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Topic: Temperature record of the past 1000 years

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	Temperature record of the past 1000 years - Definition, explanation
		The temperature record of the past 1000 years describes the reconstruction of temperature for the last 1000 years on the Northern Hemisphere.
		In general, the recent history of the proxy records is calibrated against local temperature records to estimate the relationship between temperature and the proxy.
		Several reconstructions that suggested there was minimal variability in temperatures prior to the past century were generated by Mann and his co-authors.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/te/temperature_record_of_the_past_1000_years.php (1158 words)

	Temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.
		There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the Pleistocene glaciation, particularly during the current Holocene epoch.
		The 10,000 years of the Holocene epoch covers most of this period, since the end of the Northern Hemisphere's Younger Dryas millennium-long cooling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature_record (679 words)

	Global warming controversy
		Past climate behavior is in historical temperature record, temperature record of the past 1000 years, and satellite temperature record.
		Some opponents of global warming theory give more weight to data such as paleoclimatic studies, temperature measurements made from weather balloons, and satellites which they claim show less warming than surface land and sea records, though early balloon records have been shown to be possibly erroneous due to mechanical design flaws in the sensors.
		Another argument from the global warming skeptics, is that records of temperature change are wrong because temperature monitoring stations are located in urban areas and as such the measurements they take are distorted by the heat of the city (from cars, house heating etc).
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/Global-warming-controversy.wikipedia (4416 words)

	Global warming - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The most common global warming theories attribute temperature increases to increases in the greenhouse effect caused primarily by anthropogenic (human-generated) carbon dioxide (CO The alternative view, that the principal causes are natural cycles such as solar activity, is held by many journalists and politicians, but by only a minority of established scientists.
		About three-quarters of the anthropogenic emissions of CO to the atmosphere during the past 20 years is due to fossil fuel burning.
		Increasing global temperature means that ecosystems may change; some species may be forced out of their habitats (possibly to extinction) because of changing conditions, while others may flourish.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Climate_warming (6244 words)

	Global Warming FAQ - paleoclimate
		By overlying the reconstructed temperature record of the past 2000 years with atmospheric CO records obtained from ice cores the relationship between the two is apparent.
		For the past ten thousand years, however, the earth's temperature and atmospheric CO has been relatively stable – although temperatures have varied over a range of 4ºC (although some of this variation is probably an artefact due to inevitable measurement errors).
		A record of temperature and atmospheric CO over the past 400,000 years is preserved in the Vostok Ice Core and is shown in the figure on the right.
	www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk /gw/paleo/paleoclimate.htm (1635 words)

	U.S. Global Change Research Information Office
		Were "natural" climatic variations of the sort that have characterized the last 1000 years to recur in the next 100 years or so, they could modify the expected effects of increased greenhouse gases: either masking an underlying upward trend during the early stages of a greenhouse warming or accelerating the rate at which it occurs.
		The temperatures that are ascribed in this representation of the last 800,000 years were not obtained directly, but are based on fluctuations of global ice volume, and scaled to what is known of conditions during the last glacial maximum.
		Thus the geologic record yields the rather startling conclusion that the climate of AD 2400-2700 could be comparable to that experienced during the Age of Dinosaurs, which was as warm as any time in the last billion years.
	www.gcrio.org /CONSEQUENCES/winter96/geoclimate.html (5616 words)

	Statement of Willie Soon, July 29, 2003
		My training is in atmospheric and space physics and my sustained research interests for the past 10 years include changes in the Sun and their possible impact on climate.
		On the other hand, some proxies are sensitive to local rainfall as well as temperature, as in the case of annual tree growth in the southwest United States.
		For all those reasons, it remains a big challenge to produce an accurate global temperature record over the past 1000 years from the diverse set of climate proxies.
	epw.senate.gov /108th/Soon_072903.htm (645 words)

	Global Warming FAQ - temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the Vostock ice core
		This figure shows the temperature record from the Vostok ice core (dark blue), together with CO (red) from the Vostok ice core, the Law Dome ice core, and from the Mauna Loa monitoring station in Hawaii.
		This is because the temperature signal is local, whereas the CO signal is global.
		Monnin et al (2001) examined the Dome C record, and found a very close correlation between CO and temperature over the last glacial maximum, with CO lagging by, on average, 400 years (however, the initiation of the rise in CO lagged the initiation of the rise in temperature by around 800 years).
	www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk /gw/paleo/400000yrfig.htm (747 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Although temperature reconstructions from proxy data help us understand the character of natural climate variability, attribution of recent climate change relies on a broad range of methodologies of which the proxy reconstructions are only a small part [1] [2].
		According to all major temperature reconstructions published in peer-reviewed journals (see graph), the increase in temperature in the 20th century and the temperature in the late 20th century is the highest in the record.
		The Mann, Bradley and Hughes (1998) version of the temperature record is known as the "Hockey Stick" graph, first coined by Jerry Mahlman, a colleague of Mann's.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Temperature_record_of_the_past_1000_years (1170 words)

	Wikinfo \| Global warming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Global warming theories attempt to account for the rise in average global temperatures since the late 19th century (0.6 ± 0.2°C) [1] [2] and assess the extent to which the effects are due to human causes.
		While the accuracy of collected station data is not in dispute, the records suffer from incomplete coverage, geographically and historically, making the conclusions drawn from the data subject to disagreement [7].
		The individual surface temperature records may be influenced by the urban heat island effect; [9].
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Global_warming (5934 words)

	Wiki, 2003/10
		20:56, 20 Oct 2003 Temperature record of the past 1000 years (astrophysicist.
		20:54, 20 Oct 2003 Temperature record of the past 1000 years (Qual/Quant.
		19:27, 17 Oct 2003 Temperature record of the past 1000 years.
	www.wmconnolley.org.uk /wiki-2003-10.html (1431 words)

	What is the Evidence for Global Warming
		On land, temperature is measured a hundreds of weather stations, somewhat unevenly distributed around the world, and on some oceanic islands.
		Temperatures on land vary up to approximately 15-20 degrees C during the day at mid latitudes, and by up to approximately 50 degrees C from summer to winter.
		Finally, look at the graph of climate change over the past 400,000 years from the Vostock Ice Core from Introduction to Climate Change to see how data from one ice core was used to reconstruct the climate in Antarctica.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/oceanography-book/evidenceforwarming.htm (1127 words)

	ScienceDaily: Warm temperature records set across Europe
		NOAA Reports 2006 Warmest Year On Record For U.S. (January 10, 2007) -- The 2006 average annual temperature for the contiguous U.S. was the warmest on record and nearly identical to the record set in 1998, according to scientists at the NOAA National Climatic Data Center...
		Year Without a Summer -- The Year Without a Summer, also known as the Poverty Year and Eighteen hundred and froze to death, was 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities destroyed crops in Northern Europe, the...
		Temperature record of the past 1000 years -- The temperature record of the past 1000 years describes the reconstruction of temperature for the last 1000 years on the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.sciencedaily.com /upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070501-10450000-bc-europe-weather.xml (1729 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The combination of a nearly three-year drought, one of the worst of the past 100 years, and freezes across the state have left the state in desperately dry conditions ripe for wildfires.
		The record cold was a sharp change from most of last year, which began with the warmest winter on record.
		Record-low temperatures in the stratosphere are believed to have helped the expansion of the ozone hole during the southern hemisphere's spring season.
	home.att.net /~thehessians/recordbreaking2.html (10980 words)

	The decadal-interannual band.
		The instrumental climate record of the past 50 to 150 years underestimates the range of natural climate variability across all temporal scales.
		Although few proxy time series extend back 1000 years, the concept of a globally synchronous Medieval warm period during the ninth to fourteenth centuries A.D. is also no longer supported by the growing array of data [ Cook et al., 1991; Graumlich, 1993; Hughes and Diaz, 1994].
		The data are also beginning to suggest that one of the largest and most extensive temperature shifts of the past 500 to 1000 years occurred between A.D. 1850 and today.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/overpe00/node8.html (413 words)

	RealClimate » Myth vs. Fact Regarding the "Hockey Stick"
		Nearly a dozen model-based and proxy-based reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere mean temperature by different groups all suggest that late 20th century warmth is anomalous in a long-term (multi-century to millennial) context (see Figures 1 and 2 in "Temperature Variations in Past Centuries and The So-Called 'Hockey Stick'").
		MYTH #2: Regional proxy evidence of warm or anomalous (wet or dry) conditions in past centuries contradicts the conclusion that late 20th century hemispheric mean warmth is anomalous in a long-term (multi-century to millennial) context.
		MYTH #3: The "Hockey Stick" studies claim that the 20th century on the whole is the warmest period of the past 1000 years.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=11 (3321 words)

	NEW ON THE SEPP WEB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The absence of such warming would do away with the widely touted "hockey stick" graph (with its "unusual" temperature rise in the past 100 years) [see figure]; it was shown here on May 17 as purported proof that the 20th century is the warmest in 1000 years.
		As global temperatures fluctuate (no matter whether from natural causes or possible human causes), the ongoing sea level rise may be expected to show slight modulations; it may slow down for some decades or it may accelerate.
		The claim that the present century is the warmest of the past 1000 years relies on the "hockey-stick" temperature graph (Mann, Bradley, and Hughes, Geophysical Research Letters 1999).
	www.sepp.org /NewSEPP/testimony-singer.htm (2690 words)

	Climate Timeline Tool: Climate Science for 1,000 Years
		While the climate of the past 1000 years may have its own unique qualities, such as the growth in human population, it does serve as a fascinating case study of how climate varies in both subtle and sometimes dramatic ways.
		Reconstructions of temperatures and climate forcing are crucial for developing and testing climate models that can separate natural climate variability from the impact of human activities such as the release of carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land cover.
		Shown are smoothed (40 year lowpassed) reconstructions and, in the case of the Mann et al reconstruction, the associated 95% confidence interval.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /paleo/ctl/clisci1000.html (553 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Taking the Temperature by Lowell Ponte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The good news is that we possess such a thousand-year temperature record, as compiled in a new study by climate scientists at Harvard, the University of Delaware and elsewhere, funded in part by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA.
		A few years ago the issue of “acid rain” was fashionable, and enviro-zealots were demanding that sulfur be removed from all fossil fuels to prevent sulfuric acid rain.
		The biggest reason, the European Environment Agency announced this week, was increased fossil fuel burning to cope with the past “cold winter.” The brain-dead EU bureaucrats seemed oblivious to the irony that they were missing global warming targets because of the unusual cold.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=7746 (1739 words)

	Global Warming:A Chilling Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each year Government press releases declare the previous year to be the "hottest year on record." The UN's executive summary on climate change, issued in January 2001, insists that the 20th century was the warmest in the last millennium.
		Based on historical air temperatures inferred from ice core analyses from the Antarctic Vostok station in 1987, relative to the average global temperature in 1900 it has been determined that from 160,000 years ago until about 18,000 years ago Earth temperatures were on average about 3° C cooler than today.
		Temperature data inferred from measurements of the ratio of oxygen isotope ratios in fossil plankton that settled to the sea floor, and assumes that changes in global temperature approximately tracks changes in the global ice volume
	www.clearlight.com /~mhieb/WVFossils/ice_ages.html (3710 words)

	The Heat Is Online
		In 1998, researchers examining weather records for the previous 600 years declared that 1997 was the hottest year at least since the 1400s.
		The record revealed that the warmest years in that span were 1997, 1995, and 1990.
		An analysis of the climate of the last 1,000 year published in the July 14, 2000 issue of Science suggests that human activity is the dominant force behind the sharp global warming trend seen in the 20th century.
	www.heatisonline.org /contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=3458&method=full (1377 words)

	what's up with the weather: graphs tell the story
		Graph showing one degree Fahrenheit rise in the temperature record of the entire earth's surface during the 20th Century.
		This unbroken record of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere shows how it's gone up, in round numbers, from around 315 parts per million to around 370 parts per million on average today.
		This record was compiled from analyzing bubbles of fossilized air trapped in ice cores.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/warming/etc/graphs.html (231 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Sunspots reaching 1,000-year high
		But the most striking feature, he says, is that looking at the past 1,150 years the Sun has never been as active as it has been during the past 60 years.
		Over the past few hundred years, there has been a steady increase in the numbers of sunspots, a trend that has accelerated in the past century, just at the time when the Earth has been getting warmer.
		Over the past 20 years, however, the number of sunspots has remained roughly constant, yet the average temperature of the Earth has continued to increase.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3869753.stm (609 words)

	Climate Archives: The Climate Record of the Distant Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Understand how past changes in the Earth's orbit cause changes in the seasonal distribution of solar radiation, and how they have been the "pacemaker" for glacial-interglacial climate variations.
		Records of past temperature and atmosphere CO2 AND CH4 variations preserved in glacial ice (Fig 31 and Fig 32).
		The preindustrial CO2 level was ~280 ppm, it is now (1998) at 375 ppm By the time most of you are 30 years old it will be close to 460-470 PPM Doubling of atmospheric CO2 is expected by the year 2050, perhaps sooner depending on the emission scenario which plays out.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /edu/dees/ees/climate/lectures/cl_record.html (1272 words)

	ScienceDaily: 20-Year Global Temperature Record Shows Warming And Cooling Trends
		"For instance, 1998 was easily the hottest year in the 20-year global temperature record and the 1998 average temperature in the contiguous 48 states appears to be the warmest since 1896.
		Globally, the temperature trend from January 1979 through December 1998 was warming at the rate of about 0.06° Celsius per decade.
		Once the monthly temperature data is collected and processed, it is placed in a "public" computer file for immediate access by atmospheric scientists in the U.S. and abroad.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/01/990118080320.htm (1207 words)

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