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Topic: Teleological

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	Teleological Theories of Mental Content (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Another reason teleological and classical functionalism are closer than might be thought is that, while teleological functions are often regarded as selected effects (i.e., effects of traits for which the traits were selected), they can also be regarded as selected dispositions (i.e., dispositions of traits for which the traits were selected).
		A teleological theory of content can be combinatorial, for it can maintain that the content of a representation that expresses a proposition is determined by the separate histories of the representations for the conceptual constituents of the proposition (and, perhaps, by the selection history of the syntactic rules that apply to their syntactic relations).
		In contrast, teleological theories that are combinatorial have no special problem with novel desires, desires that cannot contribute to bringing about their own satisfaction conditions, or desires that have satisfaction conditions that do not enhance fitness, as long as their constitutive concepts have appropriate selection histories.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/content-teleological (20689 words)

	Encyclopedia: Teleological argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Teleological arguments for the existence of God are put forward today by many people, particularly in Iran and the United States, who consider that the arguments give scientific support to their faith.
		Cicero made one of the earliest teleological arguments: Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC â€“ December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist.
		The teleological argument was the fifth of Thomas Aquinas' five proofs for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica: St Thomas Aquinas Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 â€“ March 7, 1274) was an Italian Catholic philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Teleological-argument (3456 words)

	Teleology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In cultures which have an teleological world view, the ends of things are seen as providing the meaning for all that has happened or that occurs.
		If you think about history as a timeline with a beginning and end, in a teleological view of the world and of history, the meaning and value of all historical events derives from their ends or purposes, that is, all events in history are future-directed.
		This, in part, is responsible for the proliferation of alternatives, for in a teleological world view, history has potentially an infinite number of options and alternatives, and this proliferation of alternatives is primarily responsible for the crisis of modernity.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/GLOSSARY/TELE.HTM (212 words)

	Teleological argument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A teleological argument (or a design argument) is an argument for the existence of God based on evidence of design in nature.
		Teleological arguments for the existence of God are put forward today by many people, particularly in Iran and the United States, who consider that this gives scientific support for their faith.
		Philo is not satisfied with the teleological argument, however, and attempts a number of interesting refutations, including one that arguably foreshadows Darwin's theory.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Teleological_argument (2154 words)

	Teleological argument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A teleological argument (or a design argument) is an argument for the existence of God based on perceived evidence of design in nature.
		Since in the late 20th century, the teleological argument has gained renewed interest as a core element of the theory of Intelligent Design and the related efforts to reconcile science and faith.
		This belief forms the basis of the terrestrial intelligence, which attempts to determine whether electromagnetic radiation is the result of a natural process or the intelligent output of an alien race.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teleological_argument (2112 words)

	Generation5 Forum - Teleology in Everday Science
		In reality, complex teleological or purposeful processes and mechanisms to perform such processes have been and continue to be the central feature of engineering and applied science.
		Teleological causation, I suggest, should be recognized as a standard form of scientific causation because algorithms expressing teleological causation generate testable predictions.
		If a system is controlled by a teleological process, if one of the results or end points constitutes a goal, and if the system has the appropriate teleological capabilities, then the system released into the maze on multiple trials will eventually learn to go consistently to the endpoint representing the goal.
	www.generation5.org /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=130 (1800 words)

	Teleological argument -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A teleological argument (or a design argument) is an (Click link for more info and facts about argument for the existence of God) argument for the existence of God based on evidence of design in nature.
		One approach is a proof by ((reduction to the absurd) a disproof by showing that the consequences of the proposition are absurd; or a proff of a proposition by showing that its negation leads to a contradiction) reductio ad absurdum.
		The most famous proponent of the teleological argument is (Click link for more info and facts about William Paley) William Paley (1743-1805), who also framed the argument with reference to a watch in his Natural Theology.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/te/teleological_argument.htm (2267 words)

	Teleological Notions in Biology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Teleological notions were commonly associated with the pre-Darwinian view that the biological realm provides evidence of conscious design by a supernatural creator.
		Many contemporary biologists and philosophers of biology believe that teleological notions are a distinctive and ineliminable feature of biological explanations but that it is possible to provide a naturalistic account of their role that avoids the concerns above.
		Aside from creationism, the most common form of teleomentalist view is that teleological claims in biology are mere metaphor — describing and explaining biological phenomena on the basis of more or less loose comparisons to psychological teleology.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/teleology-biology (2329 words)

	Mind: Teleological semantics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		According to the problem of indeterminacy, biological function is indeterminate in the sense that, in the case of two competing interpretations of the function of an evolved mechanism there is often no fact of the matter capable of determining which function is the correct one.
		A modest version of the teleological account might see itself as restricted in its scope to fairly basic representational mechanisms, probably innate, probably mechanisms of perceptual representation, and probably possessed by creatures whose representational capacities are fairly fixed and limited.
		One of the common objections to the teleological approach is that while it may work for relatively basic cases of representation, it is very difficult to extend this general approach to cover mechanisms that are not innate, not mechanisms of perceptual representation, and possessed by creatures whose representational capacities are fairly rich.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2346/is_n422_v106/ai_19369804 (1056 words)

	Stout’s teleological theory of action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A fair conclusion is that, by itself, the teleological theory of action doesn’t say that much; the interest of a version of the theory will be in how it explains the key notions in terms of which the teleological theory is defined.
		For this to be a good teleological explanation, according to Wright, it must be the case that goings to the refrigerator tend to bring about beer gettings, and that the event of Bob going to the refrigerator happened because of this.
		The teleological theory of action holds that some events are intentional actions in virtue of their being teleologically explainable.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /philo/speaks/519-action/stout-teleological.html (4203 words)

	Teleological Notions in Biology
		Teleological notions were commonly associated with the pre-Darwinian view that the biological realm provides evidence of conscious design by a supernatural creator.
		Many contemporary biologists and philosophers of biology believe that teleological notions are a distinctive and ineliminable feature of biological explanations but that it is possible to provide a naturalistic account of their role that avoids the concerns above.
		One class of such views maintains that teleological claims in biology depend on natural values that apply to biological entities (such as what is good for an organism or species).
	setis.library.usyd.edu.au /stanford/archives/fall1997/entries/teleology-biology (1329 words)

	Teleology
		The teleological argument for the existence of God holds that order in the world could not be accidental and that since there is design there must be a designer.
		Teleological arguments for Design were revived however during the upsurge of creationist sentiment in the early 1980s onwards.
		The wings of birds call for teleological explanation: the genetic constitutions responsible for their configuration came about because wings serve to fly and flying contributes to the reproductive success of birds.
	www.kheper.net /topics/cosmology/teleology.html (851 words)

	The Argument for Naturalism
		Philosophers did not have to use the teleological explanations which were provided by way of stories told by local priests or seers anymore, but were free to engage their minds in philosophical and analytical thought about natural events in the world around them.
		Teleological explanations start with persons and minds and purposes, but we have discovered that all of those things are very complex are not fundamental but built up from smaller constituents.
		My main argument against teleological explanations and therefore creationism is that if we believe that something outside of nature created or did something in nature we can't seek a natural explanation and therefore we can't use science to discover it, and therefore it is not science.
	www.physics.sfsu.edu /~dnidever/homepage/magazine/natura2.htm (1344 words)

	The Teleological Argument
		Teleological arguments are arguments from the order in the universe to the existence of God.
		The classic statement of the teleological argument is that of William Paley.
		Modern teleological arguments tend to focus on the “fine-tuning” in the universe, the fact that it is exactly as it needs to be (“fine-tuned”) to support life.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /teleological.html (656 words)

	Read about Teleological argument at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Teleological argument and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Teleological arguments for the existence of God are put forward today by many people, particularly in
		Although the third premise appears to be the most embattled portion of the argument, refutations have also been tried along other grounds.
		Daniel Dennett (ibid.) claims that, although Hume was ultimately dissatisfied with the teleological argument, his cultural context prevented him from taking any of the alternatives seriously.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Teleological_argument (2094 words)

	C
		The teleological argument is also known as the "argument from design." Quite simply, it states that a designer must exist since the universe and living things exhibit marks of design in their order, consistency, unity, and pattern.
		A typical analogy of this is the Watchmaker Argument, which was given by William Paley (1743-1805).
		I think the teleological argument carries weight because it is consistent with Scripture.
	www.carm.org /apologetics/teleological.htm (423 words)

	[No title]
		The teleological argument (or the “argument from design”) is an argument for God’s existence based on the belief that the complexity in the universe argues for a creator.
		One modern proponent of the teleological argument was William Paley (1743-1805) who used the analogy of a watch to promote the view that God created the world.
		Nevertheless, the teleological argument has many proponents and is still considered to be one of the strong natural evidences for the existence of God.
	www.theologicalstudies.org /page/page/1825680.htm (267 words)

	Comparison of Teleological and Quantum Models
		The teleological model emphasizes the space-time independence of psi and the close relationship between ESP and PK.
		The teleological model was originally developed to show by a specific example that a world with precognition could "make sense," that is, that the existence of precognition need not lead to logical, conceptual difficulties and that the "intervention paradox" presents no problem.
		This law is teleological in the sense that, for example, the outcome of a coin flip depends on its implications for the future history of the world.
	www.fourmilab.ch /rpkp/teleo-quant.html (5169 words)

	Teleological Evolution, The Difference It Doesn't Make: Meyer, Stephen C.
		But one thing is certain: teleological evolution, insofar as it relies on the laws of nature to create, cannot account for the origin of biological information.
		Teleological evolutionists, committed as they are to the proposition that the laws of nature as originally designed by God are sufficient to produce life, must argue for some form of self-organizational origin-of-life scenario.
		If, on the other hand, the teleological evolutionist invokes directed contingency (i.e., the active and intelligent guidance of genetic variation during the course of biological history), then he violates his own injunction against employing divine action or intelligent design as a cause during the history of life.
	www.arn.org /docs/meyer/sm_teleologicalevolution.htm (4201 words)

	Evolution Topic: Teleology and Teleological Explanations
		The features of organisms that may be said to be teleological are those that can be identified as adaptations, whether they are structures like a wing or a hand, or organs like a kidney, or behaviors like the courtship displays of a peacock.
		Thus, a man mowing his lawn is acting teleologically in the purposeful sense; a lion hunting deer and a bird building a nest have at least the appearance of purposeful behavior.
		The wings of birds call for teleological explanation: the genetic constitutions responsible for their configuration came about because wings serve to fly and flying contributes to the reproductive success of birds.
	www.counterbalance.net /evolution/teleo-body.html (1022 words)

	enlightenment: BBTC, Chapter 5
		According to Harry Binswanger, teleological concepts "have as their original and paradigm case the purposeful behavior of man; it is a man's knowledge of his own purposefulness that gives rise to the wider idea of teleological causation" (5).
		Teleological causation (TC) in human purposeful action, according to Binswanger, is the _unproblematic_ case of TC in terms of which all other cases are to be analyzed.
		Binswanger's answer is that both sorts of action have "value-significance" for their agents, and that the cause of the action in both cases is the _value_ (or anticipated value) to the agent of the goal in question.
	enlightenment.supersaturated.com /essays/text/bbtc/05.html (1876 words)

	Teleology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Intrinsic finality, while more subtle, provides the basis for the teleological argument for the existence of God, and its modern counterpart, intelligent design.
		Proponents of teleology argue that it resolves a fundamental defect in philosophical naturalism.
		This goal-oriented, 'teleological' notion of the 'historical process as a whole' is present in a variety of 20th Century authors - from Lukács to Horkheimer and Adorno.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teleology (1003 words)

	Teleological Notions in Biology
		Aside from creationism, the most common form of teleomentalist view is that teleological claims in biology are mere metaphor — describing and explaining biological phenomena on the basis of more or less loose comparisons to psychological teleology.
		Those who hold teleology in biology to be metaphorical in nature typically regard it as eliminable; i.e., they believe that the science of biology would not be essentially altered if all references to teleology were eschewed.
		Nagel, E. "The structure of teleological explanations," in The Structure of Science, pp.401-427, Hackett.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/sum2004/entries/teleology-biology (2322 words)

	Teleological Argument
		According to the teleological argument, the order and complexity exhibited by the world are properly attributed to a purposive cause rather than a blind, undirected process.
		Historically, in looking for evidence of purpose, the argument has focused on the world as a whole, its laws, and structures within the world (notably life).
		The other constitutes a revival of design-theoretic reasoning in biology and is known under the rubric Intelligent Design.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Teleological_Argument (128 words)

	George Herbert Mead: The Philosophy of the Act: Essay 17: Mechanical and Teleological Objects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A teleological object is one that defines other things in terms of itself.
		In the case of the teleological object we conceive of a process which constitutes the nature of the object, such as the plant or animal and of the surrounding things as continuations of this process-as food or resting places or respiratory air.
		It follows that the objects of the environment of the teleological object enter into the perspective of the object only as embodying the process of the living form.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Mead/pubs2/philact/Mead_1938_17.html (2199 words)

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