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Topic: Teotihuacan Empire

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	Teotihuacan
		The rise and fall of Teotihuacan coincide roughly with the rise and fall of the Roman Empire beginning around 600 BC, and going into decline around 650 AD before the city was sacked, burnt, and abandoned.
		Teotihuacan is unique in the fact that the murals uncovered here do not depict the thematic violence or ritualistic sacrifices found in other ceremonial cites, they portray a society which seemed to be interested more in astronomy, and the benevolent Quetzalcoatl, represented by the plumed serpent.
		The Pyramid of the mood at Teotihuacan appears to be as tall as the Pyramid of the Sun due to the fact that it is built on higher ground.
	www.advantagemexico.com /mexico_city/teotihuacan.html (583 words)

	Teotihuacan
		The ruins of Teotihuacan are found in the Valley of Mexico about 40 km from the ancient city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), capital of the Mexica (Aztecs), in the mountains of central Mexico.
		Teotihuacan was a vitally important religious and ceremonial center, a link to the ancient past of the Valley of Mexico.
		Teotihuacan was meticulously planned in a complex grid pattern: for example every 57 metres there were street intersections.
	www.delange.org /Teo/Teo.htm (3241 words)

	Aztec Empire - MSN Encarta
		Aztec Empire, Native American state that ruled much of what is now Mexico from about 1428 until 1521, when the empire was conquered by the Spaniards.
		After the Spanish conquest, the empire of the Aztec was destroyed, but their civilization remained an important influence on the development of Mexican culture.
		The group that eventually founded the Aztec Empire, the Mexica, migrated to the Valley of Mexico in the middle of the 13th century.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761593151/Aztec_Empire.html (854 words)

	TEOTIHUACAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Teotihuacan begun importing green volcano-rock, since the local was grey, from the Navajas mountain in Hidalgo.
		Teotihuacan art has something that does not change, and lives in the strength of its piramids aswell as in the esplendid stone masks or in the fine ceramics.
		During the final era of the city (650-700 a.d.), teotihuacan society crumbles, but the total inhabited area is almost the same as in the times of its normal life and the number of inhabitants only diminishes slowly.
	mexico.udg.mx /historia/precolombinas/ingles/Azteca/teotihuacan.html (1362 words)

	About Teotihucan
		(I was stunned to realize that Teotihuacan was at its apex while Europe was in the dark ages!) These cultures were extinguished or fast-fading by AD 900, and were replaced by the great states of the Post-Classic period, beginning with the Toltecs and culminating in the great empire of the Aztecs.
		It was the Aztec civilization that the Spanish encountered when they invaded the New World in the early 1500's, bringing to an end at least fifteen thousand years of Native American history and destroying most of the records of this history in their religious zeal to eradicate paganism.
		Teotihuacan was laid out shortly after the time of Christ on a grid plan that is consistently oriented to 15 degrees 25 minutes east of true north, suggesting that the planners must have been sophisticated surveyors.
	www.corelight.org /teotihuacan/aboutteo.html (1492 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Braswell, The Maya and Teotihuacan
		Karl Taube (1992c) studied imagery from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid at Teotihuacan and concluded that the War Serpent of the Maya and a particular headdress are derived from this figure.
		Taube concludes that Teotihuacan, which often has been portrayed as a monolithic culture, borrowed freely from other societies, and that some of the most "typically Teotihuacan" works of art are among the most eclectic in the city.
		Teotihuacan was the largest and most powerful city of Early Classic Mesoamerica, and it is not surprising that the web of connections reflected its size and grandeur.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exbramay.html (15338 words)

	Teotihuacan
		A lot has been written about the ruins of Teotihuacan, and the purpose of this section is, as with the other sites mentioned, to give a description of most of the features worth visiting with images of each one.
		Up to 200BC, there was moderate population of the Teotihuacan area, but this was followed by a veritable explosion in a hundred years in which one of the biggest cities of the world at that time was created.
		Again, it is not clear whether this was the result of a fatal civil conflict or invasion from barbarians, but this event effectively ended Teotihuacan's position as an empire, although a skeleton population lived on in the ruined city for centuries to come.
	www.geocities.com /atlantis01mx/st_mex_east/teotihuacan.htm (2263 words)

	[No title]
		The essay will argue that the fall of the city and it's empire was a rebellion within the city itself, a result of class warfare sparked by economic and environmental disaster that had both sprouted up around it, and been caused by it.
		Because of the central importance of trade in the empire's economy, and because of the practice of both forced and voluntary relocation to the city, Teotihuacan became extremely multicultural.
		There are two explanations for this: 1, because the Empire could no longer control many of it's foreign possessions, the military forces that had held these places were being recalled; and 2, the city was trying to stem internal conflicts, as the city's power began to disperse from the nobility into the lower classes.
	www.ericrosenfield.com /teotihuacan.html (2602 words)

	The History of the Aztecs
		Centuries later another empire was created by the people of the city of Tollan (Tula), known as the Toltecs.
		Despite the rise and fall of empires there was a continuity of culture in the Valley of Mexico.
		The Tepanecs were expansionists and defeated the rival empire of Texcoco, but over-reaching leaders of the Tepanecs brought into existence a coalition of peoples who defeated the Tepanecs and restored Texcoco.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/aztecs.htm (925 words)

	New Tomb at Teotihuacan
		Teotihuacan's Pyramid of the Sun was built directly over the cave in the second century A.D. Plan of Teotihuacan (Lynda D'Amico) (left) [LARGER IMAGE] Location of the tomb within the Pyramid of the Moon (drawing based on Juan Acosta, 1978; trenches and location of tomb from author's notes) (right) [LARGER IMAGE]
		Teotihuacan had lain in ruins for nearly six centuries when the nomadic Mexica tribes, the Aztecs, wandered into the Valley of Mexico.
		The inhabitants of Teotihuacan were a multiethnic population who worshiped a goddess, possibly the embodiment of Cerro Gordo ("Fat Hill"), a sacred mountain just north of the site associated with the goddess cult and the region's fertility.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/mexico (1601 words)

	World Mysteries - Mystic Places: Teotihuacan
		Teotihuacan used to be a thriving city and ceremonial center that predated the Aztecs by several centuries.
		Teotihuacan's decline was almost as rapid as its rise to prominence.
		The Teotihuacan Valley is a side valley of the Valley of Mexico and is one of a number of natural basins in the midst of an extensive region of volcanoes, therefore, there are many caves formed from the tubes of old lava flows.
	www.world-mysteries.com /mpl_7.htm (2833 words)

	History of Puebla and Cholula Mexico
		The city and the pyramid grew during the time of the Teotihuacán empire.
		Much of the pyramid shows the talud-tablero style of construction that prevailed then and which was very common at Teotihuacán.
		In any case Cholula shrank in size when the Teotihuacán empire collapsed under the pressure of northern invaders around 600 no doubt being subject to the same forces.
	www.geocities.com /sermextr/puebla.htm (1019 words)

	Ancient City of Teotihuacan a Modern Battleground Between Conservationists, Wal-Mart
		SAN JUAN TEOTIHUACAN, Mexico - A Wal-Mart store rising near the 2,000-year-old pyramids of the Teotihuacan Empire has ignited the wrath of Mexican conservationists and nationalists, who say the U.S. retailer is destroying their culture at the foot of one of Mexico's greatest treasures.
		Mysteriously abandoned around 700 A.D., Teotihuacan was called "the place where the gods were created" by the Aztecs, who re-encountered the city in 1300.
		Teotihuacan, which flourished between 250 and 600 A.D., controlled an intricate network of commercial routes that stretched north, west and south, reaching a thousand miles to the Classic Maya civilization of southeastern Mexico and Guatemala.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines04/1022-06.htm (1196 words)

	Mexico in 1993
		The Olmec influence gave rise to the Zapotec culture of Monte Alban near Oaxaca around 300 BC, and a century later, to the Iztapan culture on the Mexico - Guatemala border near the Pacific coast, that is thought to have transmitted Olmec memes to the Maya tribes long established in Guatemala and the Yucatan peninsula.
		Olmec memes are also found in the great Teotihuacan Empire that developed 50 km northeast of Mexico City from the time of Christ to about 600 AD when it was destroyed.
		Internal conflicts between followers of the war god Tezcatlipoca and followers of Quetzalcoatl, the plumed serpent led to the expulsion of the latter who migrated to the Yucatan peninsula where they overcame the Maya, were absorbed by them and became their elite in the 11th century.
	berclo.net /page93/93en-mexico.html (757 words)

	The Fall of Teotiuhuacan
		Although Teotihuacan presents a puzzle to archaeologists because it was a huge city that appears to have arisen without antecedents, the single most important fact which archaeologists have learned about the Classic period in Mexico was the supremacy of Teotihuacan.
		From the highpoint of civilization at Teotihuacan, wars became the rule of the day, and for those unfortunate enough to be captured, sacrifice to the gods.
		Military empires, such as the Toltecs in the twelfth century AD (and later the Aztecs, starting in fourteenth century AD), which grew up from these warring factions were the cultures met by the Spanish in 1519 and largely eradicated by 1521.
	www.corelight.org /teotihuacan/fallofteo.html (802 words)

	Toltec Empire: 300-600
		Those small groups of the Teotihuacan Empire were people from many smaller tribes that migrated together to the area of Teotihuacan.
		Teotihuacan was located in the valley of Mexico, about 30-40 miles northeast of Mexico City.
		Another valuable trade resource was metal and stone tools because the location of the Teotihuacan Empire was in the immediate vicinity of the richest Mesoamerican deposits of exceptional obsidian.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Americas/Toltec.CP.html (784 words)

	Tepotzolan Cuernavaca Theotihuacan Taxo Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		After centuries as the capital of an empire, Teotihuacan fell in the 7th century.
		A tiny group of invaders destroyed the Aztec empire, brought a new religion and reduced the native people to second class citizens and slaves.
		Teotihuacan, If there is any 'must see' attraction in the vicinity of Mexico City, it is Teotihuacán, some 50 km north-east of the city.
	www.storiesfromdouwe.com /mexicoe.html (2426 words)

	Tollan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tollan or Tolan or Tolán is the name used for the capital city of two empires of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica; first for Teotihuacan, and later for the Toltec capital of Tula.
		After the collapse of the Teotihuacan empire, central Mexico broke into various petty states.
		In Aztec accounts at the time of the arrival of the Conquistadores, Teotihuacan and the Toltec capital sometimes seem to be confused and conflated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tollan (251 words)

	TEOTIHUACAN ART
		This mask defines what most Teotihuacan masks are characterized by: a flat, smooth face bordered into the shape of an upside-down trapezoid.
		This is one of two Teotihuacan masks which were actually found at the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, where they were buried in tribute to the majesty of the Aztec empire.
		At its heyday around the sixth century C.E., the metropolitan area of Teotihuacan may have reached a population of 200,000 (twice the size of Beaumont, Texas), which would have made it one of the largest cities on Earth at the time.
	members.aol.com /emdelcamp/teoti.htm (1154 words)

	The Mystery of Quetzalcoatl
		For the Aztecs, the world begins with the Fifth Sun, that of the Toltecs, which was born in the "spirit oven" of Teotihuacan.
		At its height, the Toltec Empire may have emcompassed a vast sweep of modern Mexico and Guatemala, or may have been confined to a small portion of the central Valley of Mexico.
		It has been assumed (both by the Aztecs and later historians) that the Toltec empire was of similiar breadth, although perhaps not as large and certainly not as well organized.
	www.rjames.com /Toltec/timeline.htm (1699 words)

	TOLTEC ORIGINS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Coming between the great trading empire of Teotihuacan and the military tribute state of Tenochtitlan, the Toltecs can be viewed as the critical link between the ancient past of the pyramid builders and the modern (and well-documented) Aztec society which the Spanish discovered and conquered in 1520.
		The burning of Teotihuacan may be the "spirit oven" of later Aztec myth.
		1050-1100) The Toltec empire fractures or is overrun by barbarians from the northwest.
	www.resonateview.org /places/writings/toltec/toltec-origins.htm (1399 words)

	Toltec
		The Toltec Empire appeared in the Central Mexico area in the 10th century AD, when they established their central city of Tula.
		The Toltec Empire was the first of the extreme militaristic cultures in the region that used their might to dominate their neighbors, a trend associated with the later cultures in the region, especially the Aztecs.
		The Toltec Empire lasted until the 12th century, when it was destroyed by the Chitimecs and other attacking groups.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/meso/cultures/toltec.html (537 words)

	Teotihuacán - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The earliest buildings at Teotihuacan date to about 200 BCE, and the largest pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun, was completed by 100 CE.
		Teotihuacan astonished the Spanish conquistadores during the Contact era.
		Minor archaeological excavations were conducted in the 19th century, and in 1905 major projects of excavation and restoration began under archaeologist Leopoldo Batres.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teotihuacan (1997 words)

	Adventure in Mexico - Explore Mexico
		The empires of the Mayans and the Aztecs are the best known of these but others such as the Toltecs, Olmecs, and Zapotecs have left their mark in various parts of the country.
		At its height in the 6th century the Teotihuacan Empire covered the southern two thirds of Mexico and all of Guatemala and Belize.
		The Mayan Empire went into decline in the latter half of the 8th century and had ceased to exist by the end of the 10th.
	www.keadventure.com /countries/mexico (1502 words)

	UFO Area Mexican pyramid - launch pad for an attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Once the center of a sprawling pre-Hispanic empire, Teotihuacan is set to become the launch pad for an attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life.
		MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Mexico's Teotihuacan, once the centre of a sprawling pre-Hispanic empire, is set to become the launch pad for an attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life.
		Archaeologists say a culture centred in Teotihuacan, known as the City of the Gods, dominated Mesoamerica for hundreds of years during the first millennium.
	www.ufoarea.com /et_search_and_contact_mexican.html (299 words)

	Nahua Newsletter 15
		Hegemonic empires maintain control by coercing local elites to maintain local control, with the threat and/or protection of imperial power used to deter aggression between local populations.
		According to Hassig, the eventual downfall of the Toltecs was the use of the bow and arrow by Chichimec invaders and the hegemonic aspects of the empire.
		It might be argued, however, that problems inherent in craft specialization (e.g., maintaining internal as well as external trade, regulating social relations among competing economic groups) as well as competition for prestige and internal political control pressure elite rulers into expansionistic policies as a means to solidify their own political and economic bases.
	www.ipfw.edu /soca/Nahua15.html (10469 words)

	Part IV of The Central High Plains, Tlaxcala - Archeological Findings. PERSPECTIVES FROM MEXICO BY CHARLES MORITZKY, IN ...
		Although they never developed a culture identified as the Tlaxcala culture, the area was either influenced by, or dominated by, Teotihuacan and the Toltec.
		For at least 1500 years before the conquest, the various empires had extended their reach and influence far from the center of their cultures, not only learning from others, but also extending their own cultural influences.
		The Toltecs reached their zenith around the time of the demise of the Teotihuacan empire (150 BC to 750 AD).
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/travel/cmoritzky/cmhighlands4.html (1773 words)

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