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Topic: Temnospondyli

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	Temnospondyli
		Temnospondyli is a stem-based taxon including all choanates more closely related to Eryops than to amniotes (Laurin, 1998a).
		The proposition of de Queiroz and Gauthier (1992) of defining Temnospondyli as a stem-based taxon including all tetrapods more closely related to modern amphibians than to Amniota is rejected because the phylogeny of Laurin and Reisz (1997) suggests that this definition would exclude most genera that have been assigned to the Temnospondyli (Laurin, 1998a).
		Steyer, J. Readaptation to the aquatic environment and developmental heterochronies in the eryopoids (Amphibia, Temnospondyli).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Temnospondyli (2508 words)

	Labyrinthodontia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temnospondyli (common, small to large, flat-headed forms with either strong or secondarily weak vertebrae and limbs - mainly Carboniferous to Triassic e.g.
		The grouping "Labyrinthodonts" has since been largely discarded as paraphyletic, that is, artificially composed of organisms that have separate genealogies, and thus not a valid taxon.
		The groups that have usually been placed within Labyrinthodontia, are currently variously classified as basal tetrapods, non-amniote Reptiliomorpha and as a monophyletic or paraphyletic Temnospondyli, according to cladistic analysis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labyrinthodontia (654 words)

	Eryops
		The labyrinthodonts are divided into the Temnospondyli and the Anthracosauria, the main difference between the two groups being their respective vertebral structures.
		A diagnostic feature of the Temnospondyli was that the tabular bone in the skull roof is relatively small and had no contact with the parietal, whereas contact between the two bones was present in all anthracosaurs.
		Within the Temnospondyli are the two suborders Rachitomi and Stereospondyli, also distinguished by their types of vertebrae.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/e/er/eryops.html (3349 words)

	Tetrapod Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Temnospondyls A diagnostic feature of the Temnospondyli was that the tabular bone in the skull roof is relatively small and had no contact with the parietal bone, whereas contact between the two bones was present in all anthracosaurs.
		Within the Temnospondyli are the two suborders Rachitomi and Stereospondyli, also distinguished by their vertebrae.
		:::Chigutosauridae Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant labyrinthodont amphibians that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods.
	www.ogarnij.net /en/tetrapod (6594 words)

	Temnospondyli - Temnospondyli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant labyrinthodont amphibians that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods.
		During their evolutionary history they adapted to a very wide range of habitats, including fresh-water aquatic, semi-aquatic, amphibious, terrestrial, and in one group even near-shore marine, and their fossil remains have been found on every continent.
		In the Ratchitomous condition the intercentra were large and wedge-shaped, and the pleuracentra were relatively small blocks that fitted between them.
	cadfael.bloggerus.com /w/Temnospondyli (922 words)

	[No title]
		A diagnostic feature of the Temnospondyli was that the tabular bone in the skull roof is relatively small and had no contact with the parietal, whereas contact between the two bones was present in all anthracosaurs (Romer, 1966).
		The rachitomous vertebra is present in the oldest of amphibians, the Ichthyo-stegalia, which were nearly identical to those of Crossopterygia (Panchen, 1980), and the majority of Temnospondyli (Romer, 1966).
		The smaller pleurocentra were well ossified and occupied the space between the successive intercentra, making a vertebral column which was well built to support the weight of a terrestrial body (Romer, 1966).
	members.lycos.co.uk /rhodesia_village/dinosaurs.htm (3561 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 160.100 Temnospondyli
		Links: Dendrerpeton and Joggins, Nova Scotia; Temnospondyli; Basal Temnospondyli; Historický vývoj (Czech); Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls.
		Characters: $ marginally elongate premaxilla; retain intertemporal and moveable articulation between base of braincase and pterygoid; squamosal embayment supported ventrally by the quadratojugal and a quadrate process.
		Links: Les quatre autres extinctions de masse; Basal Temnospondyli; Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/160Temnospondyli/100.html (2090 words)

	Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 3B: Stereospondyli
		When this series was initiated by OSKAR KUHN in the mid 1960's, the original concept of Part 3 was the Labyrinthodontia (Ichthyostegalia plus Temnospondyli), in other words the Labyrinthodontia minus the Batrachosauria, which were covered in Parts 5A and 5B.
		The Order Temnospondyli (excluding the baphetids and colosteids) can be readily defined as a group of monophyletic origin, although it is, in our view, surely paraphyletic with respect to the extant amphibians (MILNER 1988) and therefore becomes a series of plesions forming the stem-group of the Lissamphibia.
		Previously used subordinal and superfamilial units within the Temnospondyli have mostly proved to be either poorly defined, or to be based on primitive characters, or to be redundant elevations of single-family groups.
	www.pfeil-verlag.de /07pala/e2_77d.html (756 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 160.200 Temnospondyli: Limnarchia
		Temnospondyli --Edopoidea `--+--Euskelia `--Limnarchia --Dvinosauria `--Stereospondylomorpha --Archegosauroidea `--Stereospondyli --Lapillopsidae `--+--Rhinesuchidae `--+--Capitosauria `--Trematosauria --Trematosauroidea `--+--Metoposauroidea `--+--Plagiosauroidea `--+--Rhytidosteidae `--Brachyopoidea
		Phylogeny: Temnospondyli::: Euskelia + *: Dvinosauria + Stereospondylomorpha.
		Characters: $ paraquadrate foramen on occipital face of quadratojugual; $ perforated anterior palatal fossa; $ ectopterygoid toothrow; $ pterygoid with conical recess dorsal to pterygoid - parasphenoid articulation; $ maxilla sutured to vomer; vomer denticles absent; $ discrete postglenoid area on mandible; relatively elongate interclavicle.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/160Temnospondyli/200.html (373 words)

	Lissamphibia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Not all paleontologists are convinced that the lissamphibia are indeed a natural group, as the various characteristics are also shared with some Paleozoic amphibians, and it is still possible that these characteristics evolved independently.
		Currently there are three prevailing theories of Lissamphibian origin: monophyletic within the temnospondyli, monophyletic within lepospondyli, and diphyletic (two separate ancestries) with apodans within the lepospondyls and salamanders and frogs within the temnospondyli.
		Small, widely separated pterygoids (also found in Temnospondyli and Nectridea)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lissamphibia (439 words)

	Anne Warren
		Warren, A.A. and Marsicano, C.A. Revision of the Brachyopidae (Temnospondyli) from the Triassic of the Sydney, Carnarvon and Tasmania Basins, Australia.
		A terrestrial stereospondyl from the Lower Triassic of South Africa: the postcranial skeleton of Lydekkerina huxleyi (Amphibia: Temnospondyli).
		Pawley, K. and Warren, A. The appendicular skeleton of Eryops megacephalus Cope (Temnospondyli: Euskelia) from the Lower Permian of North America.
	www.zoo.latrobe.edu.au /Staff/aaw (752 words)

	DinoData Reference Base Milner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Milner, A. (2003) Longiscitula houghae DeMar, 1966 (Amphibia: Temnospondyli), a junior synonym of Dissorophus multicinctus Cope, 1895: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v.
		Milner, A. R., and Sequeira, S. (2003) Revision of the amphibian genus Limnerpeton (Temnospondyli) from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v.
		Milner, A. R., and Sequeira, S. (2004) Slaugenhopia texensis (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Permian of Texas is a primitive tupilakosaurid: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v.
	www.dinodata.net /Refs/M/Milner.htm (442 words)

	DinoData Reference Base Damiani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Damiani, R.J. Parotosuchus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) in Gondwana: biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic implications.
		Damiani, R. (2002) Parotosuchus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Early Triassic) of South Africa: cranial morphology and relationships: Alcheringa, v.
		Damiani, R. J., and Yates, A. (2003) The Triassic amphibian Thoosuchus yakovlevi and the relationships of the trematosauroidea (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli): Records of the Australian Museum, v.
	www.dinodata.net /Refs/D/Damiani.htm (332 words)

	On the origin of and phylogenetic relationships among living amphibians -- Zardoya and Meyer 98 (13): 7380 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		(a) Temnospondyli as sister group of Lissamphibia (Gymnophiona basal to Caudata and Anura) (13, 40).
		(c) Temnospondyli as sister group of Lissamphibia (Anura basal to Gymnophiona and Caudata) (12).
		Gymnophiona and Caudata are related to Microsauria, whereas the Anura are related to Temnospondyli (20).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/13/7380 (2767 words)

	Amphibians
		The Anthracosauria are thought to be the ancestors of reptiles and hence of modern birds and mammals.
		The Temnospondyli are thought by some scientists to be the ancestors of the modern frogs.
		The amphibians of the subclass Lepospondyli, which lived during the Mississippian through lower Permian periods (340 to 270 million years ago), include the extinct orders Nectridea, Aistopoda, and Microsauria.
	www.webspawner.com /users/petcentralamphibians (2008 words)

	†Temnospondyli
		<==o †Temnospondyli Zittel, 1888 sensu Laurin and Reisz, 1997 --o †Colosteoidea
		`-- †Pholidogaster pisciformis `--o Temnospondyli Zittel, 1888 sensu Holmes, Carroll and Reisz, 1998 and Yates and Warren, 2000 (panssarisammakot, labyrithodontit) --+-- †Saharastega moradiensis Sidor et al., 2005
		Holmes, R. B., Carroll, R. and Reisz, R. R., 1998: The first articulated skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Temnospondyli: Dendrerpentonidae) from the Lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia, and a review of its relationships.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/amphibia/Temnospondyli_1.htm (204 words)

	Literature - Amphibia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		HUNT A.P., LUCAS S.G. and BERMAN D.S. (1996): A new amphibamid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Late Pennsylvanian (Middle Stephanian) of central New Mexico, USA.
		(Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permina of Oklahaoma.
		SHISHKIN M.A., RUBIDGE B.S. and KITCHING W.J. (1996): A re-evaluation of the early Triassic Lydekkerinidae (Amphibia, Temnospondyli).
	www.students.uni-mainz.de /fastm000/Literatur/Amphibia.html (1432 words)

	amphibians
		Dilkes, D. A new trematopsid amphibian (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea) from the Lower Permian of Texas.
		Holmes, R. B., Carroll, R. L., and Reisz, R. The first articulated skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Temnospondyli, Dendrerpetontidae) from the Lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia, and a review of its relationships.
		Trueb, L. and Cloutier, R. (1991) A phylogenetic investigation of the inter- and intrarelationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia: Temnospondyli).
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /cladestrat/amphibians.html (476 words)

	TEMNOSPONDYLI
		LIST OF THE RICHARDS SPUR (FORT SILL) TETRAPOD PALEOFAUNA
		Temnospondyli is a group of tetrapods characterized by the presence of large interpterygoid vacuities, they reduced the number of digits in the forelimb to four.
		Some of them, as the dissorophoids, reach a great level of terrestriality.
	www.permiantetrapods.net /TEMNOSPONDYLI.html (46 words)

	Burian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Inspired by the renderings of Charles R. Knight, Burian produced many of prehistoric fauna and flora which became known to an English-speaking audience, principally through the writings of Augusta.
		In 1935, Burian completed his first fossil restoration, that of two species of Temnospondyli (labyrinthodonts).
		Over the next 46 years, Burian would complete nearly 500 prehistoric animal restorations and landscapes.
	www.45acp.org /burian.html (977 words)

	Articles - Dino Hunter
		Pawley, K., and Warren, A., 2005, A terrestrial stereospondyl from the Lower Triassic of South Africa: the postcranial skeleton of Lydekkerina huxleyi (Amphibia: Temnospondyli): Palaeontology, v.
		Robinson, J., Ahlberg, P. and Koentges, G., 2005, The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli): Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v.
		Roscher, M., and Schneider, J. W., 2005, An annotated correlation chart for continental Late Pennsylvanian and Permian basins and the marine scale: In: The Nonmarine Permian; edited by Lucas, S. G., and Zeigler, K. E., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 30, p.
	www.dinohunter.info /html/articles.htm (12679 words)

	Amphibian Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		- Temnospondyli (common, sometimes large, flat-headed forms with either strong or secondarily weak vertebrae and limbs - Carboniferous to Triassic - e.g.
		Eryops (later Jurassic and Cretaceous fossils were found) - originally considered ancestral to Anura (frogs)
		- Small, widely separated pterygoids (also found in Temnospondyli and Nectridea).
	www.ogarnij.net /en/amphibian (10444 words)

	Evolution -- Tetrapod Transitionals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Holmes, R. B., Carroll, R. & Reisz, R. The First Articulated Skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Temnospondyli, Dendrerpetontidae) from Joggins (Westphalian B) Nova Scotia, and the Interrelationships of Early Temnospondyls.
		A review of Jennifer Clack's book Gaining Ground: the Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods.
		Smithson, T. The Cranial Morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli).
	www.origins.tv /darwin/tetrapods.htm (1432 words)

	CiteULike: A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		CiteULike: A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli)
		A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli)
		Note: You or your institution must have access rights to this article.
	www.citeulike.org /article/5223 (58 words)

	Lower Triassic Temnospondyli of Tasmania (Geological Society of America. Special paper) by John Cosgriff
		Lower Triassic Temnospondyli of Tasmania (Geological Society of America.
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	www.brightsurf.com /item.php?ASIN=0813721490 (1025 words)

	[No title]
		Acanthostega 0 Ichthyostega 0 Tulerpeton 0 Crassigyrinus 0 Loxommatidae 0 Colosteidae 0 Temnospondyli 1 Whatcheeria ?
		The taxon Stegocephali (that included for a long time all the vertebrates bearing a chiridium, except for lissamphibians and amniotes) was defined as all choanates more closely related to Temnospondyli than to Panderichthys (the closest relative of tetrapods known to have retained paired fins).
		Therefore, Stegocephali includes all taxa that bear digits, and a few (Elginerpeton, Metaxygnathus, Ventastega, and Hynerpeton) that may retain paired fins.
	ag.arizona.edu /tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/!Terrestrial_Vertebrates.nex (3131 words)

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