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Topic: Temperature extreme

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	Motorola Product Testing Services Temperature Testing
		Temperature cycling is the process of cycling through two temperature extremes, sometimes at relatively high rates of change.
		Temperature storage tests are specified by the minimum and maximum storage temperatures and the duration that the units should be held in that environment.
		Temperature extreme testing is just a matter of specifying the minimum and maximum operating temperatures plus specific guidance on how the device under test should be powered, loaded, and monitored.
	www.motorola.com /testservices/temperature1.html (581 words)

	Extreme-Temperature Electronics (Tutorial - Part 1)
		Bear in mind, however, that operation at extreme temperatures is not automatically true for every semiconductor device or passive component; operation at extreme temperatures depends on a number of materials and design factors.
		Generally speaking, the usual motivation for operating electronics at extreme temperatures is to improve the overall performance of a system, by having part of the system—an electronic subsystem—operate outside the usual temperature range.
		Thus in practice, the temperature of an object in space is a complicated matter, depending on proximity and orientation to other bodies, absorption and emission of energy, and internal heat generation.
	www.extremetemperatureelectronics.com /tutorial1.html (1672 words)

	Temperature extremes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temperature extremes are the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in specific locales.
		Only outdoor climatic temperatures are recorded; temperatures recorded inside forest fires, for example, would not be included.
		Additionally, only temperatures recorded four feet (1.2 metres) or higher above the ground, and in the shade, are admissible, as ground temperatures in many areas are much hotter than air temperatures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature_extreme (239 words)

	Climate Impacts on the US. Agriculture Sector Assessment Chapter4: Impacts of Variability on Agriculture
		For temperature in the site studies, the absolute differences between the GCM-modeled mean monthly temperature in the scenario with greenhouse gas forcing and the GCM modeled climate without forcing (often referred to as the control scenario) were calculated.
		The impacts of climate change and variability are considered from the viewpoints of projecting extreme events, predicting the impact of climate variability and extreme events on crops, relating crop yield variability to climate, and the economic implications of potential ENSO shifts.
		Therefore, in considering the possible effects of extremes and climate variability on crops from a policy point of view, extreme caution must be exercised in interpreting the analyses of climate models on what types of changes in extremes might occur in the future and in interpreting the responses of crop models to extreme climate events.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/nacc/agriculture/draft-report/chapter4.html (8508 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		Although the global models have improved over time (Chapter 8), they still have limitations that affect the simulation of extreme events in terms of spatial resolution, simulation errors, and parametrizations that must represent processes that cannot yet be included explicitly in the models, particularly dealing with clouds and precipitation (Meehl et al., 2000d).
		In general, the pattern of change in return values for 20-year extreme temperature events from an equilibrium simulation for doubled CO with a global atmospheric model coupled to a non-dynamic slab ocean shows moderate increases over oceans and larger increases over land masses (Zwiers and Kharin, 1998; Figure 9.29).
		The changes in the return values of daily minimum temperature (Figure 9.29, bottom) are larger than those of daily maximum temperature over land areas and high latitude oceans where snow and ice retreat.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup1/364.htm (913 words)

	Evaluation of Laminated Flexible Printed Circuit Boards Under Wide Temperature Cycling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Extreme Temperature (-125°C to +90°C) Thermal Cycling of UC282, LT1813 and LTC1409
		Temperature swings, which are typically experienced in planetary exploration such as Mars, comprise one of such stresses in these missions.
		The capacitance variation with temperature for traces 1 and 7, for example, are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
	nepp.nasa.gov /eeelinks/February2002/Evaluation_of_Laminated.htm (1647 words)

	Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Temperature compensated crystal oscillators typically employ a thermistor network to generate a correction voltage which reduces the frequency variation over temperature.
		A TCXO that resides at one temperature extreme for an extended period of time may exhibit a frequency shift when returned to normal room temperature.
		The calculation may be an interpolation between points in a look-up table or a computation using a cubic equation with temperature and the oscillator's "angle" as inputs.
	www.wenzel.com /documents/tcxo.html (482 words)

	AGCA: Patterns for Temperature
		Note that monthly temperature increases quickly during the spring, especially for the northern part of the state, as sunlight reaches areas that experienced weeks or months of continuous darkness during the winter.
		This spatial variation in seasonal temperature range is due mainly to two factors: the effects of solar radiation as it varies seasonally with latitude; and proximity to the moderating influence of ocean waters, from continental conditions in the interior to maritime conditions near the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea.
		In contrast, during summer, temperature is strongly controlled by elevation -- cold at the higher reaches of the Alaska and Brooks Ranges, and warmer in the lowlands.
	instaar.colorado.edu /QGISL/AGCA/patterns_tmp.html (770 words)

	A Record Setting Day
		Temperature records are kept for annual extremes, monthly extremes and daily extremes.
		Here, I am looking at the temperature extremes of hot and cold during one specific calendar day, be it May 27 or December 2, and how the specific readings on that day in 1935 or 2003 related to the extremes measured on all of those dates over the course of the climatological station's observational history.
		The next year on that date, the extreme temperatures may break either the maximum or the minimum mark of the previous year, or both, or neither.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/science_sky/115546 (455 words)

	whitneyt
		Although the two batteries at room temperature had stable voltages throughout the time at room temperature, only one of the batteries that was taken down to extreme cold temperatures dropped in voltage, the other one stayed stable througout the duration of the cold temperature.
		Because the extreme warm Martian temperature was less than one degree celsius different than the the temperature in the room The control group is also surving the purpose of the extreme high Martian temperature.
		Also the temperature that is surving for the extreme warm martian temperature and the control group is within the suggested temperature range to be used at, suggested by the batteries maker.
	share3.esd105.wednet.edu /mcmillend/01SciProj/whitneyt/whitneyt.htm (1956 words)

	Sea Grant Nonindigenous Species site (sgnis)
		In the Trinity River at Fort Worth, TX, average, daily surface water temperature fluctuation was 5.5°C during June, July and August in 1993 and 1994, with maximal daytime water temperatures generally falling above the 30°C upper thermal limit of zebra mussels and minimal evening water temperatures falling below it.
		Replicate samples (n ~ 40 in each sample) were simultaneously exposed to a fluctuating temperature regime and to constant temperature regimes representing the extreme high and low temperatures of the fluctuating temperature regime.
		Mussels exposed to constant low temperature extremes did not achieve 100% mortality over the duration of the exposure periods.
	www.sgnis.org /publicat/96Hernan.htm (380 words)

	How Extreme Temperature Affects Mortality: Location
		The relationship between extreme temperature and mortality in the United States varies by location, according to a study from researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
		First, the relationship between temperature and mortality risk from cardio-vascular, respiratory, and other diseases was estimated for each city; then the variation in risk across cities, due to difference in latitude and other variables, was examined.
		The minimum mortality temperature threshold ranged between approximately 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit for cities in the North (Boston, Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, DC) and approximately 76 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit for cities in the South (Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, Tampa, and Miami).
	unisci.com /stories/20021/0107022.htm (598 words)

	SMOS SUMMARY TABLE CONTENT
		Also provided for each dry-bulb temperature interval is is the total number of observations with dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature combined; and again for dry-bulb, wet-bulb and dew-point temperatures separately.
		Extremes are provided for a month if all days for a month contain valid observations.
		Presented are mean monthly and annual temperature values in fahrenheit for individual years during the period of record.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa/climate/rcsg/cdrom/ismcs/tables.html (3663 words)

	Health and Safety Plan Guidelines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Other objectives are to: * Provide a description of the overall temperature extreme related disorders or conditions program, * Integrate the program with other elements of the HASP, and * Provide guidance on the proper training levels necessary for operational workers and supervisors.
		The added burden of PPE required for hazardous waste operations in a temperature extreme condition increases the potential for worker disorders or conditions that can result in injury or illness.
		Disorders or conditions associated with work conducted in temperature extreme conditions can be controlled through proper planning and effective monitoring of personnel.
	www.eh.doe.gov /docs/hasp/100030.html (245 words)

	Workshop on Extreme Environments Technologies for Space Exploration
		You are cordially invited to participate in the upcoming workshop on Space Systems for Extreme Environments to be held on May 14-16, 2003 at the Pasadena Convention Center and the Pasadena Sheraton Hotel in Pasadena, California.
		Venus is the second planet from the Sun and features a dense, CO atmosphere completely covered by clouds with sulfuric acid aerosols, a surface temperature of 460 ºC and a surface pressure of 90 bars.
		A traditional approach to survivability in extreme temperature/pressure environments is to use passive (insulation and heat sinking) or active thermal control so components are not exposed to the environment and the whole system is maintained at a conventional temperature and normal pressure.
	extenv.jpl.nasa.gov (567 words)

	Extreme hot temperature conditons. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		When the body gains or retains more heat than it loses, the result is called hyperthermia or high core temperature, which can cause damage to the brain and other vital organs and could decrease the chances of survival.
		The body temperature is usually normal or slightly elevated, but on rare occasions it may be as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit.
		As the body core temperature (the temperature of the heart, lungs, and other vital organs) rises, the patient' s level of consciousness falls.
	communications.fullerton.edu /facilities/tvfilm_studios/content/safety/hot.htm (916 words)

	Weather Journal: A Record Setting Day
		That temperature established a new January 3rd record maximum at Bakersfield.
		On no earlier date in spring had the Sioux City record low temperature been so high, and on only one May date was the record high temperature any lower.
		As a result of the shoreline location and constant clouds, the normal temperature range is small, around 12F degrees (6.7C degrees) in winter and 20F degrees (11.1C degrees) in late summer, and its record temperatures often have a small spread.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/journal/2004/recordday.htm (1473 words)

	Climatology of Extreme Maximum Temperature Occurrences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Historically, published temperature summaries have been presented primarily as mean values.
		Except for temperature records, information about extreme values is limited to monthly tallies of days with a maximum temperature greater than or equal to 90 degrees and less than or equal to 32 degrees.
		Considering these limitations and the impacts of extreme temperature events, this comprehensive climatology of extreme temperature occurrences for the Northeast is beneficial to a wide range of users in agriculture, government, the energy industry, and research.
	met-www.cit.cornell.edu /reports/RR_93-6.html (193 words)

	Epoxy Grout for Use in Extreme High Temperature Environments
		The cure time (the time before the grout is strong enough for use) will depend on the air temperature, the temperature of the floor, and machinery being grouted.
		Remember, the temperature of the foundation concrete should be taken into account along with the air temperature when figuring the cure time needed.
		The storage temperature of the unmixed kits of REDBAC will greatly affect both the ease of pouring and the cure time.
	www.coppsindustries.com /Adhesive_products/k052.htm (1064 words)

	High Performance Coatings - Heat Management Coatings - Exhaust Systems, Chrome Plating, Emissivity, Exhaust Headers, ...
		Performance benefits are attributed to: combustion chamber stabilization and reduced under hood temperature due to the improved air density; increased gas velocity due to the heat retaining properties of the coating; and better laminar air flow due to the elimination of oxide scale on the header's inside diameter.
		HiPerCoat is available in a high luster polished aluminum finish that maintains it's beautiful shine up to 1,300° F part metal temperature and for hotter applications up to 1,600° F part metal temperature in semi-gloss fl and gray, flat blue, red, green, and purple.
		HiPerCoat Extreme is available in both the Queensland and Victoria plants in Australia as well as the New Zealand facility.
	www.hpcoatings.com /products/heat.aspx (1377 words)

	Coriolis Flow Meters withstand extreme temperatures., Emerson Process Management Di
		With an extreme process temperature rating of up to 800F (427C), the Micro Motion Coriolis meters are now the highest rated temperature Coriolis meters available.
		The extreme high temperature capability combines with process industry leading flow measurement capability and performance.
		The new extreme temperature Micro Motion Coriolis meters are part of Emerson's broad range of intelligent, digital field devices that power the PlantWeb® digital plant architecture to improve plant efficiency by 2% and more through delivering asset optimization, process automation, and management execution.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/490820 (1007 words)

	Food Safety Education Month: Training Session To "Cook It Safely" Week #3 -- Calibrating Thermometers & Taking ...
		They should also be calibrated whenever the thermometer is dropped, before it is first used, and when going from one temperature extreme to another.
		Prior to starting this activity, set out different types of foods to have employees demonstrate how they would take the temperature of each (pretending or simply discussing can be just as useful).
		Ask employees how they would take the temperature of such food items as roast chicken, pork chops, bone-in ham, hamburgers, soup in a large stock pot on the burner, a 10 lb.
	www.foodsafety.gov /~dms/sept/99-week3.html (812 words)

	DP83848H - DP83848H PHYTER<®> Mini - Extreme Temperature Single 10/100 Ethernet Transceiver
		The DP83848H PHYTER Mini Extreme addresses the high quality, high reliability and small form factor required for rugged operation in space sensitive and thermally demanding environments.
		The DP83848H is designed from ground up for extreme temperature performance, with a thermally efficient package ensuring reliable operation over an operating range of -40C to 125C.
		Rigorously tested at both low temperature and high temperature extremes, the device is ideal for outdoor environments and demanding factory floor conditions.
	www.national.com /pf/DP/DP83848H.html (592 words)

	Extreme Temperature Sensor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Unique temperature-compensating circuitry enables Model 01-340 to control lighting in applications where extreme temperatures/humidity must be tolerated, such as parking structures, cold storage areas and walk-in freezers.
		The Sensor activates a Novitas® Switchpack to turn lights on upon detection of human or automobile motion within the coverage area.
		When connecting to a Building Automation System (BAS), the 01-340 Extreme Temperature Sensor offers the most versatile connection possibilities available including an open collector output with or without the pullup feature and a direct BAS connection.
	www.novitas.com /Products/ProductInformation/340tech.htm (548 words)

	High Temperature Electronics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Significant cost, size, and weight savings can be achieved by replacing traditional centralized control systems with a more distributed architecture, where the sensors, processors, and actuators are all housed in a single, remotely-placed, unit.
		The factor limiting the widespread acceptance of distributed control systems, however, is the need to operate the electronics at the ambient temperature of the application, which typically exceeds the traditional maximum allowable operating temperatures.
		This course details the performance and reliability issues involved in designing electronic systems for use at temperatures above 125°C. It will provide the attendee with the tools and information needed to design electronic systems that will perform reliably in extreme temperature environments, such as are found in defense, avionic and automobiles applications.
	www.calce.umd.edu /general/education/high_temperature_electronics.htm (234 words)

	Precision temperature data loggers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Place the loggers anywhere you need high-accuracy tracking of temperature conditions and they will monitor continuously, on a stand-alone basis, for up to ten years in duration.
		Spectrum 1000 temperature loggers incorporate the latest advances in data logging and temperature-sensing technologies.
		Spectrum 1000 temperature loggers are perfect for verifying environmental conditions in research and development labs, clean rooms, freezers, computer and equipment rooms, museums, and critical storage and shipping facilities.
	www.veriteq.com /html/vrtq2100.htm (475 words)

	Army Technology - Cable USA - High Temperature and Specialty Military Wire and Cable Products
		A pioneer in the extreme high-temperature cable market, Cable USA has designed Integraflame CIC to maintain circuit integrity at flame temperatures of 1,093°C (2,000°F) for extended periods of time.
		FEP / ETFE / PFA high temperature instrumentation cables are designed for harsh applications where the wire may be subjected to industrial chemicals or solvents and where performance in temperature extremes is required.
		Integraflame CIC is an extreme high-temperature cable, uniquely designed for fire protection in critical circuits.
	www.army-technology.com /contractors/electronic/cable-usa (531 words)

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