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Topic: Temporal fenestrae

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	Temporal Fenestration of Amniotes
		Temporal fenestra are large holes in the side of the skull.
		The lower temporal fenestra is similar to the fenestra of synapsids, and it is generally bordered by the same bones (the jugal, postorbital, squamosal, and occasionally, the quadratojugal).
		The upper temporal fenestra is bordered by the postorbital, squamosal, parietal, and often, the postfrontal.
	tolweb.org /accessory/Temporal_Fenestration_of_Amniotes?acc_id=463 (928 words)

	Fall'96Syllabus
		Temporal fenestrae allow for the development of stronger muscles to work the jaw and facilitate attachment of these muscles to the skull.
		Snakes have further lost the upper temporal bar that primitively separates the upper and lower fenestrae, so that the two openings are confluent in snake skulls.
		Despite the fact that the anapsid skull is primitive for amniotes, all fossil amniotes with solid skulls have been shown (with additional skeletal evidence) to be part of either the turtle lineage (in the broad sense, i.e., Anapsida) or the diapsid lineage (as was the case with Hylonomus).
	ijolite.geology.uiuc.edu /03SprgClass/geo143/lectures/lect13.html (1646 words)

	Lecture 8 - Tetrapods
		Critical data for the relationships within the Amniota is present in the nature of various large openings in the skull called fenestrae (literally windows - fenestra, singular).
		Fenestrae are thought to serve several possible purposes.
		By the end of the Permian, herbivorous therapsids include the numerically dominant dicynodonts, while the carnivorous forms are dominated by the cynodonts, which are especially mammal-like.
	rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu /courses/v1001/8.html (1484 words)

	Temporal bone
		The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull.
		The structure of the squama is like that of the other cranial bones: the mastoid portion is spongy, and the petrous portion dense and hard.
		The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.
	www.anime.co.za /wiki/Temporal_bone (132 words)

	Anapsida: More on Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The trait of temporal fenestration has been used extensively in phylogenetic studies of amniotes, but unfortunately, it is not a reliable guide to their evolution.
		For instance, the lack of a temporal fenestra in most anapsids is not a synapomorphy (shared derived characteristic) of this group because this condition is primitive for amniotes.
		The presence of large post-temporal fenestrae in procolophonoids and pareiasaurs suggests that the expansion of the jaw musculature of anapsids began as early as the Upper Permian.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anapsids/anapsidamm.html (408 words)

	Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ: Part 1B
		New features: Temporal fenestra further enlarged, occupying virtually all of the cheek, with the supratemporal bone completely gone.
		Enormous temporal fossae for very strong jaw muscles, formed by just one of the reptilian jaw muscles, which has now become the mammalian masseter.
		Temporal fenestra still larger, larger jaw muscle attachments.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-transitional/part1b.html (4884 words)

	Lecture 9 - skull 3
		The squamosal is a dermal bone of the temporal region of the skull.
		The development of the suborbital fenestra on the palate and bounded by the palatine, pterygoid, and ectopterygoid creates a palatine-maxillary strut and a pterygoid-ectopterygoid strut.
		Diapsids - traditionally, two temporal fenestrae, one dorsal and one ventral but the homology and even existence of the ventral fenestra is questionable so more radically, presence of at least a dorsal temporal fenstra.
	www.usm.maine.edu /bio/courses/bio205/10_skull_2.html (1005 words)

	South African Journal of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The evolution of temporal fenestrae is correlated with the expansion of the jaw adductor muscles and the doming of the reptile skull through time.
		Formation of temporal fenestrae proceeds by the opening of sutures between bones or the embryological failure to close sutures.
		Temporal fenestrae formation has little to do with space needed for muscle bulging during contraction, but are rather correlated with the phylogenetic expansion of jaw adductor size and thus force production.
	www.nrf.ac.za /sajs/abjul01s.stm (244 words)

	Temporal fenestra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The temporal fenestra are anatomical features of the amniote skull, characterised by bilaterally symmetrical holes (fenestrae) in the temporal bone.
		The earlier amniotes of the Carboniferous did not have temporal fenestrae but the more advanced sauropsids and synapsids did.
		Euryapsids have one large opening on the sides of their skulls, just like the synapsids, but eurapsids are actually diapsids, their upper temporal fenestra were lost.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temporal_fenestrae (316 words)

	metazoa8
		The fenestrae seem to fulfill the function, at least on some animals that possess them, of serving as attachment points for the jaw muscles.
		The third type of amniote skull is the “synapsid”, which has only one temporal fenestra on each side of the skull.
		Such is the case of the extant mammals, in which the fenestra has been modified into a simpler concavity, the "temporal fossa".
	www.kingsnake.com /westindian/metazoa8.html (1435 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 220.300 Lepidosauromorpha: Eusauropterygia
		Long snout, small, narrow head; pterygoid vacuities closed by extension of pterygoid; extreme dorsoventral flattening of temporal region with the development of occipital flange on the squamosal and parietal, allowing posterodorsal expansion of the jaw adductor musculature; long neck; unique pectoral girdle: essentially circular in horizontal plane with large medial opening.
		Characteristic of secondarily aquatic reptiles, the vertebrae are disk-like and short, and the distal limb elements incompletely ossified); Untitled Document; Lecture 9 - Triassic: Moenkopi, Karroo, Ischigualasto; Fossils of the Upper Muschelkalk; Marine Reptiles: Nothosaur: Nothosaurus (test: this is a poor reconstruction.
		The upper temporal fenestra is not strongly elongated.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/220Lepidosauromorpha/220.300.html (1315 words)

	CVA13S00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Temporal Fenestrae: Openings in dermal skull roof lateral to braincase, allowing attachment of muscles, and perhaps laterall bulging of contracting muscles below skin.Anapsid condition: no temporal fenestrae.
		of temporal fenestrae from anapsid stem reptile (=cotylosaur), to therapsid (mammal-like reptile) to mammal; figure on handout on opposite side of Dermal cranium page.
		Zygomatic arch remains as remnant of lower border of temporal fenestra.
	webpages.marshall.edu /~hurlburt/310lec13.html (570 words)

	Comparative Anatomy Topic 3 - Amphibians and Reptiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of the ways that amniotes have traditionally been classified is by the fenestrae in the skull that allow for the passage of the jaw muscles.
		Diapsid Skull - the diapsid skull has two temporal fenestrae and it is possessed by most members of Diapsida including crocodiles, birds, and lizards.
		Euryapsid skull - this is a derived diapsid skull where the lower temporal fenestra is lost.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic3c/topic3c.html (665 words)

	Reptilia - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Duriong the 20th century, the standard classification of the reptiles was based on the system first proposed by Osborn and popularised in Romer's classic texbook Vertebrate Paleontology.
		This divides the reptiles into four subclasses according to the positioning of temporal fenestrae, the openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes for attachment of jaw muscles.
		Although the "Parapsida" were later for the most paret discarded as a group (the ichthyosaurs being classified as incertae sedis or with the Euryapsida) this schema remained more or less in use until the cladistic revolution.
	www.palaeos.org /Reptilia (845 words)

	Foraging and Trophic Ecology
		Ancestors of squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) were diapsids with two temporal fenestrae and rigid skulls like those of tuatara.
		The temporal region is less broad due to reduction or loss of the upper temporal fenestra.
		Various features of its anatomy, behavior, diet, temporal pattern of activity, thermoregulation, reproductive tactics, and predator escape tactics, can be profitably interrelated and interpreted to provide an integrated view of the ecology of this interesting animal (Pianka 1966; Pianka and Parker, 1975).
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~varanus/foraging.html (3229 words)

	Reptile Phylogeny 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		temporal region of the dermal armor of the skull may be penetrated by fenestrae (windows)
		*temporal region is a solid sheet of dermal bone
		Fig 3.29b An synapsid skull with two temporal fenestrae (Kardong, 2002).
	local.lander.edu /rsfox/308reptile1Lec.html (788 words)

	Sauropsida taxonomy - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This classification supplemented, but was never as popular as, the classification of the reptiles (according to Romer's classic Vertebrate Paleontology) into four subclasses according to the positioning of temporal fenestrae, openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes.
		It is also possible that some anapsids (notoriously turtles) are actually diapsids that lost their temporal fenestrae secondarily, which would make the group polyphyletic.
		In the 2004 edition of his textbook, Michael J. Benton uses the term "Class Sauropsida" to refer to all non-synapsid, non-avian amniotes, although most systematists would include Aves (birds), as in the original sense of the taxon.
	www.palaeos.org /Sauropsida_taxonomy (560 words)

	[No title]
		Much of the skull is under stress from the movements of the jaws and neck muscles, but some spots, in the cheek region, are under no stress, and cavities (or fenestrae) can develop without reducing the effectiveness of the skull.
		Synapsida - amniotes with one temporal fenestrae (surrounded by the postorbital, jugal, and squamosal bones)
		Diapsida - amniotes with two temporal fenestrae (one as in synapsids, and the other surrounded by the postorbital, squamosal, and parietal).
	www.gwu.edu /~darwin/BiSc151/Reptiles/Reptiles.html (2559 words)

	Extinct Reptiles
		Now, there were a number of different characteristics that are used as the basis forassigning animals to these subclasses, but one of the ones that's more obvious which is reflected inthe names that are given to these classes is the number and location of opening inside of the skull,which are these little crosshatched areas.
		And, in fact, the name Anapsida, which is the condition of having no opening, notemporal fenestra, that's the condition that is found in animals placed in the subclass Anapsida.
		And the Synapsid condition in which the temporal opening is somewhat low on the sideof the skull, and these 2 bones, the postorbital and squamosal bones meet above the fenestrae thatSynapsid condition is found in the subclass Synapsid.
	www.csupomona.edu /~dfhoyt/classes/zoo138/EXT_REPT.HTML (6075 words)

	Evidence for advanced carnivory in fossil armadillos (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) Paleobiology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Several morphological differences are demonstrated by the size and direction of the vectors that indicate the position of the landmarks of the target specimen in relation to the base specimen.
		Macroeuphractus is more similar to the pampatheres in the wider and less narrowly tapered rostrum, but to Euphractus in the outline of the cranium, so that the temporal fenestrae are wide and rounded.
		The temporal fossa is larger in Macroeuphractus than in the other cingulates (Figs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4067/is_200301/ai_n9171500/pg_3 (535 words)

	GEOL 104 Our Bodies, Our Selves: Introduction to Vertebrate Osetology
		Antorbital fenestra: a large opening in the facial bones of dinosaurs and their relatives, anterior to the orbit and posterior to the naris (fenestra, pl. fenestrae: an large opening in the skeleton, from the Latin word for "window")
		Temporal fenestrae: openings in the back part of the skull for attachment and expansion of the jaw muscles.
		Mandibular fenestra: in dinosaur and their relatives, an opening on the lateral surface of the mandible surrounded by the dentary and the postdentary bones
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tholtz/G104/10407anat.htm (1567 words)

	Untitled Document
		Paired vomers merge, migrate posteriorly and dorsally, the parasphenoid is lost, the pterygoids shorten, and shelf-like processes of maxillas and palatines grow to midline in front of shifting nares to form secondary palate.
		No longer needed with this new jaw articulation, the articular and quadrate bones migrate into the middle ear to become the malleus and incus respectively, two of the three mammalian ear ossicles that conduct sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
		Categorize the mammalian skull according to the temporal fossae.
	clem.mscd.edu /~haysc/public_html/bio322/q3objanswers.htm (3407 words)

	Dinosaurs
		have two temporal openings and are shown in bright and dark blue.
		This was a diverse group of carnivores and herbivores characterized by an enlarged temporal fenestra and significant modifications in the jaw, teeth, and the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
		It's particularly interesting that a wide variety of ecological nitches were filled by these animals, including small and large carnivorous therapsids and even a group which took the role of modern grazing mammals.
	www.bio.miami.edu /tom/bil160/bil160goods/21_dinos.html (1834 words)

	Parry and Carney
		The ancestral condition is to have no temporal fenestrae; this is called “anapsid”;.
		Turtles have no such fenestrae, so for a long time it was assumed that they were part of a basal radiation of anapsid reptiles.
		There are a few species known outside the crown group (the last common ancestor of living forms and all of its descendants), but these all have hallmarks of turtledom already: a shell with a carapace and a plastron, no temporal fenestrae, and those weird, intra-ribcage limb joints.
	parryandcarney.com (515 words)

	Characters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The holes at the back of the skull in all amniotes are called temporal fenestrae.
		It is now known that euryapsids are in fact a derived form of diapsid in which the lower temporal fenestra has been lost, and euryapsids have generally been reclassified as belonging to the Diapsida.
		The loss of the lower fenestra of the skull is part of their adaptation to marine life.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/euryaps/charact.html (278 words)

	Skulls
		Diapsid: two temporal fenestrae separated by postorbital and squamosal.
		May be modified by loss or reduction of postorbital bone in modern mammals, allowing merging of fenestra w/ orbit.
		Eurapsid: single temporal fenestra, bounded by different bones.
	biology.semo.edu /courses/zo315/skulls.html (460 words)

	Reptilia - Biognomen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Reptiles are classified based upon holes in their skulls called fenestrae that provide attachment points for jaw muscles (see Temporal Fenestration and the Classification of Amniotes).
		They lack the temporal fenestrae present in higher reptiles.
		They had one temporal fenestra that appears homologous with the upper fenestra of diapsids.
	webpages.charter.net /teefile/biognomen/Reptilia.html (104 words)

	dinosauromorpha
		This group in turn is part of Diapsida, which also includes the lepidosauromorphs, which include the lizards, snakes, and mosasaurs, a group of marine reptiles from the upper Cretaceous usually allied with the monitor lizards, but sometimes considered closer to snakes.
		Diapsids are known by their two temporal fenestrae, among other things.
		In the past, they were sometimes classified with the plesiosaurs and their allies in Euryapsida (again due to temporal fenestrae), a group which turned out to be unnatural.
	www.users.qwest.net /~jstweet1/dinosauromorpha.htm (2973 words)

	Diapsids
		Lack bony strut across base of temporal openings, which makes the jaw much more flexible for swallowing prey.
		Archosaurs are characterized an antiorbital fenestra, mandibular fenestra, eye opening is upside down triangle, teeth set in sockets (thecodont), specialized ankle bones, new trocanter on femur, limbs partly or completely under the body, stiffened spine so they don't wiggle back and forth while walking.
		One interesting side is the development of the large flightless birds in the eocene of South America exemplified by Diatrema, which stood 2 meters tall, and was the principle predator until mammal predators moved from north america when the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents.
	faculty.weber.edu /bdattilo/fossils/notes/diapsids.html (1461 words)

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