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Topic: Tellurium dioxide

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	Tellurium dioxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tellurium dioxide is also a conditional glass former, which means it will form a glass with small molar % additions of a second compound such as an oxide or halide.
		Maternal toxicity and teratogenicity of tellurium dioxide in the Wistar rat: relationship to pair-feeding.
		Bagnall, The Chemistry of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium, pp 59-60, Elsevier, London, 1966.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tellurium_dioxide (275 words)

	Tellurium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tellurium is a relatively rare element, in the same chemical family as oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and polonium (the chalcogens).
		The principal source of tellurium is from anode sludges produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper.
		Tellurium and tellurium compounds should be considered to be toxic and need to be handled with care.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tellurium (744 words)

	Tellurium
		Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating it from a solution of tellurous or telluric acid.
		Tellurium is also used in blasting caps[?], and has potential applications in cadmium telluride solar panels.
		The principal source of tellurium is from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/te/Tellurium.html (541 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tellurium was first discovered in 1782 by the German scientist Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (1740–1825); it was recognized as an element and given its name in 1798 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth.
		Tellurium is used in the manufacture of rectifiers and thermoelectric devices and in semiconductor research.
		Colloidal tellurium is an insecticide, germicide, and fungicide.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..te026900.a (354 words)

	Tellurium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
		Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness.
		Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control.
	www.scescape.net /~woods/elements/tellurium.html (283 words)

	Olympus Fluoview Resource Center: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters
		Tellurium dioxide is functional throughout the visible spectrum and into the infrared up to approximately 5.5 micrometers wavelength, and has a short wavelength transmission cutoff at approximately 350 nanometers.
		After the initial development of tellurium dioxide devices, crystalline quartz was used to broaden the operating range into the ultraviolet, and further extension into the infrared region has been accomplished with thallium-arsenic-selenium crystals.
		Acoustic attenuation in crystalline materials such as tellurium dioxide is proportional to the square of acoustic frequency, and is therefore a more problematic limitation to linear aperture size in the shorter wavelength visible light range, which requires higher RF frequencies for tuning.
	www.olympusconfocal.com /theory/aotfintro.html (6252 words)

	Tellurium (Te) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The principal commercial sources of tellurium are in the slime from lead and copper refineries and in the flue dust from telluride-gold deposits.
		Tellurium is used in semiconductor research and also inthe manufacture of rectifiers and thermoelectric devices.
		Tellurium is used in ceramics; and it is used to impart a blue color to glass.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/tellurium (193 words)

	Tellurium (UK PID) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Of toxicological interest are elemental tellurium, tellurium dioxide, the gases hydrogen telluride and tellurium hexafluoride, and the water soluble salts of tellurous and telluric acid.
		Tellurium exposure is characterized by a distinctive garlic odour which is due to formation of the hepatic metabolite dimethyl telluride.
		Reprotoxicity There are no reports of exposure to tellurium or its compounds causing reproductive effects in humans although pregnant rats fed diets containing 500 to 3500 ppm tellurium gave birth to hydrocephalic (non- obstructive) offspring, the incidence of hydrocephalus being proportional to the tellurium dose (Duckett, 1970).
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/tellur/ukpid84.htm (3553 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - TELLURIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tellurium is recovered from the residue produced in refining blister copper from deposits containing recoverable amounts of tellurium.
		In addition, tellurium is present in coal and some lower-grade copper deposits, but the cost of recovering the tellurium from these deposits is too high to make it worth the effort.
		Nations producing tellurium and tellurium dioxide are the United States, Canada, Japan, Peru, and a number of other countries.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/phototellurium.html (412 words)

	Tellurium
		Tellurium was discovered by Mflller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth who isolated it in 1798.
		Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a sdlution of telluric or tellurous acid.
		Tellurium is a p-type semi- conductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain direc- tions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
	pte.8k.com /EL052.html (396 words)

	CRCPress Periodic Table Online: Cadmium
		Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid.
		Forty-two isotopes and isomers of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 106 to 138.
		Tellurium catalysts are used in the oxidation of organic compounds and are used in hydrogenation and halogenation reactions.
	www.chemnetbase.com /periodic_table/elements/tellurium.htm (333 words)

	[No title]
		Tellurium is a nonmetallic element; its atomic number is 52 and atomic weight is 127.6; and it exists in eight stable isotopes.
		Tellurium and tellurium dioxide sludges or precipitates are purified to commercial grades by repeated dissolution and selective precipitation or by thermal reduction or electrolysis.
		Tellurium Market Stability In discussions with contacts in the PV industry it was learned that the cost of the tellurium contained in a typical PV panel could represent approximately 3% of the total manufacturing cost (Personal Communications: BP Solar, First Solar, ITN; 1999).
	www.nrel.gov /ncpv/thin_film/docs/telluriumworldindustrialminerals2000.doc (4590 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Optical Filters - Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters - Interactive Java Tutorial
		Upon encountering the standing wave in the tellurium dioxide crystal, a portion of the incident light beam is diffracted into the Confocal Scan Head while the remainder of the beam passes through the crystal and is absorbed by a Beam Stop.
		In an acousto-optic tunable filter, a piezoelectric transducer bonded to a crystal of tellurium dioxide or quartz generates high-frequency acoustical compression waves that alter the refractive index of the crystal in a periodic pattern.
		Conversely, in a noncollinear AOTF (using a tellurium dioxide crystal), the acoustic and optical waves propagate through the crystal at different angles so that the incident (zeroth order) and diffracted beams are physically separated and the filter does not require polarizers.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/filters/aotf (1647 words)

	Tellurium (Te) - Chemical properties, health and environmental effects
		Tellurium is a semimetallic, lustrous, crystalline, brittle, silver-white element.
		Tellurium is uneffected by water or hydrochloric acid, but dissolves in nitric acid.
		Tellurium is often used as an additive to steel and it is often alloyed to aluminum, copper, lead or tin.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Te-en.htm (443 words)

	Todini and Co s.p.a. \| Tellurium Dioxide
		Tellurium is a rare element; it is rarely found in the elemental state but combined with other metals like gold and silver.
		Tellurium is a constituent of stainless steel; it is used as a catalyst and as a semi-conductor.
		Tellurium comes in a crystalline or shapeless form.
	www.todiniandco.com /products/other/tellurium_dioxide.html (259 words)

	Falconbridge : Our Business : Related Businesses : Specialty Metals & Chemicals
		Selenium, tellurium dioxide, cadmium, indium, copper sulphate and nickel sulphate
		Selenium is used as a de-colourant and colourant in glass manufacturing, a pigment for ceramics and plastics, an alloying agent for lead battery grids and specialty steels, and in animal feed, dermatological preparations and anti-dandruff shampoos.
		Tellurium metal is an alloying component in specialty steels and brasses, and is used in thermo-electric components and night vision goggles.
	www.noranda.com /our_business/related_businesses/specialty_met_chem.htm (387 words)

	The Elements: Tellurium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Twenty-one isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 115 to 135.
		Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes, one of which, Te(127), is unstable.
		It is present to the extent of 0.87% and has a half-life of 1.2 x 10^13 years.
	www.cmbi.kun.nl /~ott/elements/tellurium.html (398 words)

	Appendix E
		Tellurium compounds are of interest for new materials for applications in electronics and optics.
		The silica sol-gel process using telluric acid and tellurium dioxide powder provides a new method of investigation in producing telluric acid and tellurium dioxide incorporated silicate glasses and ceramics.
		The first approach to synthesize a selenium or tellurium alkoxide was to perform the reaction macroscopically on the bench.
	www.mtsu.edu /~jhoward/webpage.html (2040 words)

	tellurium
		Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or telturous acid.
		Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/cu m of air, or less, develop "tellurium breath," which has a garlic-like odor.
		Tellurium costs about 20 cents/g, with a purity of about 99.5%.
	www.speclab.com /elements/tellurium.htm (556 words)

	[No title]
		A white or yellowish orthorhombic mineral consisting of tellurium dioxide, and occurring in crystals; it is dimorphous with paratellurite.
		A colorless gas which is formed from the elements tellurium and fluorine; it is slowly hydrolyzed by water.
		A pale lead gray, hexagonal mineral consisting of a bismuth and tellurium compound; occurs as irregular plates or foliated masses.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/T/T6/DictT6.html (2516 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : tellurium : key information
		Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows varying conductivity with crystal alignment.
		While there are some tellurium ores, most tellurium is made as a byproduct of copper refining.
		Tellurium is liberated from the dioxide by dissolving in sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and electroytic reduction.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/Te/key.html (262 words)

	High Purity Materials from Umicore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Umicore is one of the world’s most important tellurium producers with an in-house capacity that represents about 30% of the global production.
		Virgin tellurium is refined in the Hoboken, Belgium plant.
		Tellurium is used in various applications such as metallurgy, thermoelectrics and thin film solar cells.
	www.vs-scientific.co.uk /am4/product_detail_hpm.asp?BLID=HIPM&ProductGroupID=PG8 (175 words)

	EETimes.com - Quantum PC employs off-the-shelf optics
		While the database is thus modulating the tellurium dioxide, the query is encoded into a light beam and passed through the transparent oracle.
		Each separate light band in the spectrum strikes a different section of the tellurium dioxide, which bends the light differently depending on how compressed or expanded that particular section is at the moment.
		On the other side of the tellurium dioxide, a second prism recombines the rainbow into a single beam that is then mixed with the original, reserved portion of the beam.
	www.eetimes.com /story/OEG20010625S0101 (856 words)

	Gooch and Housego
		Tellurium dioxide can be used at wavelengths longer than 360nm, and lead molybdate above 450nm.
		While there is no danger of reaching the bulk damage threshold of the material or the damage threshold of the coating (both >100MW/cm² for tellurium dioxide and lead molybdate) these high power densities can induce other effects such as solarisation or colour centre creation.
		Before processing tellurium dioxide or lead molybdate crystals they are inspection polished and tested for solarisation (300 hours typical), homogeneity, inclusions, transmission and scatter.
	www.goochandhousego.com /new_content.asp?content=FAQ_Modulator (538 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Project Description: The goal of the project is to test the capabilities of the AOTF and thus illustrate that it can be successfully used for making spectral measurements.
		In order to test the AOTF, a measurement of the concentration of carbon dioxide in a gas cell will be attempted by using the AOTF to measure the spectral line absorption of the gas.
		The AOTF is a filter which can change its bandpass characteristics within microseconds, thus enabling scientists to measure several different spectral lines in a matter of seconds.
	www.cs.yorku.ca /Courses97-98/4080/pro16.txt (460 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : tellurium : chemical reaction data
		Tellurium does not react with water under normal conditions.
		Tellurium does not react with dilute non-oxidizing acids.
		Tellurium does not react with dilute bases under normal conditions.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/print/Te/chem.html (156 words)

	Professor John Brown's Research Group - TeO2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tellurium is important in the nuclear power industry and it readily forms the dioxide in the presence of oxygen.
		Low resolution work on the laser excitation spectrum has led to a reassignment of previous work and new values for the excited state vibrational frequencies.
		High resolution studies of some of the observed bands have been undertaken, but the analysis is complicated by severe congestion in the spectrum and the tellurium isotope structure.
	physchem.ox.ac.uk /~jmbgroup/TeO2.html (89 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The goal of the project is to correlate the structural features in the glasses with the non-linear optical response, so that the optical properties may be understood and tuned to desired values.
		Glasses and glass-ceramics composed of tellurium dioxide and a transition metal oxide co-glass-former will be made, and studied with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), neutron diffraction, and x-ray diffraction.
		Oxides of the group VB elements vanadium and niobium will be used as co-former, in order to understand the second order non-linear optical properties observed in telluriteniobate glass ceramics.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/MPS/DMR.MPS.a9870246.txt (412 words)

	New Light-Based Computer Operates At Quantum Speeds
		Walmsley's device uses a piece of transparent tellurium dioxide called an acousto-optic modulator.
		The light is first split into two, with one part traveling through a prism so that a rainbow of different frequencies of light shines on the modulator.
		Each frequency shines through a different compressed or expanded part of the tellurium dioxide, which bends that frequency of light the way a straw appears bent when sticking out of a glass of water.
	unisci.com /stories/20012/0516015.htm (867 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters - Interactive Java Tutorial
		An acoustic transducer bonded to one end of the crystal can be regulated by the Acoustic Power (default value of 1.7 watts) and Acoustic Frequency (default value of 250 megahertz) sliders.
		The acoustic absorber element positioned opposite the transducer functions to prevent reflections that might induce acoustic standing waves, which would limit the tunability of the device.
		Upon encountering the propagating high-frequency vibrational wave in the tellurium dioxide crystal, a portion of the incident light beam is diffracted into the Confocal Scan Head, while the remainder of the beam continues on its original path through the crystal and is absorbed by a Beam Stop.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /java/aotf (1682 words)

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