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Topic: Telephone tapping

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	Telephone tapping - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The telephone tap or wire tap received its name because historically, the monitoring connection was applied to the wires of the telephone line of the person who was being monitored and drew off or tapped a small amount of the electrical signal carrying the conversation.
		Telephone tapping is officially strictly controlled in many countries to safeguard an individual's privacy; this is the case in all developed democracies.
		In theory, telephone tapping often needs to be authorised by a court, and is, again in theory, normally only approved when evidence shows it is not possible to detect criminal or subversive activity in less intrusive ways; often the law and regulations require that the crime investigated must be at least of a certain severity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Telephone_tapping (2448 words)

	Telephone tapping - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Telephone tapping or wire tapping/ wiretapping (in US) is the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means.
		If the tap is implemented at a digital switch, the switching computer simply copies the digitzed bits that represent the phone conversation to a second line and it is impossible to tell if your line is being tapped or not.
		To guard against unofficial amateur line taps you should regularily inspect your phone itself, and your telephone line for new joints, or small wires connected to the line; a time-domain reflectometer is a worthy tool here.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Wiretap (2253 words)

	Telephone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance.
		Unlike a mobile phone, a cordless telephone is considered to be landline because it is only useable within a short distance of a small personal or domestic base station connected to a fixed phone line.
		The very early history of the telephone is a confusing morass of claim and counterclaim, which was not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Telephone (1979 words)

	Telephone tapping - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Telephone tapping or Wire tapping/ Wiretapping (in US) describes the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means.
		This activity is not normally considered telephone tapping in some jurisdictions because it is done with the knowledge of at least one of the parties to the telephone conversation.
		Telephone services provided by cable TV companies are tapped in a similar way.
	www.snapshield.com /www_problems/Inter/Wiretapping.htm (1871 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Wire Tapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		...telephone tap connections no longer had to be made by crude splicing of wires but were accomplished by refined induction coil devices (and even by metallic conductor paints applied close to the telephone connection and matched to the wall color to defy detection...
		...Taps by Maryland police in bookmaking cases led the Baltimore Sun to attack the "wide-open, indiscriminate use of wire tapping" in that state...
		S., that state statutes authorizing wire tapping may not be valid in light of the language in the Federal Communications Act forbidding any "person" to intercept and divulge telephone communications...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V29I4P63-1.htm (4951 words)

	Telephone Tapping - Advanced Electronic Security Company - Bug Sweeps.com
		An important component to this tap, not shown in the diagram, is supplied in equipment built in Windsor, Canada, by the Research Electronics Co. A filter is included to clear up any extraneous noise on the line.
		Another tap, shown in the diagram (2) is a series-connected transmitting bug, which draws its power from the telephone line.
		There are a number of ways to rewire the telephone by using a good amplifier somewhere between the central office and the telephone that will enable a listener to pick up a room conversation while the phone is on the hook.
	www.bugsweeps.com /info/ways_to_tap_telephone.html (655 words)

	European Comm., Kopp v. Switzerland
		Telephone calls from and to business premises may be covered by notions of "private life" and "correspondence" within meaning of Article 8 § 1 – not disputed.
		Firstly, it is not for the Court to speculate as to the capacity in which Mr Kopp had had his telephones tapped, since he was a lawyer and all his law firm’s telephone lines had been monitored.
		Secondly, tapping and other forms of interception of telephone conversations constitute a serious interference with private life and correspondence and must accordingly be based on a "law" that is particularly precise.
	www.hrcr.org /safrica/privacy/kopp_switzerland.html (1562 words)

	Telephone Line Attacks
		Telephone tapping, a term the general public is well aware of, is the act of monitoring telephone conversations.
		A series RF tap or leach is powered by the telephone line and therefore does not require frequent battery replacement, which enables indefinite operation.
		An inductive tap is accomplished by bringing a coil into the electro-magnetic field created by the current fluctuations during a telephone conversation.
	www.bugsweep.com /telephone.html (818 words)

	Lebanon.com Newswire - Local News May 29 1997
		Murr preview said tapping was halted during the 70's for only 3 months and resumed later on during the 80's thanks to the militias.
		He said the telephone tapping is carried by security agencies which are charged of the mission by the general prosecutions.
		Hoss said he read books on tapping and there were two points mentioned first is that tapping should be judicial and should be for a crime that would occur or did occur.
	www.lebanon.com /news/local/1997/5/29.htm (2028 words)

	Wire Tapping
		In the simplest form a wiretap could simply be a physical connection across a telephone line via a high impedance amplifier to a pair of headphones where the perpetrator listens in.
		In the UK a private investigator tapped a telephone line at the top of a telegraph pole and ran the cables down to a concealed recorder buried in a biscuit tin at the foot of the pole.
		He was observed collecting the tapes from the biscuit tin, arrested, prosecuted and subsequently served a jail sentence.........because tapping telephone in the UK is illegal.
	www.artemis-tscm.com /wire_tapping.htm (298 words)

	Telephone tapping and bugging
		The telephone line is vulnerable to attack at any point along its route between the handset on the desk and the telephone exchange.
		This means that anyone can access them and by definition tap the telephones that the connected to the cables.
		Telephone tapping is carried out in a variety of ways.
	www.artemis-tscm.com /telephone_tapping.htm (151 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Magazine \| What's bugging ministers about phone taps? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phone tapping is a common weapon in the armoury of detectives and government spies, so it may come as a surprise to learn that evidence from telephone taps cannot be used in court.
		Telephone conversations on an internal network can also be used and so can material where one of the people on the line is an undercover officer.
		One aspect of phone tapping which the home secretary did not mention was civil liberties, perhaps because campaign groups have not been vocal about it.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/magazine/4211745.stm (724 words)

	[No title]
		The new law on telephone tapping and mail opening, will allow people to take their suspicions to a tribunal of five lawyers, appointed by the Crown.
		Under the act, a warrant for a telephone tap can cover not only a tap on one person's telephone, but also the telephones on a "set of premises" that may be used by a person or organisation.
		Once a tap is in place, the tapper can connect it to any local or trunk circuit so that the conversation on the tapped line can be heard by a tapping centre many kilometres away.
	hybrid.dtmf.org /files/uk/076.txt (1086 words)

	Electronic Surveillance: An Investigator’s Point of View
		In cases involving seizures of consignments of narcotics, it has been a common experience that only the fourth or fifth level foot soldier of the Mafia is caught, and the financiers and the directors of the network are never touched because of lack of evidence.
		Tapping of telephones is a serious invasion of privacy.
		Telephone systems are routinely used by the worst and most violent criminals to commit the worst and most violent crimes.
	www.geocities.com /nsaravade/TelTap_article.htm (4176 words)

	Phone tapping: Amar Singh moves SC : HindustanTimes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Singh said he was filing this petition to prevent the use of indiscriminate telephone tapping by the government machinery in concert with private telecom/cellular operators illegally, resulting in violation of his constitutional rights.
		He sought a full fledged and honest investigation into the telephone tapping through an impartial judicial inquiry and not by investigating agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation, which were controlled by the party in power at the Centre.
		Amar Singh said that there seemed to be a concerted campaign to tap the telephones of leaders of those political parties who were not currently aligned with the ruling coalition at the Centre in a bid to coerce them to toe their line.
	www.hindustantimes.com /news/181_1606322,0008.htm (457 words)

	STATE OF MICHIGAN
		The evidence produced at the preliminary examination established that during a domestic altercation with the complainant, defendant’s wife, at their residence, defendant ripped the telephone cord out of the wall, rendering the telephone inoperable and preventing the complainant from telephoning the police.
		The complainant’s testimony, that GTE provided telephone service to the residence, established that the telephone line was not privately owned and that the ability to use the line to make calls was controlled by GTE.
		Further, we do not find the homeowner’s responsibility for telephone lines within the residence dispositive on this issue because such ownership and control has, at other times since the statute was enacted, been with the telephone and telegraph companies.
	www.michbar.org /opinions/appeals/2000/122600/8850.html (985 words)

	The Hindu : National : Court notice on phone tapping
		He said telephone tapping should be resorted to only for security reasons.
		Singh alleged that apart from his telephone, personal telephones of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav and his son Akhilesh Yadav, Member of Parliament were also being tapped.
		The petitioner said there seemed to be a concerted campaign to tap the telephones of the leaders of those political parties not currently aligned with the parties in power at the Centre in a bid to coerce them to toe their line.
	www.hindu.com /2006/01/25/stories/2006012505991500.htm (505 words)

	Malone v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner (No 2)
		Police practice regarding telephone tapping (ie the interception, monitoring and recording of private telephone conversations) was to obtain a warrant (a document giving official authorisation) to tap from the Home Secretary.
		If tapping the plaintiff’s telephones on behalf of the police was a breach of a duty of confidentiality, there was, on the facts, just cause or excuse for the tapping.
		It followed that, since telephone tapping by the Post Office at the request of the police could be carried out without any breach of the law, it did not require any statutory or common law power to justify it.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /law/hamlyn/malone.htm (988 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is a modified Sony TMC-939 tape recorder that enables you to discreetly record someone else's telephone conversations automatically and in your absence.
		Suggested method of use: at a time that is convenient to do so, get a new extension socket fitted in a lockable cupboard or somewhere you have exclusive access to.
		Connect the Sony telephone recorder and obtain recordings of all the phone calls that you were not meant to hear.
	www.starportuk.com /11.htm (303 words)

	www.ghanaweb.com: General News of Tuesday, 13 March 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is because the BNI has acquired Motorola equipment for tapping telephones on a mass scale.
		Many human rights watchers say that if mass telephone tapping is allowed it could very easily lead to the establishment of a police state in which the right of the individual to privacy would be trampled on.
		The regulation of the use of telephone tapping equipment in the country will be a giant step in realising the promise of the Kufuor administration to guarantee personal freedoms.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/printnews.php?ID=14058 (328 words)

	Rediff On The Net Business news: Govt orders inquiry into Tata Tapes controversy
		According to the Tata-Wadia-Mahindra telephonic conversations, the transcript proves that Gogoi was in India since September 8 though both Ratan Tata and Tata Tea Managing Director R K Krishna Kumar had told Assam Chief Minister Prafulla Kumar Mahanta that Gogoi was in the United States.
		The MP, reputed to be close to politicians across the political spectrum, said tapping telephones is a criminal and illegal act.
		Malhoutra feels the order to tap the phones must have come from "the upper echelons of power." "I am sure it is the handiwork of some intelligence agency in connivance with the telephone department," he said.
	www.rediff.com /business/oct/06tap.htm (807 words)

	`Tapping okay only in state's interests'
		Mumbai, Oct 6: Telephone tapping is done under strict authorisation, according to the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL.
		Tapping of telephones is not restricted only to MTNL or the Department of Telecommunication (DoT).
		Telephones are tapped at the exchange, which routes all the calls.
	www.expressindia.com /fe/daily/19971007/28055463.html (375 words)

	Inductive Telephone Tap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When you pick up your telephone handset or press the "talk" button on your cordless telephone, the telephone connects tip and ring to a coil or an electronic network that begins to draw current from the telephone line.
		In a standard four-wire telephone cable, the two conductors used for the telephone circuit are usually red ("ring") and green ("tip".) The yellow and fl conductors may be used for a second telephone circuit.
		The tap's construction has a significant effect on the impedance of the cable, since the conductors must be separated slightly to allow for installation of the tap.
	www.unterzuber.com /tap.html (2400 words)

	Rediff On The Net Business news: Corporates Beware! Your phones might be tapped
		His conversations were tapped because the call came through the telephone operator on a general line.
		Tapping has to be done with the assistance of the telecommunications department.
		Telephone scramblers can be used with telephones as well as with stationery and portable radio telephone system.
	www.rediff.com /business/oct/07assam.htm (768 words)

	Computers Today November 1997 [Telecom Line: Tapping, the Necessary Evil]
		Listening into telephone conversations by third parties is as old as telephony itself.
		One of the telephone operators was befriended by Strowger's business rival and calls requiring a hearse and coffin, meant for Strowger, were being diverted by the eavesdropping operator to Strowger's rival.
		Just as the poor are used for garnering votes by populist promises of politicians, telephone tapping may also be misused by politicians, as well as business rivals (as in case of Strowger, the undertaker) for private benefit.
	www.india-today.com /ctoday/111997/telecom.html (704 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 202 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Secondly, in a bid to legitimise use of such devices, the government is contemplating to bring about an amendment to the existing law that put legal barriers to telephone tapping.
		Earlier, there was an attempt at empowering intelligence agencies to listen in on telephone conversations which had to be abandoned in the face of teething opposition from the civil society.
		An amendment to the Telecommunications Act 2001 which prohibits tapping on telephone conversations as an invasion on the privacy of citizens could only open the floodgate for it.
	www.thedailystar.net /2004/12/17/d41217020126.htm (322 words)

	Privacy International - Phone Tapping and Encryption
		Stan also said that the commission he heads intends to present a draft law on amending legislation authorizing the SRI to wiretap telephones.
		The rise was due to a 65 percent increase in cases in taps by National Intelligence Service.
		The UK will still be one of the few countries in the world that do not require a judge to authorize the tap.
	www.privacy.org /pi/issues/tapping (1843 words)

	IFEX Alert
		Charges were brought against the current minister of transportation and president of the Council of Ministers, and against former minister of defense, General Cйsar Saucedo Sбnchez, in his capacity as the person in charge of the Army's Intelligence Service (SIN).
		The journalists were reacting to the parliamentary decision to shelve the accusations of telephone tapping of politicians, businesspersons and journalists (see IFEX alert of 31 May 1999).
		Also announced during the press conference was another legal initiative being taken by the journalists, asking the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (IACHR) to prohibit the intelligence services from continuing to tap telephones, especially given the disclosure of two new SIN plans called Journalist 1 and Journalist 2.
	www.snapshield.com /www_problems/Peru/Journalists_press.htm (467 words)

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