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Topic: Temporal masking

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	Temporal masking -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Temporal masking occurs when a sudden stimulus (The sudden occurrence of an audible event) sound makes (Click link for more info and facts about inaudible) inaudible other sounds which are present immediately preceding or following the stimulus.
		Temporal masking should not be confused with the (The sense organ for hearing and equilibrium) ear's (Click link for more info and facts about acoustic reflex) acoustic reflex, an involuntary response in the middle ear that is activated to protect the ear's delicate structures from loud (The sudden occurrence of an audible event) sounds.
		One example of temporal masking is the (Click link for more info and facts about illusory continuity of tones) illusory continuity of tones, an (Click link for more info and facts about auditory illusion) auditory illusion wherein a tone is interrupted by a burst of static but is perceived by the listener to be continuous.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/te/temporal_masking.htm (234 words)

	The Psychoacoustics of Sound
		The temporal pattern of the stimuli is illustrated by the inset in Figure 8.
		Masking and loudness patterns are displayed for an FM-'tone centred at 1500 Hz with a frequency deviation of ±700 Hz.
		For the description of fluctuation strength, the depth, ΔL, of the temporal masking pattern as well as the modulation frequency in relation to a modulation frequency of 4 Hz are of relevance.
	www.zainea.com /fastl.htm (4004 words)

	Spectral masking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spectral masking is a sound effect that arises from the analysis of two sound-files.
		The created effect is a third sound-file that is composed of the loudest parts of the analyzed sound-files.
		A frequency domain version of temporal masking, spectral masking tends to occur in sounds with similar frequencies: a powerful spike at 1 kHz will tend to mask out a lower-level tone at 1.1 kHz.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectral_masking (121 words)

	Journal of Vision - Temporal masking of stereo-slant discrimination, by Tanaka, Zhang, Berends, & Schor
		Purpose: To investigate the temporal and spatial properties of simultaneous and sequential stereo slant discrimination.
		Temporal masking was eliminated either by presenting the test target on a disparity pedestal or separating adjacent edges of the two targets by more than 0.5 degrees.
		Normal saccadic gaze shifts would not elevate slant discrimination thresholds with temporal masking because the combined latency and duration of a saccade is larger than the longest SOA that is associated with masking.
	www.journalofvision.org /2/7/317 (329 words)

	Introduction
		It should be noted that frequency masking occurs mostly within the same critical band and is considered to be instantaneous.
		There is another type of masking, called temporal masking, where signals are irrelevant within a certain time period of a large amplitude signal.
		Temporal masking is also restrained to the same critical band as the large amplitude signal.
	www.angelfire.com /fl/apfunk/AudioProc/page3.html (371 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The threshold 61 represents the psychoacoustic masking effects of a lower-frequency spectral component 60 and the threshold 64 represents the psychoacoustic masking effects of a higher-frequency spectral component 63.
		The scaling envelope in the central spectral hole is a composite of the upper portion of the masking threshold 61 and the lower portion of the masking threshold 64.
		A temporal masking threshold such as this may be used to derive a temporal shape of the scaling envelope.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/107328.031224&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (7813 words)

	American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology: Backward an simultaneous maksing measured in children with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Temporal masking refers to the position in time of a target sound (the signal) relative to that of a nontarget sound (the masker).
		The basic conditions of temporal masking are backward masking (the signal precedes the masker), simultaneous masking (the signal and masker occur together), and forward masking (the signal follows the masker).
		Their thresholds in simultaneous and forward masking were similar to those of unimpaired controls, indicating that children with LLI did not have a temporal processing deficit in a general sense.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3856/is_200108/ai_n8957886 (1398 words)

	Ahumada, Beard & Eriksson (1998 Electronic Imaging) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The masking and global sensitivity parameters are calibrated to masking data using brief grating target signals masked by a 700 msec grating with the same spatial parameters.
		For the spatial frequency of 1 cpd, the masking data show strong masking in the region of both the onset and the offset of the mask and negligible masking in the mask region.
		The most notable exception is the backward masking, which is generally explained as the result of the variation of the latency of signals as a function of their intensity as they pass through neural synapses.
	vision.arc.nasa.gov /personnel/al/papers/98ei.abe/text.htm (2347 words)

	Abstracts
		Forward masking growth functions were measured for pure-tone maskers and signals at 2 and 6 kHz as a function of the silent interval between the masker and signal.
		Taken together with previous results, the findings suggest that the principle nonlinearity in temporal masking may be the basilar membrane response function, and that subsequent to this the auditory system behaves as if it were linear in the intensity domain.
		A model of temporal resolution is presented that can explain certain aspects of the results in terms of the detection of "bumps" in the temporal excitation patterns produced by the stimuli.
	www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk /home/Chris_Plack/abstracts.html (2688 words)

	Masking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Visually, masking is mainly spatial, occurring in the vicinity of high contrast edges, but there are temporal effects as well.
		In addition, this masking effect does not disappear instantaneously after the tone is removed, but persists for a short time.
		There are also temporal masking effects for step transitions, which depend to some degree on the polarity of the temporal transition (fl to white or white to fl).
	www.bretl.com /mpeghtml/masking.HTM (197 words)

	Evaluating a Measurement System
		The masking effects of white noise, low-pass noise, and high-pass noise can be explained by the superposition of the masking effects of several narrow-band noise signals with a bandwidth of 1 bark.
		The backward masking effect (also called pre masking effect) depends on the frequency-domain structure of the masker and the test signal and the intensity of the masker.
		To construct the worst-case masking curve for simultaneous masking, all masking curves are shifted along the sound pressure axis so that the maskers of the different levels meet at the same point.
	www.zainea.com /evaluating.htm (3466 words)

	Simultaneous Masking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Simultaneous Masking is a frequency domain phenomenon where a low level signal, e.g, a smallband noise (the maskee) can be made inaudible by simultaneously occuring stronger signal(the masker), e.g, a pure tone,if masker and maskee are close enough to each other in frequency.
		The masking threshold depends on the sound pressure level (SPL) and the frequency of the masker, and on the characteristics of the masker and maskee.
		The calculation of the global masking threshold is based on the high resolution short term amplitude spectrum of the audio or speech signal, sufficient for critical band based analysis, and is determined in audio coding via 512 or 1024 point FFT.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /users/desin/Speech/node10.html (344 words)

	Temporal Processing Deficits in Children with Dyslexia
		Temporal integration includes tasks in which the intensity and duration of the signal interact such as in threshold determination and signal thresholds during different types of masking.
		This is in agreement with the conclusions drawn by Rosen and Manganari (2001) in their backward masking experiment that acoustic complexity may negatively interfere with temporal processing and suggests that complexity may be an important factor for temporal integration and temporal resolution.
		This would suggest that a tone onset asynchrony task is perhaps both a temporal integration task and a task of temporal resolution and that some mechanisms involved in tone onset asynchrony may overlap between the two types of temporal processing skills.
	www.healthyhearing.com /library/article_content.asp?article_id=231 (3296 words)

	ipedia.com: Temporal masking Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Temporal masking is a defence mechanism of the ear that is activated to protect its delicate structures from loud sounds.
		The window for masking is wider for masking sounds which precede the masked sounds, but the window for "backwards" masking is also significant.
		However, this type of backward masking is not to be confused with the backward masking used to hide time-reversed secret messages in sound recordings.
	www.ipedia.com /temporal_masking_1.html (257 words)

	Music and Media Technologies Home - Trinity College Dublin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Temporal and spectral resolution was therefore accurate over this range, ensuring that masking was accurately modeled.
		Auditory temporal resolution refers to the extent to which the ear is accurately able to follow a given stiumuli's temporal detail.
		Although there are many single-value measures of temporal resolution describing the performance of the auditory system in different situations, such as gap detection experiments, such single measures are not suited to a more general model of non-simultaneous masking since they do not adequately describe the spread of masking both forwards and backwards in time.
	www.mee.tcd.ie /mmt/ewd/kernel.php (710 words)

	Spectral masking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sound Masking Systems and Speech Privacy How sound masking works, history of sound masking and its implementation in providing speech privacy in different acoustical environments such as open office plans with cubicles, and healthcare facilities in order to fulfill hipaa oral privacy requir
		AB Multimask Masking Products A UK-owned company offering an extensive range of high temperature masking products, silicone plugs, bungs, stoppers, caps, high temperature masking tape, also vinyl plugs and caps for thread protection.
		Contrast Masking - The LightRoom How to use contrast masking to capture as much of the dynamic range of the original scene as possible.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Spectral_masking.html (425 words)

	Journal of Vision - Temporal tuning characteristics of perceptual templates, by Jeon, Lu, & Dosher
		Deriving the temporal weights of the perceptual template, however, requires an observer model that segregates the impact of non-linearities and intrinsic inefficiencies of the observer in order to account for the impact of external noise in various temporal configurations.
		We showed that the perceptual template model successfully accounts for temporal masking functions measured with a wide range of temporal configurations of external noise, and estimates the temporal characteristics of the perceptual template.
		The same procedure was then used to compare the temporal tuning characteristics of the perceptual template in pre- and simultaneous cuing of spatial attention in a peripheral Gabor orientation identification task.
	www.journalofvision.org /3/9/873 (311 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In experimental psychology, we term this as $masking$ which is in generally defined as the effect of one visual stimulus on the visibility of another \cite{netravali:77}.
		Spatial masking is a local visual phenomenon; it is context based and is determined by the gradients among the surrounding pixels and the current pixel; usually, the longer the distance to the current pixel, the less important the effect.
		Temporal masking also is associated with the concept of $flicker$ $frequency$, which is the frequency below which the HVS fails to detect some stimuli.
	www.graphics.cornell.edu /DISCOVER/projects/berger2/paper2 (5984 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I model the temporal response using a sliding temporal integrator, or temporal window.
		Oxenham, A.J., and Plack, C.J. "Off-frequency growth of masking and effects of masker duration in forward masking: Further evidence for the influence of peripheral nonlinearity," Hear.
		Plack, C.J., and Oxenham, A.J. "Basilar-membrane nonlinearity and the growth of forward masking," J. Acoust.
	privatewww.essex.ac.uk /~cplack/temporal_window.html (299 words)

	Titles and Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Because the model depends upon the temporal relationships between discharges of auditory-nerve (AN) fibers tuned to different frequencies, it is affected by cochlear nonlinearity.
		This hypothesis was tested in masking experiments at 500 and 4000 Hz with noise maskers having different amounts of envelope fluctuations, which should be affected differently by fine-structure and by envelope compression.
		The temporal window is an intensity-weighting function that simulates temporal masking and temporal resolution by assuming that the internal representation of an auditory stimulus is smoothed over time.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~longg/Abstracts.html (4864 words)

	Gerhard Junker (Wien/Österreich)
		An empirical study on the psychoacoustical phenomenon of temporal masking effects.
		Based on scientific findings about temporal masking effects, this study especially inspects the human response and attitude in a music-orientated application at the appearance of masking patterns.
		1, that the masking effect is extended over the objective toneduration, that means it is not limited to the physical presence-time of the test-tone impulse.
	gerhard.junker.info /publikationen/masking1996/masking1996.htm (3073 words)

	BROADCASTPAPERS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The temporal masking function (TMF) is a term that describes the effects that exist before and after a loud transient.
		Sound masked leading the transient is referred to as being pre-masked.
		Suppression of the transient degrades masking duration, impairing the perceptual codec’s ability to mask artifacts.
	www.broadcastpapers.com /radio/HarrisNeuralAudioPreconditioning03.htm (487 words)

	Sound Card Performance Test Techtalk Linear Distortion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		is a property of he human ear, whereby tones are not heard due to the current presence (spectral masking) or recent presence (temporal masking) of other, usually louder, tones.
		Masking is far higher, about 40 dB, for frequencies in the 1/3 octave band centered at 1 KHz.
		Masking makes levels of noise and distortion that are well above the normal threshold of hearing remain inaudible.
	www.pcavtech.com /techtalk/Masking (453 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A brief summary of their findings is that auditory analysis of the temporal aspects of auditory signals is important to the understanding of speech and language.
		The general time frame of temporal processing required for discrimination of phonemes appears to be in the range of 20 to 125 msec.
		She proposes that temporal deficits disrupt normal development of an efficient phonological system, and that these phonological processing deficits result in subsequent failure to speak and read normally (Tallal et al., 1993).
	www.cliftonhearing.com /capd/research (3553 words)

	1999; A sum-of-exponentials model for estimating the component processes contributing to temporal masking functions
		At last year's meeting, we (Formby et al, 1998; ARO Abstract #687) presented temporal masking functions that were characterized by complex patterns of temporal undershoot (enhanced detection) and overshoot (diminished detection) at onset and offset of a gated narrowband noise masker.
		These complex patterns may serve perceptually as cues to enhance the temporal onset and offset of the gated masker and to accentuate the temporal edges of the temporal masking function.
		The purpose of this presentation is to present a strategy for modeling the component processes that contribute to the general features of the temporal masking function, including the complex temporal undershoot and overshoot patterns.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/225.html (358 words)

	CIS 751 - Notes 0007
		So when dealing with sound for human consumption, we may be able to mask (or limit the effect of) frequencies outside this range, and the human listener won't hear much of a difference.
		Frequency Masking (also known as auditory masking) occurs when a sound we can normally hear is masked by another sound with a nearby frequency.
		The temporal masking may occur when a strong sound at frequency f is preceded or followed by a weaker sound of the same (or nearly the same) frequency.
	www.theparticle.com /cs/bc/mcs/notes0007.html (725 words)

	masking
		phenomenon is called masking and it is cartoonified in figure 9.
		Two features of masking can be noticed in figure 9.
		The latter phenomenon is called upward spread of masking, and it is
	www.faqs.org /docs/sp/sp-180.html (305 words)

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