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Topic: Temperature record

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Paleoclimatology

	The Surface Temperature Record
		The pronounced different phases in the surface temperature record over the past century, and its highly regional character are incompatible with theoretical explanations based on steady global change, such as the proposed effects of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
		The records of annual global surface temperature anomalies and their regional distribution are not explicable by a theory of steady almost uniform global temperature increase, such as the supposed effects of increases in greenhouse gases.
		The differences between the surface temperature record since 1978 and that recorded by the MSU satellites in the lower troposphere must therefore be largely due to local heating which is highly regional, and is particularly evident in cold climates.
	www.john-daly.com /graytemp/surftemp.htm (4431 words)

	TRENDS: TEMPERATURE
		One of the fundamental arguments used in deriving this temperature record is that the deuterium content distribution is well documented over East Antarctica and over a large range of temperatures (-20° to -55° C); thus, there is a linear relationship between the average annual surface temperature and the snow deuterium content.
		Although the third and fourth climate cycles are of shorter duration than the first two cycles in the Vostok record, all four climate cycles show a similar sequence of a warm interglacial, followed by colder glacial events, and ending with a rapid return to an interglacial period.
		Extending the Vostok ice-core record of palaeoclimate to the penultimate glacial period.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/temp/vostok/jouz_tem.htm (1133 words)

	Temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.
		There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the Pleistocene glaciation, particularly during the current Holocene epoch.
		From these, proxy temperature reconstruction of the last 2000 years have been made for the northern hemisphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature_record (686 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: The Satellite Temperature Records: Parts 1 and 2
		Temperature is perhaps the most common measure of the climate of a region, whether it is the cold temperatures of winter in Minnesota or the hot temperatures of summer in Arizona.
		The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles.
		The temperature record since that time suggests an overall warming of 0.3 to 0.6°C from the 1860s to the 1990s, with the early decades of this century being slightly cooler than in the mid-19th century and with a secondary maximum of temperatures (compared to the 1990s) in the decades around 1940.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/960521SM.html (2260 words)

	Data @ NASA GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis: 2005 Summation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Record warmth in 2005 is notable, because global temperature has not received any boost from a tropical El Niño this year.
		The prior record year, 1998, on the contrary, was lifted 0.2°C above the trend line by the strongest El Niño of the past century.
		One large source of differences is the attempt in the GISS method to estimate the temperature anomaly for all areas that have at least one station located within 1200 km, using weights for these stations that decrease linearly with distance from the station.
	data.giss.nasa.gov /gistemp/2005 (1337 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: The Earth's Surface Temperature in the 20th Century: Coming to Grips with Satellite and Surface-Based ...
		Is the satellite-derived record of temperature an accurate or reasonable estimate of the observed temperature at the Earth's surface, or is the satellite record of temperature fundamentally different from the observed temperature recorded at the Earth's surface?
		In the presence of natural climate variability operating on a variety of timescales, a 20-year period of record such as the satellite-based record of temperature examined by the panel of scientific experts, cannot yet be regarded as representative of the longer-term behavior of the climate system.
		The disadvantages are that the temperature signal one is trying to measure includes a signal from 20% of the land surface (ideally, 100% of the signal should derive from the atmosphere); contamination by precipitation-sized ice; and biases are not constant.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/000505FO.html (1883 words)

	GLOBAL TEMPERATURE NEAR RECORD FOR 2002
		In contrast to local temperatures, which fluctuate widely from season to season, the global average temperature is remarkably stable throughout the year because the seasonal contrasts of the northern and southern hemispheres offset each other.
		The temperature for January of this year of 14.72 degrees Celsius was the highest on record for January.
		The temperature rises observed over the last two decades are in line with the results of research using computerized global climate models to project the effects of rising CO2 levels on the earth's climate.
	www.ecomall.com /greenshopping/climate.htm (1270 words)

	ScienceDaily: 20-Year Global Temperature Record Shows Warming And Cooling Trends
		Instrumental temperature record -- The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans since the invention of...
		Temperature record -- The temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.
		Temperature record of the past 1000 years -- The temperature record of the past 1000 years describes the reconstruction of temperature for the last 1000 years on the Northern...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/01/990118080320.htm (2112 words)

	A Second Proof for the Reliability of the Satellite Record
		A multiple regression analysis with the emission rate and the surface temperature residual as independent x-variables and the CDT as dependent y-variable gave that both the emission rate and the surface temperature residual were eliminated as statistically insignificant.
		The correlation coefficient was 0.72, the calibration constant of the CDT with respect to the satellite record was 2.28 ppmv/ºC. The statistical significance is p = 0.001.
		The weakness of the correlation between the surface temperature residual and the CDT is mainly due to data for the same years for which the satellite record diverges from the surface record.
	www.john-daly.com /co2-conc/co2therm.htm (913 words)

	NASA Earth Science Data and Services: Highs and Lows of Temperature
		The record, which suggests that the Earth's atmosphere is more complex than previously thought, is invaluable for its precision but controversial when compared with the surface record.
		The two temperature records were the subject of much discussion in a special session on global warming at the American Meteorological Society's February 1997 meeting.
		While waiting for the two temperature records to converge, climate change scientists are deliberating another interesting feature apparently revealed by the satellite record: the atmosphere's vertical complexity.
	nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov /articles/1996/1996_highlow.html (1632 words)

	Temperature Set to Hit 100 Degrees - and Global Warming is to Blame
		The near-record temperatures expected today are a sign of things to come, and will become commoner and hotter in future years as man-made global warming takes hold, scientists predict.
		The UK's air temperature record was set on 10 August 2003, when 100F was breached for the first time, with a reading of 101.3F (38.5C) at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.
		But a look at the temperature records - and Britain has the longest-running set in the world - strongly suggests it is much more part of a pattern showing the advent of global warming.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines06/0719-05.htm (1182 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 2489)
		NOAA scientists report that the average temperature for the contiguous United States for July (based on preliminary data) was 1.5 degrees F (0.8 degrees C) above the mean for 1895-2004.
		Las Vegas tied its all-time record daily maximum temperature of 117 degrees F, and had five consecutive days with temperatures exceeding 115 degrees F. In the last few days of July, the warmth crept eastward and was briefly replaced by cooler temperatures in the northern Plains setting new daily low temperature records in some locations.
		Temperatures across Alaska were above average, with a statewide temperature of 2.0 degrees F (1.1 degrees C) above the 1971-2000 mean, ranking 4th warmest since 1918.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories2005/s2489.htm (728 words)

	Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, Chapter 4: Rising Temperatures and Rising ...
		From 1880 to 1930, the global temperature for almost every year was below the norm (which scientists define as the average from 1950 to 1980).
		During the 1980s, the average global temperature was 0.26 degrees Celsius above; during the 1990s, it averaged 0.40 degrees above the norm.
		And since the three warmest years on record have come in the last five years, not only is the earth's temperature rising, but the rise is accelerating.
	www.earth-policy.org /Books/PB/PBch4_ss2.htm (575 words)

	Instrumental temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans since the invention of thermometers.
		There are concerns about possible uncertainties in the instrumental temperature record including the fraction of the globe covered, the effects of changing thermometer designs and observing practices, and the effects of changing land-use around the observing stations.
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent [6], sea level rise, precipitation [7], cloud cover [8], El Niño and extreme weather events [9].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Historical_temperature_record (681 words)

	Record-breaking Disasters
		Average temperatures for the year were higher than historic averages, especially during the summer when the warm weather arrived earlier than usual and lasted longer.
		The Charleston, South Carolina area was inundated Wednesday with upward of a half-foot of rain that broke records, By 11 a.m., a record total of 2.79 inches of rain had fallen at Waterfront Park in downtown Charleston, BREAKING THE OLD RECORD for the date of 1.91 inches set in 1957.
		The official record of 16.0 C (60.8 F) was recorded in the town of Paamiut (Frederikshob) on the western coast of the Greenland.
	home.att.net /~thehessians/recordbreaking.html (18464 words)

	draft, KL, 23/11/00, 4pm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The main objective was to study the magnetism of the nuclei of the rhodium atoms.
		By lowering the temperature the researchers expected the moments to "freeze" as known from e.g.
		The central parts of the cryostat are a dilution refrigerator reaching a temperature of 3 mK, and two nuclear cooling stages utilizing the method of adiabatic nuclear demagnetization.
	ltl.tkk.fi /Low-Temp-Record.html (406 words)

	One hundred seventeen year coastal temperature record reveals warming trends
		Daily water temperature measurements were collected by the Branch of Fish Culture of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries at Great harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, beginning in January 1886 and continuing for 33 years until 1919.
		The record shows that a warming trend in the late 1940s was reversed by a cooling during the 1960s.
		The scientists also found that while the mean annual water temperature only exceeded 11?C five times during the 50-year period between 1886 and 1948, it surpassed this temperature 26 times in the 30-year period between 1970 and 2000.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/uori-ohs082404.php (538 words)

	CNN.com - London temperature record smashed - Aug. 7, 2003
		The previous record for the capital was 35C (95F), set in August 1990.
		The temperature -- also the highest recorded in the UK this year -- was taken at 1500 GMT on the roof of the London Weather Centre in central London.
		The record for the hottest ever day in Britain -- 37.1C (98.8F) set in Cheltenham in 1990 -- should remain intact on Wednesday but experts say it could be broken later this week.
	cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/08/06/london.temperature (376 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fairbanks, Alaska, recorded its coldest January on record with a mean temperature of -31.7 F. (The monthly mean is the average of all of the daily highs and lows for the month.)
		The lowest ever recorded in the contiguous 48 States, was -69.7 degrees - rounded off to minus 70 degrees - at Rogers Pass, in Lewis and Clark County, Mont., on Jan. 20, 1954.
		The coldest temperature ever recorded east of the Mississippi River was -55 degrees Fahrenheit in Couderay, Wis., on Feb. 4, 1996.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wcstates.htm (387 words)

	RealClimate » Surface Temperature Record
		The instrumental record of surface temperature change is based on a combination of land air, marine air, and ocean surface temperature changes recorded over roughly the past century and a half.
		These gridded data are, in turn, often spatially averaged to yield large-scale mean temperature estimates such as hemispheric or global mean temperature.
		The data and additional information about the surface temperature dataset including answers to frequently asked questions, are available at the CRU website.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=45 (520 words)

	RSS / MSU and AMSU Data Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The brightness temperature for each channel corresponds to an average temperature of the atmosphere averaged over that channel's weighting function.
		We have found that the temperature of the middle troposphere is warming by approximately 0.131 K/decade.
		Brightness temperature anomalies are the difference between the monthly brightness temperatures and the average value for that month (found by averaging that month from 1979 through 1998).
	www.ssmi.com /msu/msu_data_description.html (2120 words)

	RealClimate » MSU Temperature Record
		Combinations of different channels of individual Microwave Sounding Unit ("MSU") measurements have been used to generate a record of estimated atmospheric temperature change back to 1979, the "MSU Temperature Record".
		The complex vertical weighting functions relating the the various channels of the MSU to atmospheric temperatures complicate the interpretation of the MSU data.
		Direct comparisons of the MSU Temperature Record with the surface temperature record are therefore difficult.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=61 (415 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Sizzling temperatures break UK record
		The record for the hottest day ever in Britain was broken on Sunday as temperatures soared to 38.1C (100.6F) in Gravesend, Kent.
		The record was initially topped earlier in the day when Heathrow airport registered 37.9C (100.2F), meaning the hottest day since records began about 130 years ago in 1875.
		The previous record was 37.1C (98.8F), recorded at Cheltenham in 1990.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/3138865.stm (520 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The high temperature on Thursday hit 93 degrees, tying the record for Sept. 9 set in 1979 and 1992.
		On Tuesday, the high temperature was 94 degrees, breaking the record of 93 degrees for Sept. 7.
		A weather forecaster said there was nothing unusual about the summer temperatures, pointing out that the record high at Kahului for the month is 96 degrees – recorded on Sept. 14, 1997, and on Sept. 19, 1995.
	www.mauinews.com /story.aspx?id=1169 (154 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		There are uncertainties in the annual data (thin fl whisker bars represent the 95% confidence range) due to data gaps, random instrumental errors and uncertainties, uncertainties in bias corrections in the ocean surface temperature data and also in adjustments for urbanisation over the land.
		The 95% confidence range in the annual data is represented by the grey region.
		These uncertainties increase in more distant times and are always much larger than in the instrumental record due to the use of relatively sparse proxy data.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/figspm-1.htm (181 words)

	AMS '99: Scientists Present 1998 Temperature Trends
		These emissions, measured with the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) instruments aboard TIROS-N weather satellites, are proportional to the temperature of the atmosphere, and have allowed scientists to build a 20-year record of the temperature of the Earth as measured from space.
		he global satellite temperature measurements are obtained from nine different satellites, and provide a record of the temperature in two regions of the Earth's atmosphere: the lower troposphere (the lowest 5 miles of the atmosphere) and the lower stratosphere (covering an altitude range of about 9-12 miles).
		At the same time, the temperature of the lower stratosphere has declined at a rate of -0.6 degrees C per decade.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/essd12jan99_1.htm (818 words)

	Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record (September 2003) - News - PhysicsWeb
		This is six times lower than the previous temperature record for Bose condensates.
		The lowest temperature the team measured was 450 pK.
		The researchers point out that they could achieve lower temperatures by further weakening the trap and reducing the number of atoms, but admit that this would be “challenging and technically difficult”.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/7/9/8 (483 words)

	ScienceDaily: Biggest Chill: MIT Team Achieves Coldest Temperature Ever
		For reaching the record-low temperatures, the MIT researchers invented a novel way of confining atoms, which they call a "gravito-magnetic trap." As the name indicates, the magnetic fields act together with gravitational forces to keep the atoms trapped.
		Ultra-cold Temperature Physics Opens Way To Understanding And Applications (March 9, 2005) -- Researchers doing ultra-cold temperature physics may not have to wear parkas, but they are producing the coldest temperatures ever and exploring model quantum systems that might lead to more accurate...
		Temperature -- Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/09/030912073458.htm (1945 words)

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