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Topic: Tenuis consonant

	Ejective consonant - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Ejective consonants are a class of consonants which may contrast with aspirated or tenuis consonants in a language.
		Ejectives are voiceless consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis.
		The vast majority of ejective consonants noted in the world's languages consists of plosives or affricates, and all ejective consonants are obstruents.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ejective_consonant (600 words)

	Stop consonant - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
		Tenuis stops have a voice onset time close to zero, meaning that voicing begins when the stop is released.
		In such cases the terms fortis is sometimed used for aspiration or gemination, while lenis is used for single, tenuis or voiced stops.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Plosive_consonant (1076 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Consonant Changes.—(I) Between two vowels, or a vowel and a liquid, the seven consonants p, t, c, b, d, g, m, became respectively b, d, g, f, dd, -, f, where "-" represents the lost voiced spirant y.
		This change is called the " spirant mutation." The tenuis becomes a spirant also after r or 1, as in corff from corpus, and Elffin from Alpinus; but It gives lit or ll.
		A consonant occurring medially is, generally speaking, invariable in the present language; thus the p and d of cupidus are b and dd in cybydd; but with the initial consonant the case is different.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=69250 (11684 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Phonetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The English language has about 13 vowel and 24 consonant phonemes (depending upon dialect), which have multiple allophones.
		This differs from the lay definition based on the Latin alphabet, where there are 21 consonants and 5 vowels (although sometimes y and w are included as vowels).
		Phonetics was studied as early as 2500 years ago in ancient India, where there existed numerous phonetically extremely accurate treatises on the orthoepy of Sanskrit and a Tamil grammar book Tolkāppiyam (c.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Phonetics (668 words)

	Virittäjä-lehden hakemistot
		Consonant gradation presumably arose in Proto-Finnic, but originally took the form of phonetic variation such that in positions requiring weak grade, geminate plosives were pronounced shorter than usual, with "short endings", and single plosives were pronounced more weakly.
		This change also caused the consonant gradation of single plosives to alter; the precise reason for this depends on the phonetic form of the weak-grade allophones of single plosives at that period.
		The article suggests that the reason why weak-grade geminates became thus shortened was a change in the word-stress contour, a centralization in which the stress peak shifted closer to the begining of the main stressed syllable.
	www.kotikielenseura.fi /virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/vir95nahkola.html (489 words)

	Hangul - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Of the simple consonants, ㅊ chieut, ㅋ kieuk, ㅌ tieut, and ㅍ pieup are aspirated derivatives of ㅈ jieut, ㄱ giyeok, ㄷ digeut, and ㅂ bieup, respectively, formed by combining the parent consonant with an extra stroke representing aspiration.
		The letters for the consonants fall into five homorganic groups, each with a basic shape, and one or more letters derived from this shape by means of additional strokes.
		These were the tenuis (non-voiced, non-aspirated) plosives, g for ㄱ [k], d for ㄷ [t], and b for ㅂ [p], which were basic to Chinese theory, but which were voiced in the Indic languages and not considered basic; as well as the sibilant s for ㅈ [ts] and the liquid l for ㄹ [l].
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hangul (5876 words)

	Phoneme - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Variant phones that are not recognized as distinct by a speaker, and which are not meaningfully different in the language, are known as allophones of a phoneme.
		An important phoneme is the chroneme, a phonemically-relevant extension of the duration a consonant or vowel.
		Phonetically, the tenuis plosive in sky is closer to English /g/, which is partially voiceless in initial position, than to aspirated /k/.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/h/o/Phoneme.html (2912 words)

	HANGUL FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Tenuis (non-voiced, non-aspirated) plosives, ''g'' for ㄱ, ''d'' for ㄷ, and ''b'' for ㅂ were considered basic in Chinese, but not Indic languages; as well as the sibilant ''s'' for ㅈ and the liquid ''l'' for ㄹ.
		The sibilant ("dental") consonants were modified to represent the two series of Chinese sibilants, alveolar and retroflex, a "round vs. sharp" distinction which was never made in Korean, and which was even being lost from northern Chinese.
		There were also consonant clusters that have since dropped out of the language, such as ㅴ ''bsg'' and ㅵ ''bsd'', as well as diphthongs that were only used to represent Chinese medials, such as ㆇ, ㆈ, ㆊ, ㆋ.
	www.pvgames.com /Hangul (5369 words)

	Stiff voice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term stiff voice describes the pronunciation of consonants with a glottal opening narrower, and the vocal cords stiffer, than what occurs in "normal" (modal) voice.
		Although there is no specific IPA diacritic for stiff voice, the voicing diacritic (a subscript wedge) may be used in conjunction with the symbol for a voiced consonant.
		This page was last modified 01:42, 3 January 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stiff_voice (86 words)

	The Definitive Guide to Lenition XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Essentially, consonants may be lost from words, and as they are, they may pass through several stages; all the steps along the way are considered lenition.
		Synchronical lenition happens in the Celtic languages, where it is conditioned by grammatical rules (for example, in Scottish Gaelic the initial consonant of a noun is lenited by the masculine 3rd person possessive eg 'mÃ thair' "mother" - 'a mhÃ thair' "his mother" /m/â’/v/, but not the feminine possessive, 'a mÃ thair' "her mother").
		However, since few typesetters had the requisite slug, their convention has been to suffix the letter "h" to the consonant, to signify that it is lenited.
	www.applemacpro.com /s/Lenition (765 words)

	Postalveolar click - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The symbol is not an exclamation mark in origin, but rather a pipe with a subscript dot, the old diacritic for retroflex consonants.
		They are central consonants, which means they are produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
		The airstream mechanism is velaric ingressive, which means it is produced by movement of air into the mouth by action of the tongue, rather than by the glottis or the lungs.
	www.myproxy.ca /nph-index.cgi/111110A/687474703a2f2f656e2e77696b6970656469612e6f72672f77696b692f254337253833 (668 words)

	RUSSIAN LANGUAGE - LoveToKnow Article on RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Where a vowel was indispensable to help out a group of consonants, has been replaced by o or e, but these vowels sometimes appear without such justification (e.g.
		The result is that almost every consonant in Russian can,be pronounced hard or soft, a distinction which is very difficult for a foreigner to make, as his tendency is to overdo the softness and pronounce a full j after the consonant instead of the palatal element melting into it.
		This is encouraged by the alphabetic system by which the letters e (h), 10, ~s, stand for je, ju, ja at the beginning of a syllable, but after a consonant merely indicate that the consonant is soft, the vowel being the same as in ~, y, a (e, u, a), e.g.
	26.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RU/RUSSIAN_LANGUAGE.htm (2350 words)

	Phonation - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The resulting sound is modified by movements in the vocal tract, by the volume of the airflow and by the degree of constriction of the vocal cords.
		The "muddy" consonants in Shanghainese are slack voice; they contrast with tenuis and aspirated consonants.
		Outside of Europe, a lack of voicing distinctions is not uncommon; indeed, in Australian languages it is nearly universal.
	phonation.quickseek.com (1340 words)

	Khoisan
		Many of the Khoisan languages have five vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/ which can be produced with additional features, such as nasalization, pharyngealization, and different voice qualities such as breathy and creaky voice, sometimes resulting in up to 40 different vowels.
		A tenuis* consonant is a voiceless unaspirated consonant, such as the [p] in Spanish or French that are produced without the puff of air that accompanies the English [p].
		In addition to click consonants, the Khoisan languages use a large number of other consonants, up to a total of 90 consonants in Gwi.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/september/khoisan.html (990 words)

	edonnelly.com - Latin Resources
		For us, however, it is more convenient to distinguish the vowel and consonant sounds, and to write i and u for the former, j and v for the latter.
		Other combinations of two or more consonants are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel; as, ma-gis-trī, dig-nus, mōn-strum, sis-te-re.
		Thus, a syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants, as ng, is long, because such a syllable requires more time for its pronunciation; while a syllable containing a short vowel followed by one consonant is short, because it takes less time to pronounce it.
	www.edonnelly.com /latin/bennett001.html (1641 words)

	Voiceless alveolar plosive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
		It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
		The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
	www.myproxy.ca /nph-index.cgi/111110A/687474703a2f2f656e2e77696b6970656469612e6f72672f77696b692f566f6963656c6573735f616c76656f6c61725f706c6f73697665 (548 words)

	Sandhi and Syllables in Classical Sanskrit
		Then consonants remaining in codas are neutralized in ways that are partly sensitive to the morpheme or its class.
		The situation is slightly obscured for stem-final consonants because the most common case in the morphology is for that consonant to form an onset with the ending.
		The usual way of accounting for this is to provide that when two consonants follow a vowel, at least a short one, the first consonant syllabify with the preceding vowel, so that one can say that closed syllables are heavy.
	www.tphta.ws /TPH_SSCS.HTM (4862 words)

	Chapter Five--Grimm
		The history of views on the consonant shift is virtually a history of linguistic theory until 1875; subsequently it is equivalent to the theory of historical linguistics, from the neogrammarian position (that each consonant should be treated individually) to that propounded today (that the entire shift be viewed as a whole).
		He was also fortunate in his ignorance of phonetics, which permitted him to class together consonants which were quite different in articulation, and to produce a statement which passes beyond details to the system.
		Words in which two consonants agree are doubly certain (Gk trandeacutekhein, þragjan; pódes, fôtjus); those in which one consonant agrees, another deviates, are suspicious; even more suspicious, those whose consonants showed essential equivalence in the three languages without gradation.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/LehmannReader/ch05grimm.html (5251 words)

	Allen and Greenough Part I: Forms (search version)
		Voiced consonants are pronounced with the same vocal murmur that is heard in vowels; voiceless consonants lack this murmur.
		Between consonant i and a preceding a, e, o, or u, an i was developed as a transient sound, thus producing a diphthong ai, ei, etc., before the consonant i.
		NOTE.--The length of a syllable before consonant i is due to a transitional sound (vowel i) which forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel: as, ai-o (for ai-io), ma ior (for mai-ior).
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/AG_1.html (16629 words)

	Chapter Ten--Grassmann
		If aspirates that belong to the same root occur in two consonant groups of a word which are separated by a vowel, then one of them, usually the first, loses its aspiration.
		The initial media of Sanskrit is replaced in Greek by the tenuis, in Latin by the aspirate, in Germanic by the media.
		Only the fourth equilibrium form with tenuis initially and finally is normal in Greek, but it is greatly outnumbered by the numerous roots in which no equilibrium of the designated type takes place; and indeed all five types of non-equilibrium occur, and most of them in great abundance.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/LehmannReader/ch10grassmann.html (7558 words)

	Stop consonant FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In such cases the terms is sometimed used for aspiration or gemination, while is used for single, tenuis or voiced stops.
		A stop (in the narrow sense) is produced with more muscular tension than a stop (in the narrow sense).
		There are a series of stops in Korean, sometimes written with the IPA symbol for ejectives, which are produced using "", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless stops.
	www.webguidelive.com /en/stop_consonant (934 words)

	Sandhi and Syllables in Classical Sanskrit
		This also brings to mind Old English alliteration, which normally matches words that have the same single initial consonant, but which in the case of /s/-stop clusters requires both segments to match (Bright 1957:230); this would be very odd if the /s/ is not even part of the syllable.
		In the consonant charts are seen Final Voicing of obstruents (Selkirk 1980:115) and Stop To Nasal (p.
		The general rule appears to be that when aspiration is delinked from a voiced consonant at the end of a root, it can dock on a voiced consonant at the beginning of the root (Whitney 1964:53).
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~bkessler/sandhi-WCCFL/WCCFL-sandhi.html.en.utf8 (5720 words)

	Hangul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Two consonants, ᇰ and ᇢ, have dual pronunciations, and may be composed of two elements to represent these ({{IPA[ŋ]}}/silent and {{IPA[m]}}/{{IPA[w]}}, respectively).
		Tenuis (non-voiced, non-aspirated) plosives, ''g'' for ㄱ {{IPA[k]}}, ''d'' for ㄷ {{IPA[t]}}, and ''b'' for ㅂ {{IPA[p]}} were considered basic in Chinese, but not Indic languages; as well as the sibilant ''s'' for ㅈ {{IPA[ts]}} and the liquid ''l'' for ㄹ {{IPA[l]}}.
		In the original Hangul system, double ''jamo'' were used to represent the "muddy" (murmured) Chinese consonants, and were not used for Korean.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Hangul (5391 words)

	STOP CONSONANT FACTS AND INFORMATION
		A prenasalized stop starts out with a lowered velum that raises during the occlusion.
		The closest examples in English are consonant clusters such as the nd in ''candy'', but many languages have prenasalized stops that behave as single consonants.
		The duration between the release of the stop and the voice onset is called ''voice onset time'' (VOT).
	www.factagent.com /stop_consonant (984 words)

	Help.com - lateral alveolar click (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They are lateral consonants, which means they are produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the sides of the tongue, rather than the middle of the tongue.
		However, it is the clucking sound used by equestrians to urge on their horses.
		In the Nguni languages, the tenuis click is denoted by the letter x, the murmured click by gx, the aspirated click by xh (as in "Xhosa"), and the nasal click by nx.
	help.com /wiki/Lateral_alveolar_click (502 words)

	Phoneme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For example, in Korean, there is a phoneme /r/ that is a flapped ''r'' between vowels, and is an ''l''-sound next to other consonants.
		Usually, long vowels and consonants are represented either by a length indicator or doubling of the sound in question.
		Phonetically, the unaspirated tenuis plosive in ''sky'' is closer to English /g/, which is partially voiceless in initial position, than to aspirated /k/.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Phoneme (3383 words)

	Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and CollegesMachine readable text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		NOTE 1.In syllables long by position, but having a short vowel, the length is partly due to the first of the consonants, which stands in the same syllable with the vowel.
		NOTE 2.In final syllables ending with a consonant, and containing a short vowel, the quantity in verse is determined by the following word: if this begins with a vowel the final consonant is joined to it in pronunciation; if it begins with a consonant the syllable is long by position.
		In compounds with prepositions the final consonant in the preposition was often assimilated to the following consonant, but usage varied considerably.
	www.chlt.org /sandbox/perseus/ag.gram_eng/page.1.a.php (2109 words)

	phoneme Information Center - phonemes
		Variant linda mood phoneme sequencing program phones that are not recognized list of english phonemes as distinct by a speaker, and which are not meaningfully different in the language, are known as allophones of a phoneme.
		This difference known as danish phonemes contrastiveness is sufficient to distinguish words, and therefore the P and S sounds are said to be different phonemes.
		On other extreme, the Bantu phonics phonemes language Ngwe has fourteen vowel qualities, twelve of which may occur long or short, /r/ phoneme word list for twenty-six oral vowels, plus six nasalized vowels, long and short, for thirty-eight vowels; while !Xóõ achieves thirty-one pure vowels—not counting vowel length, which it also has—by varying the phonation.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_N_-_P/phoneme.html (3001 words)

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