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Topic: Temperate hardwood forest

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	Forest - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tropical hardwood forests, including rain forests, occur throughout the lowland areas of the tropics—especially along the routes of rivers in Central and South America and in central and W Africa—and in the East Indies, the Malay Peninsula, and parts of India, Indochina, and Australia.
		The temperate hardwood forests overlap the boreal, or northern, conifer forest belts, which encircle the earth in the subarctic and cool, temperate regions south of the treeless tundra.
		, temperate deciduous forest) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g.
	forest.quickseek.com (1594 words)

	FOREST. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tropical hardwood forests, including rain forests, occur throughout the lowland areas of the tropics—especially along the routes of rivers in Central and South America and in central and W Africa—and in the East Indies, the Malay Peninsula, and parts of India, Indochina, and Australia.
		The temperate hardwood forests overlap the boreal, or northern, conifer forest belts, which encircle the earth in the subarctic and cool, temperate regions south of the treeless tundra.
		In the United States east of the prairies are the northern (boreal) forest belt, in which sugar maple, beech, and birch mix with the conifers; the hardwood forest belt, a typical temperate forest; and the warmer southern forest belt, encompassing many stands of smaller pines and cypress thickets.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/fo/forest.html (907 words)

	Forest - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Forests can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree-line, except where natural fire frequency is too high, or where the tree growing environment has been impaired by natural processes or humans.
		Forests are differentiated from woodlands by the extent of canopy coverage: in a forest the branches and foliage of separate trees often meet or interlock, although there can be gaps of varying sizes within an area referred to as forest.
		, temperate deciduous forest) and evergreen forests (e.g.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/f/o/r/Forest.html (595 words)

	Forest - MSN Encarta
		Two subtypes exist; forests of the same latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres are radically different, probably due to the continental climate of the northern hemisphere and the oceanic climate of the southern.
		Temperate evergreen forests are found in the subtropical regions of North America and the Caribbean islands that have a warm maritime climate.
		The western forests of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast are coniferous and contain Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, western white pine, Engelmann spruce, and white fir.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570770/Forest.html (1094 words)

	Forests - Crystalinks
		A forest is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, a wooded area set aside for hunting).
		Forests are differentiated from woodlands by the extent of canopy coverage: in a forest the branches and foliage of separate trees often meet or interlock, although there can be gaps of varying sizes within an area referred to as forest.
		Boreal forests occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous.
	www.crystalinks.com /forests.html (510 words)

	Wellborn Forest
		A forest is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, an area setaside for hunting).
		Forests can be found in all regions capable of sustaining treegrowth, at altitudes up to the tree-line, except where rainfall is too low, ornatural fire frequency too high.
		In ecological terms, a forest may be differentiated from a woodland : a forest is considered to have a more or less closed canopy, where the branches and foliage of trees meet or interlock; a woodland is considered to have an opencanopy, where some sunlight penetrates between the trees (see also: savanna).
	www.altvetmed.com /face/18987-wellborn-forest.html (388 words)

	Forest
		A forest is an area with a high density of trees.
		Forests can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth.
		Mathematicians sometimes use the word "forest" to mean a mathematical set of tree structures.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fo/Forest.html (188 words)

	Forests : 1. What is a forest?
		Some legal definitions of ‘forest’ are based on the actual vegetation on the ground, whereas other definitions are based on a defined land area which may have no vegetation on it at all but is legally under the jurisdiction of the national agency which manages forests and natural resources.
		Forests are often broadly classified by biomes, which are forest types corresponding to the climatic regions of the earth in which they occur.
		Forests are either directly affected by human activities such as cutting, planting and drainage, or indirectly by manipulation of the grazing regime, air pollution and other factors.
	www.forestfacts.org /l_3/forests_1.htm (2249 words)

	NCSSF - Northern Hardwoods
		Northern hardwood forests lie between the transition hardwoods of southern New England and central Pennsylvania and the spruce-fir forests at high elevations and latitudes in the Northeast (Lull 1968; Figure 1).
		Northern hardwood forests were generally located on hilly terrain over glacial till, and were usually farmed after more desirable coastal and riverine areas (often transition hardwoods in southern portions of the zone) were already settled.
		The relative rarity of fire in northern hardwoods was attributed to its cooler climate, ample rains, and the higher water content of the soil and deciduous vegetation (Fahey and Reiners 1981, Parshall and Foster 2002).
	www.unh.edu /ncssf/results-northern-hardwoods.htm (13433 words)

	Temperate Forest Foundation: Forestry Issues
		Forest land converted for agricultural use or for development is deforestation.
		An informed public understands that responsible clearcuts in the forest come back with beautiful reproduction, but many of our cities, housing developments, malls, and highways were carved from forests by clearcutting and converting the land to another use.
		Forest owners may then exercise the right to sell their land to developers for conversion to other uses, all of which have a much greater environmental impact.
	www.forestinfo.org /Discover/reforest.htm (1635 words)

	Georgia-Pacific - Educational in Nature - A Forest Is...
		In each forest community there are certain tree types that are the first you are likely to notice because they are the most abundant.
		U.S. deciduous and evergreen forests are in the temperate forest zone (green area of map), which spans the Northern Hemisphere including European and Asian forests.
		Nutrients are held in the soil of temperate forests unlike tropical rainforests, which hold most of their nutrients in the forest canopy.
	www.gp.com /EducationalinNature/forestis/types.html (155 words)

	Alabama's Forest Resource
		According to the 1990 Alabama Forest Inventory Survey, there are nearly 22 million acres of forest land growing over 15 billion trees, or two-thirds of Alabama's land is covered with forests.
		The natural tendency of a Southern forest is to grow to a climax stand of pure hardwood trees.
		Hardwood inventory expanded as general improvements in the stocking of hardwood stands resulted from increase cutting.
	www.sfws.auburn.edu /fpdc/alforest.html (1072 words)

	The Rain Forest Atlas - Page 2: Review of the Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Temperate rain forests have been recognized as a distinct biome throughout the 20th century, although ecologists have not used the term uniformly.
		Alaback's (1991) definition for temperate rain forests of North America is widely recognized and most useful for this analysis: over 1400 millimeters annual precipitation, cool summers stemming from an equable year-round climate, mean annual temperature between 4 and 12 degrees Celsius, and infrequent fire except in the redwood fogbelt.
		Ecosystem and society developed simultaneously in the wake of the Ice Age: the forest and the sea shaped the coastal First Nations, and their resource use practices influenced the landscapes that European explorers would regard as "pristine." Perhaps nowhere else in the temperate zone were people and place more inextricably bound.
	www.inforain.org /rainforestatlas/rainforestatlas_page2.htm (1446 words)

	Section 3 LTER III
		To assess the current and future role of these forests in the global carbon cycle information is required defining (1) the successional status of the forests across the landscape, (2) current rates of carbon sequestration and evolution for the principal vegetation assemblages (3) the potential effects of climate variation and human-imposed disturbance and stress (e.g.
		In hardwood and conifer stands rapid immobilization accounts for a significant fraction of total N immobilized (1/3-2/3 of the total) and long-term N deposition led to a reduction in N immobilization.
		For the conifer forest, this reduction was due to a loss in the amount of N immobilized during the fast phase, whereas in the hardwood stand it was due to slow phase immobilization.
	harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu /research./lter3/section3.html (5198 words)

	History - Heartwood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Those gathered recognized that their separate efforts to protect local forests were in fact parts of a larger regional effort to protect and restore the majesty, mystery, and biological diversity of the temperate hardwood forest.
		They sought to remind the region's inhabitants of their common forest heritage, to replace an ethic of waste and exploitation with one of reverence and care, and to protect their forest home without regard to the arbitrary political and administrative boundaries that have been imposed on the land.
		Subsequent Forest Councils brought attention to the hardwood forests of Ohio (1992), Kentucky (1993), the Ozarks (Missouri and Arkansas, 1994), the central Appalachians (West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 1995), and the South (Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, 1996).
	www.heartwood.org /history.htm (702 words)

	Survival Strategies for the Small Woodlot Forest
		The nature of the problem for the forest industry in general, and for forest ecologies in my region, is simple: we are taking too much and too frequently, without regard for the forest ecosystem.
		The Acadian forest region is a unique temperate forest because it is a transitional forest that connects the Northern Boreal forest and the Carolinian forest that dominates the landscape south of us.
		Much of the original forest is gone (it is estimated that there is less than 1% of Old Growth left), and the secondary forest is degraded by a loss of a number of species from their former range; Red Spruce is one of these species.
	www.elements.nb.ca /theme/sustainableforestry/marc/spence.htm (2077 words)

	Nature Works - Temperate Deciduous Forests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Temperate deciduous forests can be found in the eastern part of the United States and Canada, most of Europe and parts of China and Japan.
		The temperate deciduous forest is a biome that is always changing.
		Because the soil is very fertile and hardwood trees are good for building, this biome has some of the world's largest population centers in it.
	www.nhptv.org /natureworks/nwep8c.htm (297 words)

	Temperate hardwood forest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A temperate hardwood forest is a type of forest found in temperate zones around the globe.
		These forests support ecosystems that are very different from cold-climate evergreen forests, and from most tropical forests, exhibiting an extreme cycling involving leaf fall, a cold winter and dormancy.
		There are three main regions of hardwood forests in the world, in North America, east Asia, and Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperate_hardwood_forest (197 words)

	Institute of Ecosystem Studies
		Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests.
		Influence of earthworm invasion on soil microbial biomass and activity in a northern hardwood forest.
		Patterns of litter disappearance in a northern hardwood forest invaded by exotic earthworms.
	www.ecostudies.org /people_sci_groffman_earthworms_pubs.html (281 words)

	Duke Forest
		Since the various pine species usually grow faster than the hardwoods under the high light and barren soil conditions left by agriculture, they usually dominate the first forest that follows an old field.
		Many of the hardwoods are able to send up vigorous, fast-growing sprouts from their roots.
		Whatever the origin of a forest stand, its species composition will depend on the environment of the site where it is growing.
	www.nicholas.duke.edu /forest/forest/succession.htm (826 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The study area is within a temperate hardwood forest, otherwise known as a “hammock”, and is composed of both evergreen and deciduous tree species.
		Hardwoods have had an increased opportunity to regrow since most of this area was not farmed after the Civil War, therefore increasing the extent of hardwoods since the war (Platt et al., 210).
		As previously mentioned, temperate hardwood forests are generally agreed to have climax vegetation consistent of predominantly beech and magnolia overstory and understory (Platt et al., 216).
	www.fsu.edu /~geog/stallins/fm/AllenApril.doc (4256 words)

	Hardwood Hammocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A hammock is a localized mature hardwood forest.
		A hardwood forest is distinguished by a prevalence of broad-leaved trees, as opposed to pines, which normally have softer wood.
		In the northern Everglades region, hammocks may be dominated by trees of temperate climate origin such as the live oak or hackleberry, and the occurrence of tropical trees is much more restricted.
	www.env.duke.edu /wetland/hardwood.htm (154 words)

	Integrative Biology 363
		Hardwoods have tracheids, vessels, fibers, ray tracheids, and xylem parenchyma.
		Hardwoods: These trees are usually much more diverse and do not occur in pure stands.
		In addition, there is temperate deciduous forest (about 27%) (mainly in Siberia, China, Japan and Asia Minor) and tropical hardwood forest (about 30%) in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and nearby areas.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /ib/363/WOOD.html (1864 words)

	Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
		The temperate deciduous forest biome occupies most of the eastern part of the United States and a small strip of southern Ontario.
		The Appalachian oak forest region lies to the east, north, and southeast of the mixed mesophytic forest.
		The oak-hickory forest region occupies drier areas to the west of the mixed mesophytic forest region.
	www.cnr.vt.edu /dendro/Forsite/tdfbiome.htm (826 words)

	North Central Research Station - Paoli Experimental Forest
		The Paoli Experimental Forest was established in 1963 in the Wayne-Hoosier National Forest in south central Indiana.
		The great soil group is the gray-brown podzolic soil found in the temperate, humid hardwood forest region.
		Mixed hardwoods are on lower slopes, in valleys, and in coves.
	ncrs.fs.fed.us /EF/paoli (532 words)

	Montane forest news
		A coniferous (pine) forest A forest on San Juan Island in Washington.
		Although often thought of as as carbon dioxide sinks, mature forests are approximately carbon neutral with only disturbed and young forests acting as carbon sinks [2] [3].
		Nonetheless mature forests do play an important role in the global carbon cycle as stable carbon pools, and clearance of forests leads to an increase of atmospheric carbin dioxide levels.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/eco/Montane_forest.html (813 words)

	In Press: 2000
		These forests are dominated by evergreen and deciduous hardwood trees having a closed canopy under which high humidity is maintained during the growing season.
		Interestingly, plethodontids have not invaded the ruderal forests of mixed hardwoods and pine or pine plantations that have largely replaced longleaf forests (e.g., Ware et al., 1993).
		The headwaters of streams in the high-elevation landforms are typically ravines with steep valley sidewalls vegetated with closed canopy hardwood forest.
	www.brucemeans.com /sci-article.htm (6781 words)

	Under the Canopy - October 1999
		This warming period saw the primarily coniferous forest be converted to a temperate hardwood forest with some conifers.
		During the 1998 Forest Condition Conference in Fairbanks, it was noted that the incidence of disease was possibly on the rise and is more significant as a factor in forest health than previously thought.
		Many forest diseases are widespread across the Boreal Forest and their incidence on a site is mediated by a multitude of factors including host susceptibility and site conditions.
	www.uaf.edu /ces/forestry/canopy/canopyoct99.html (6099 words)

	forests of the world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To the south of the temperate region, mixed forest of conifers and broad-leaved evergreen trees grow.
		Below the temperate zones there are the sub-tropical forests of Europe, Central and West Africa, India, Asia, South Africa, Central and South America and Southern and Western Australia.
		Savannah-type forests occur in North America where there is heavy rainfall: on the open prairies of Canada east of the Rockies, and on the plains of the United States as far south as the Gulf of Mexico.
	www.hillinstruments.com /rain_forest.htm (930 words)

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