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Topic: Tensiometer

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	Earth Systems Solutions: Tensiometer User's Guide
		After the tensiometer is filled and removed from the container of water, the pump is attached and a vacuum is applied, which draws air out of the water and also removes air bubbles held onto the sides of the tube and inside the dial gauge.
		To determine the offset of the gauge, the endcap on the tensiometer reservoir tube is removed, and a vacuum pump with an accurate gauge is attached.
		The tensiometer is read periodically to determine the moisture conditions in the soil and to examine the water-use behavior of the crop.
	www.earthsystemssolutions.com /assets/TensiometerUsersGuide.html (2010 words)

	Tensiometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tensiometer consists of a glass or plastic tube with a porous ceramic cup, and is filled with water.
		The tensiometer is buried in the soil, and a hand pump is used to pull a partial vacuum.
		Tensiometers are used in irrigation scheduling to help farmers and other irrigation managers to determine when to water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tensiometer (266 words)

	Tensiometer Service, Testing and Calibration
		Tensiometers measure soil water potential or tension, which is a measure of the amount of energy required for a plant to overcome capillary and gravitational forces to extract water from a soil.
		A tensiometer is a water-filled tube with a vacuum gauge and filling port at the upper end and a ceramic cup at the lower end (Figure 1).
		If the tensiometer vacuum test pump used is equipped with a check valve to sustain the vacuum in the tensiometer tube, and a small bleed valve to slowly release the vacuum as desired, then the test instrument can easily be used to compare the gauges at several vacuum levels.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AE086 (2765 words)

	SMS Products \| Tensiometers
		Tensiometers are also used to monitor the pressure potential at various depths in unsaturated soils.
		Standard SMS tensiometers are made of 0.85 inch OD (21.5 cm) grey plastic pipe with a 0.875 inch (2.22 cm) ceramic porous cups at their lower end.
		With these tensiometers it is possible to record the pressure with the transducer, and at the same time determine the pressure with a handheld tensimeter. This makes it easy to check the pressure transducers in the field and verify their calibration.
	www.soilmeasurement.com /tensiometer.html (1181 words)

	Tensiometer - Patent 5461929
		A tensiometer engages an elongated test member at three spacially displaced points, the intermediate point being defined by a fulcrum about which the member is bent by application of a known spring force to the member at one of the other points.
		The tensiometer of claim 14 wherein said projection includes a groove for engaging the elongated member whereby the position of said frame means relative to the elongated member will remain constant subsequent to engagement of said carriage means projection and support members with the elongated member.
		The tensiometer engages wire 1 at a third point via a movable carriage 3, the coupling of the instrument to the wire at the third point being by means of a hook 14 integral with the carriage.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5461929.html (2341 words)

	A comparison of irrigation scheduling by tensiometer versus evaporation pan
		Tensiometer data were obtained from eighty sets situated in the orchards of the 'Westfalia section' of the Estate.
		The condition was rectified by installing a tensiometer at a depth of 600 mm and refraining from irrigation until it reached a reading of 60 cb.
		Although the author is certain that the tensiometers are well adapted to the conditions on Westfalia Estate, research should be done on irrigation interval to ascertain the optimum one for conditions on the Estate, thus further optimising irrigation and drawing the maximum effect possible for conditions on the Estate.
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC1/WAC1_p054.htm (2092 words)

	TENSIOMETER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		When plant roots remove water from the soil and the soil becomes drier, water is drawn from the porous tip of the tensiometer into the soil until a state of equilibrium is reached between the soil moisture and the suction in the tensiometer.
		Tensiometers are normally installed after the crop is established, and they do not interfere with normal tillage operations during the growing season.
		Tensiometers are installed in a tight-fitting hole, then a vacuum pump is used to remove air from the tube.
	sanangelo.tamu.edu /agronomy/sorghum/tensio.htm (1497 words)

	A.M.I. AIDL TENSIOMETERS; GARDENING, FARMING & LANDSCAPING WATERING CONTROLLERS
		These tensiometers are particularly useful in large scale irrigation (fields) or for establishing the watering strategy of private and public gardens.
		The A.M.I./AIDL TENSIOMETERS allow the user to measure the level of soil-moisture tension and to determine for each crop the optimal irrigation strategy, that is both the optimal window of time when to water and the optimal amount of water to use each time.
		The A.M.I./AIDL Mercury Tensiometers are quite resistant and are equiped with a special valve which reduces the risk of mercury spilling both in the fields and during transportation.
	www.aidlltd.com /tensiometers.html (1268 words)

	Tensiometer-based irrigation of cut-flower roses
		Tensiometers that have been commercially available were designed for use in field soils and their gauges have been optimized for these soils by having a wide tension range (0 to 100 kPa).
		As water is extracted from the soil, the tension in the soil and the tensiometer increases.
		The tensiometers modified with transducers and high flow ceramic tips are able to effectively measure soil moisture tensions in the root zone of plants grown in beds and are capable of responding to rapid changes in soil moisture.
	lieth.ucdavis.edu /Research/tens/CCFC/95 (2707 words)

	܀ Tensiometers, Standard Bourdon Tensiometer, Electronic tensiometer
		Tensiometers consist of a ceramic cup attached to a tube filled with water.
		This type of tensiometer is very well suited to arable or horticultural water potential studies.
		Tensiometric canes consist of a ceramic cup glued to the bottom of a hollow PVC tube which is inserted into the soil to measure the water potential.
	www.vanwalt.com /tensionmeters.htm (295 words)

	instruction for use - Mottes Tensiometer
		When the tensiometer is placed into the soil after planting, there is a period of adaptation until the roots of the plant come in close contact with the tensiometer.
		The role of the upper tensiometer is to determine the interval between irrigating, while the lower tensiometer determines the size of irrigation quantity.
		When the mercury at the lower tensiometer starts dropping as well, remain at the same small amount of water given to the upper depth, until a sudden drop of mercury is also seen at the lower tensiometer, only then should the water quantity of irrigation be increased, so it reaches also to the lower depth.
	www.mottestens.com /insten.htm (1415 words)

	OWL2/BASIC Stamp to Irrometer Tensiometer
		Tensiometers consist of a porous ceramic cup attached to the bottom of a sealed tube.
		Tensiometers from Irrometer Corp convert soil moisture tension in the range 0-93 centibars into a current of 4-20 milliamps.
		Using a 150 ohm termination reistor, the output voltage to the ADC is 600 millivolts at 4 mA, zero cbar tension, and 3 volts at 20 mA, 93 cbar.
	www.emesystems.com /OL2irrom.htm (588 words)

	Tensiometers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The shallow tensiometer indicates the status of the soil moisture in the very active root zone area (i.e., it is used to schedule irrigations), while the larger one will detect any under or over-irrigations (e.g., it can be helpful in determining to which depth the soil moisture has actually penetrated and how quickly).
		The tensiometer continuously registers the readily AW for any soil type; however, the measurement is only for the depth at which the porous ceramic tip (which is about 2.5" in length) of the tensiometer is placed, and cannot measure moisture conditions above or below this point.
		Tensiometer readings of about 30-80 cb is the usual range for starting irrigations, except in drip irrigations where soil moisture is usually kept at FC.
	taipan.nmsu.edu /mvpfpp/tensiome.htm (904 words)

	Tensiometer modification for diminishing errors due to the fluctuating inner water column -- Thalheimer 67 (3): 737 -- ...
		Tensiometer modification for diminishing errors due to the fluctuating inner water column
		Comparison of laboratory readings from the modified tensiometer and external pressure during a cycle of progressive pressure reduction and final return to atmospheric pressure.
		Faybishenko, B. Tensiometer for shallow and deep measurements of water pressure in vadose zone and groundwater.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/67/3/737 (1706 words)

	Tensio-Technik - Tensiometer - Bewässerung \| Measurement \| Soil Moisture Measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The porous, clay tip of the tensiometer transfers water from within to the drier outer surroundings by means of capillarity, thereby, creating a sub-pressure within the sealed tensiometer tube.
		Since the water is not 100% reabsorbed, the tensiometer uses a small amount of water during the process of measuring, especially in dry ranges.
		Therefore, tensiometers are predestined for use primarily in moderately moist ranges where the maintenance is minimal.
	www.tensio.de /index.php?measurement (1306 words)

	Agripedia, Interactive Multimedia Instructional Agriculture Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Tensiometers provide a way of measuring the total and matric potential of soil water so we can determine which way the water is flowing.
		Now imagine that instead of being submerged, the tensiometer is in a soil that is pulling water from the tensiometer with —50 cm of matric potential.
		Obviously, it was not possible to install all of the tensiometers to their full depth and the ‘stick ups’ vary.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agripedia/classes/pls576/LAB7.asp (1613 words)

	Omni-Depth Tensiometer
		Berkeley Lab's onmi-depth tensiometer provides trustworthy readings of hydraulic potential (needed to determine moisture content and direction of water flow) in vadose zone soil at any depth.
		The onmi-depth tensiometer's unambiguous indicator tells when maintenance is needed; it prevents erroneous measurements and eliminates unnecessary maintenance.
		The onmi-depth tensiometer can be integrated into existing data acquisition systems and is corrosion resistant to provide accurate readings for many years.
	www.lbl.gov /Tech-Transfer/techs/lbnl1184.html (328 words)

	Tensiometer tips
		A tensiometer is a closed tube filled with water, with a ceramic tip at one end and a vacuum gauge at the other.
		Fill the tensiometer with a mixture of rainwater (l litre), methylated spirits (50 mL), and a few drops of food dye.
		Tensiometers should be read and recorded regularly, 2—3 times per week in summer.
	www.agric.nsw.gov.au /reader/soilwater/tensio1.htm (498 words)

	Response of the Osmotic Tensiometer to Varying Temperatures: Modeling and Experimental Validation -- Biesheuvel et al. ...
		the behavior of the osmotic tensiometer are summarized.
		tensiometer in which the concept of pressure lag is introduced.
		Haise H.R., Kelley O.J. Cause of diurnal fluctuations in tensiometers.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/63/6/1571 (3734 words)

	TENSIOMETER USE TO SCHEDULE CROP IRRIGATION
		If a tensiometer is used to schedule irrigation's, then it must be placed in the portion of the root zone that represent the same depletion level as the average depletion level calculated using the water budged approach.
		Consequently, a tensiometer needs to be placed between the second and third quarter of the root zone or at 63 percent of the depth of the roots in order for it to be placed in the depth of the root zone representing the average extraction level.
		The tensiometer needs to be lowered as the root depth increases, or two or three tensiometers need to be installed and the tensiometer used to schedule irrigation's should be the one closes to 63 percent of the root zone depth at the time of scheduling irrigation's.
	weather.nmsu.edu /Teaching_Material/soil456/Tensiometers (657 words)

	Tensio-Technik - Tensiometer - Bewässerung \| Surface Tensiometer \| Surface Tensiometer
		The porous clay base of the self-contained surface tensiometer creates suction pressure that then serves as a measurement of the moisture content of a substrate surface or of fleece matting.
		Surface tensiometers are suitable for use as tensiostats for controlling irrigation when used together with a switching sensor.
		In addition, the surface tensiometer in conjunction with a sensor or manometer can be used solely for measuring purposes on irrigation or technical fleece, on top of a substrate surface or in substrate.
	www.tensio.de /index.php?surface (440 words)

	Tensiometer-based irrigation of cut-flower roses
		The tensiometers that are used in irrigation management of field crops and turf, have generally been ones equipped with mechanical gages.
		At the 24 cm depth, the most rapid increase in tension is during the period of highest water demand from the plant (afternoon) and decreases in tension occur during the night as water moves from deeper soils.
		The system, using these modified tensiometers, is able to continuously monitor the moisture level of the soil, call for irrigation when the soil requires water, and turn the water off when an adequate amount has been applied.
	lieth.ucdavis.edu /Research/tens/CCFC/96 (2311 words)

	Interfacial DuNouy Tensiometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The CSC DuNouy Tensiometer is easy-to-use, accurate, portable and gives results reproducible to within +/- 0.05 dyne/cm.
		Quality surface tension testing and the CSC DuNouy Tensiometer has become an indispensable asset to a variety of industries including paints, coatings and inks; chrome, nickel, and brass plating; soap; surfactants; emulsions; crude and transformer oils and many more.
		The CSC DuNouy Tensiometer is also being used in many universities and technical centers as an important instrument for scientific studies.
	shopping.netsuite.com /s.nl/c.454464/sc.26/category.96/.f (169 words)

	KSV Instruments Ltd :: Tensiometer
		The measurement of surface / interfacial tension of liquids and contact angles of liquids against solids as performed by a tensiometer is based on force measurements of the interaction of a solid probe with the interface of a liquid or between 2 immiscible liquids.
		The advantages of this method are that the actual measurement is very simple to perform, one measurement gives an average for the whole sample and that wetting characteristics of single fibers can easily be obtained.
		The Tensiometer instrument also enables to determine the wettability characteristics i.e.
	www.ksvltd.com /content/index/keytensiometer (699 words)

	IRRIGATION AND WATERING SYSTEMS, PLANT-DRIP & TENSIOMETERS, GARDENING, FARMING & LANDSCAPING WATERING CONTROLLERS
		The Tensiotronic and Data collector are particularlty recommended for large fields, courts or gardens, which require a larger number of tensiometric stations.
		Indeed, with this system, the user can easily transfer all the data from as many Tensiometers as the user has set up to a unique data collector, then to a computer and to use the information thus recorded to easily establish optimal irrigation schedules.
		The Mercury Tensiometers allows to follow rapid soil moisture changes and are particularly recommended for sensitive crops.
	www.aidlltd.com /products.html (352 words)

	Scheduling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Soluble salts contribute additional soil moisture tension than that measured by the tensiometer (i.e., it measures matric potential, which is water adsorbed to the individual soil particles and held between the small capillary pores).
		The ceramic tip of the tensiometer tube is about 3" in length and is placed in the 6" - 9" root zone depth.
		A 24" tensiometer is recommended for placement in the 18"- 21" root zone depth for monitoring water movement below the root zone.
	taipan.nmsu.edu /mvpfpp/scheduli.htm (445 words)

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