, its relay) was connected to the desired circuit by means of a switchboard using brass plugs.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tel/sounder.htm (933 words)

	Telegraph sounder -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A Telegraph Sounder is a device which produces an audible sound when connected to an operating (additional info and facts about electrical telegraph) electrical telegraph.
		It is similar in form to a (Electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch on and off a current in a second circuit) relay.
		This eases the process of identifying long and short presses of the key to send characters in (A telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)) morse code.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/te/telegraph_sounder.htm (222 words)

	History of Mark and Space; Harvey, 1990
		Our impression of the telegraph comes largely from movie stories of times a century ago, when telegraph operators listened to the strange ticks, tocks and rattles from the telegraph sounder and converted them into urgent messages that pushed the plot forward.
		At each telegraph office along the line, the wire was cut, brought into the office, sent through the coil of the electromagnet of the sounder, then through the telegraph key, then back up to the pole and on down the line to the next office.
		Thus the normal idle telegraph line was in a "steady mark" condition - a current flowed through all the sounders which if the pen was still there would have caused a mark to be made on the moving strip of paper.
	www.kekatos.com /teletype/gil/docs/harvey--mark-and-space.htm (1260 words)

	The Electromagnetic Telegraph
		Telegraphs made with one would work in a room, but would fail completely to work over only a short line, as many telegraph enthusiasts found to their disappointment.
		Telegraph trials were also made on the Saxon State Railways between Leipzig and Dresden by Weber of Göttingen and Steinheil in 1838, applying the telegraph to train operation, says M. von Weber in 1867, who also claims (probably erroneously) that the earth return was discovered there.
		Cooke and Wheatstone both worked on electrically-released dial telegraphs on which a hand would point to the desired message or character, so that skilled operators (and their wages) would not be required, or that the telegraph could be operated by the general public.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm (23003 words)

	F L Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They were connected in such a way as to signal to remote semaphores, over telegraph lines, the approach and passing of trains that traveled within a particular section or " block" of track.
		He also represented Jesse H. Bunnell on his historic 1881 steel-lever key patent, which became the standard telegraph key pattern used in the U. He was frequently hired as an expert witness and was present at some the more important patent cases during the 19th century.
		In his articles on the history of the telegraph, he gave special recognition to the contributions of Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail in addition to Samuel Morse.
	www.telegraph-history.org /pope/page7.htm (528 words)

	Type of Telegraph Instruments, Part II
		The term Electromagnetic Telegraph or Electric Telegraph was used in the mid 19th century and beyond to distinguish between the semaphore telegraph system and the wire telegraph system.
		Telegraphers, making the up and down motion on their keys all day, were often the victim of an occupational hazard related to the muscles of the wrist and forearm.
		Today we call this malady "carpal tunnel syndrome." In the 19th century it was called "telegrapher's paralysis" or "glass arm." To alleviate some of the stress, the "semi-automatic" key was invented at the turn of the century.
	www.telegraph-office.com /pages/arc2a.html (1040 words)

	Glossary of Mid-19th Century Telegraphic Terms
		Sounder ~ A device for interpreting the signals coming off the telegraph cable without requiring the use of a paper generating register.
		Telegraph ~ a device or contraption, which enables a detailed message to be sent instantaneously between two locations.
		Wire Insulator ~ a telegraph wire suspended on poles or lances is attached to insulators to prevent the escape of the current to the earth at the points of support.
	scard.buffnet.net /gofterms/telegloss.html (1805 words)

	Telegraph
		A character is sent by passing a current through the corresponding coil, creating a magnetic field which turns the needle to indicate which character is being sent.
		This device is one of a generation of telegraph devices invented before the development of Morse code.
		The response of the needle is very slow and each alphabetic character requires a separate wire between the transmitter and receiver, or 26 wires in all.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /MISCTELG.HTM (114 words)

	Using vintage telegraph instruments.
		The typical sounder is simply two electromagnets (coils of wire on an iron core) set up to attract a steel bar.
		A sounder should be adjusted so that a small gap (the thickness of a sheet of paper is enough) is left between the bar and the magnets when the sounder is energized.
		You may find your sounder to be "sluggish" even though you have applied the proper voltage; this is more often the case with high-resistance (main line) instruments -- 100 to 150 ohms.
	artifaxbooks.com /sounders.htm (878 words)

	Electrical telegraph
		Though some systems such as the British "needle" telegraph were in use by the 1830s, the first practical system was built in 1844 by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail was capable of transmitting over long distances using poor quality wire.
		In general the term electrical telegraph refers to a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human.
		Its development allowed newspapers to cover significant world events in near real-time, revolutionised business, particularly trading businesses, and allowed huge fortunes to be won and lost in an orgy of investment in research and infrastructure building reminiscent of the 1990s dot-com boom.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electrical_telegraph.html (345 words)

	Photo Album
		Two sounders and resonators (receivers) [the tall items], two keys (senders), one "jack hole" box on the right, and one peg board on the wall.
		In offices with more than one telegraph sounder, a tobacco can (Prince Albert, in this case) was used to change the tone of the sounder, so that the operator could audibly differentiate between them.
		The telegraph key in the center is also located where a key was originally.
	www.eaglelakedepot.com /PhotoAlbum.htm (292 words)

	Telegraph
		In the early days of the telegraph there were many other attempts to develop methods of communication by wire, and one of these, the Hughes Telegraph, was especially unusual.
		The telegraph is an early example of the Wheatstone apparatus and is made from silver, brass, mahogany and iron.
		Found in Cambridge, Massachusetts; from left to right: (1) unusual telegraph sounder on walnut base measuring 5-3/4" x 2-3/4"; (2) electrical bell connect to microphone on walnut base measuring 6-2/4" x 3-1/4" and (3) unusual telegraph key on tin box base measuring 5-3/4" x 3".
	www.sparkmuseum.com /TELEGRAPH.HTM (1126 words)

	Pic of the Month - April 1997
		By the 1850s, telegraphers realized that they could distinguish the difference between dots and dashes in the clattering of relays.
		By the early 1860s railroads and telegraphs were closing distances and speeding communications.
		A clattering telegraph sounder and chalkboard messages about forthcoming newspaper headlines suggest people's urgent desire for the latest news from remote battlefronts.
	www.hfmgv.org /exhibits/pic/1997/97.apr.html (400 words)

	Telegraph
		If you are British, you know that the telegraph was invented by Charles Wheatstone and Charles Cooke in 1836-37, An example of this form of Needle Telegraph is shown at the right; it is at Glasgow University and was made by George Mason and Co. of Glasgow.
		Americans know perfectly well that the telegraph was invented by the artist and scientist Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872), who conceived the idea of the printing telegraph during an ocean voyage to Europe in 1832.
		Early telegraph keys are rather uncommon, and I used the device at the left at Kenyon College as an ordinary tap switch for thirty five years before I realized that it was a "Plain Signal Key for closing and opening circuit at will.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Electricity/Telegraph/Telegraph.html (717 words)

	Telegraphy via the Internet
		This was a highly successful museum display of a railroad telegraph office, and it's features can be used as a model for those who are planning such a railroad museum exhibit.
		On the extreme right is a local sounder that is connected to a KOB set some distance away for visitors to use without interrupting the computer-controlled operation.
		In front of the local sounder is a homemade jack box that serves to route the signals or set the key up for the desired operation.
	home.comcast.net /~w4fok/museums.htm (1269 words)

	HOW TO BUILD SIMPLE TELEGRAPH SETS - TELEGRAPH & SCI INSTRUMENT MUSEUMS
		Pressing the telegraph key completes the electrical circuit and allows electricity from the battery to flow through the sounder's coil and it makes a clicking sound as the metal strip strikes the nail in the center of the coil.
		Sounders all make a slightly different sound when they pull-in rather than release and the operator learns to discriminate between these two different sounds and soon unconsciously can tell a dot from a dash.
		You could also mount a pencil on the sounder arm and have it mark a piece of paper with either a high mark or a low mark while the paper was pulled under the pencil at an approximately constant speed.
	www.chss.montclair.edu /~pererat/perbuild.htm (2218 words)

	Morse Code Translator/Sender Page
		It was decided that the sounder would be connected to a computer and "play" Morse Code sent to it by a user who enters text into a form on a web page.
		Pin 2 on the parallel port is connected to a power transistor which uses the 5 volts from the port to switch 12 volts, from the computer's power supply, on and off.
		That 12 volts energizes the coil on a relay which, in turn, switches the current on and off to the telegraph sounder.
	senior.billings.k12.mt.us /morse/howitworks.htm (499 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Electromagnetic Telegraph: A technical history of the 19th-century electric telegraph and the Morse Code.
		The Sounder: a description of the classical telegraph sounder.
		Railway Telegraphs in 1863: Preece's report on British railway telegraphs.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tel/telhom.htm (260 words)

	The Two Way Telegraph
		The telegraph was a mechanism that was created to establish a connection between two people over a long distance.
		When electricity flows through the circuit, the electromagnets on each telegraph sounder are activated and they attract an iron strip attached to a brass hammer.
		The telegraph works by alternately activating and deactivating an electromagnet, which pulls down a diamagnetic metal bar attached to a hammer on a pivot.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2005/telegraph.shtml (392 words)

	Bunnell vs. Bunnell
		McLaughlin was quick to reassure the telegraph world by placing ads and business notices stating that their factory was crowded with new work and that business was going to continue as normal.
		Further down the isle The Bunnell Telegraphic & Electrical Co. had their own booth manned by Dewitt Bunnell and at times was assisted by his mother Mary.
		Ghegan, as an inventor, had the technical expertise, was well respected by the telegrapher and railroad communities, and his fluency in Spanish help to permanently establish business ties in Central and South America.
	www.telegraph-history.org /j-h-bunnell (1802 words)

	ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH HISTORY & CONSTRUCTION - TELEGRAPH & SCI INSTRUMENT MUSEUMS
		Telegraph stations were set up along railroads first because the right-of-way had already been cleared and it was easy to set up poles to carry the telegraph wires.
		The KEY originally consisted of two pieces of brass or copper which could be pressed together to complete the electrical circuit or allowed to spring apart using their natural "springiness" to break the circuit.
		In the 1850's telegraph operators began to realize that they could recognize the different sounds made by the register as dots and dashes and a new detector mechanism called a "SOUNDER" was invented.
	www.chss.montclair.edu /~pererat/pertel.htm (1266 words)

	Genelogical Index for Canadian Railway Telegraph Agents, Ops, Dispatchers
		To be included in this railway telegraph genealogical series, please e-mail RGB.
		The camera icon indicates a picture of the agt, opr, TD is present, usually sent by them or a family member.
		No other claim is being made or undertaken here except to Honour the memory of these incredible contributors to Canada, the railway, and to their roles as telegraphers, operators and dispatchers.
	www.trainweb.org /telegraphgene (434 words)

	New and used books on communication; radio and telegraph instruments.
		His hobbies are telegraph instrument collecting and telegraph history.
		Over the years, our list has grown to include telegraph instruments, antiquarian and used technical books, and special items that are collectible, interesting, and available nowhere else.
		Books and CDs on telegraphy and telegraph instruments, wireless, solar, and related subjects, plus small parts for keys, bugs and paddles.
	artifaxbooks.com (578 words)

	A Day In The Life Of A Depot Agent
		When the telegraph sounder clicked "ST ST GE" it meant a call to Shelton from the Western Union Telegraph Office in Grand Island.
		The telegraph sounder started clicking once per second until there was a pause and the final click denoted 11:00 a.m.
		Telegraph calls "ST ST GI meant that the Grand Island train dispatcher had a train order.
	bchs.kearney.net /BTales_200404.html (1120 words)

	Midwest Division - Kansas, American Radio Relay League (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For many festival visitors, this was their first exposure to ham radio-or to a working "Telegraph Office." Using the CARA's club callsign of KOASA, Jim and Charlie operated as a Special Event Station on the frequencies of 7.125, 14.040, 18.085 and 18.140 for 6 hours and communicated with about 75 other stations.
		When a telegraph line was finally stretched across the plains and through the mountains, the Pony Express became a part of history.
		To make the "Telegraph Office" sound authentic, an old telegraph sounder was frequently connected to the output of the radio to turn the dits and dahs into clicks and clunks.
	www.colossus.org /kar/event.html (444 words)

	The Telegraph Office -- for Telegraph Key Collectors and Historians
		Thomas Edison: The teenage telegrapher became a telegraph engineer an telegraph instrument maker before becoming the premier inventor of the 19th century.
		Heroes of the Telegraph: Biographies of telegraph inventors and entrepreneurs written by John Munro, 1891.
		Three Telegraphic Poems of the 19th century: Besides being a great electro-physicist, James C. Maxwell was quite a poet.
	www.telegraph-office.com /tel_off-page.html (2958 words)

	Winsor Castle, telegraph room
		On the table you can see the tools of their trade: the telegraph sounder which would relay the clicks of the Morse code, the sending key with which they sent their messages
		Eliza Luella Stewart, the first telegraph operator at the Pipe Springs station, which opened in 1871, was only 16 years old.
		The telegraph line in this region ran from Toquerville, Utah, to Rockville (near Zion National Park), then to Pipe Spring, and on to Kanab, Utah, the end of the line.
	www.nps.gov /pisp/tours/wc_telegraphroom.htm (369 words)

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