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Topic: Teragrams

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	FOREST CARBON STORAGE DIMINISHING
		Scientists have found that forests are now absorbing about 100 of the 1,300 "teragrams" of carbon emitted each year by fossil fuels and other sources in the United States.
		However, in a second report they concluded that increasing forest harvests, a decreasing forest land base and a reduction in average stand age could reduce the carbon "sequestration" ability of these forests to about a break-even point, or carbon equilibrium within 25 years.
		A single teragram represents one million metric tons of carbon, which in forms such as carbon dioxide is a key element of the greenhouse effect.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA06/carbon.html (538 words)

	RICE Highlights
		The total annual global source strength of atmospheric methane, an important greenhouse gas, is estimated to be 500 teragrams, with anthropogenic sources accounting for 340 teragrams.
		With an estimated sink strength of 460 teragrams per year, the annual increase of atmospheric methane is 40 teragrams.
		Methane emissions from flooded rice cultivation is currently estimated to be 60 teragrams per year; among the highest sources worldwide.
	www.igac.noaa.gov /newsletter/highlights/1995/ricer.html (1374 words)

	Atmospheric composition, carbon dioxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ocean produces about 10 teragrams per year of methane, and fresh water and methane hydrate contribute smaller amounts.
		Anthropogenic sources include coal mining, natural gas and petroleum industry at about 100 teragrams, which is almost as much as natural wetlands.
		Rice paddies produce on the order of 60 teragrams by means of a process where methane produced in the soil is able to travel up to the hollow stem of the rice plant and be released into the atmosphere without passing through the water which would tend to suppress the evolution of methane gas.
	www.iitap.iastate.edu /gcp/chem/gases/gases_lecturegood.html (929 words)

	Climate change could release old carbon locked in Arctic soils, researchers say
		Scientists had not known the age of the carbon that reaches the ocean: was it recently derived from contemporary plant material, or had it been locked in soils for hundreds or thousands of years and therefore not part of Earth's recent carbon cycle?
		The study concludes that the land-derived dissolved organic carbon reaching the Atlantic via this current is much younger than the marine component.
		The fate of the young land-derived dissolved organic carbon in the Atlantic Ocean is uncertain, but there is no evidence of this material at lower latitudes in the Atlantic, the researchers say.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/agu-ccc022704.php (606 words)

	Part 2. Exploring Scientific Evidence and Evaluating Choices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The accompanying pie chart shows the current annual release to the atmosphere of teragrams (1 teragram = 1 billion kilograms) of carbon by several different countries.
		Rice paddies produce about 60 teragrams of carbon per year by means of a process where methane produced in the soil is able to travel up to the hollow stem of the rice plant and be released into the atmosphere without passing through the water which would tend to suppress the evolution of methane gas.
		Increases in global animal populations are contributing to the increase in atmospheric methane.
	www.iitap.iastate.edu /gcp/gwmodule/content/anthrocause.html (747 words)

	Dandruff pollution is not a flaky idea, study says \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		He estimated that the amount of biological particles in the air, worldwide, annually is 1,000 teragrams.
		A teragram is somewhat more than a million tons.
		By comparison, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, established by the World Meteorological Organization and the U.N. Environmental Program, estimated biological particles at 56 teragrams, compared with 3,300 teragrams of sea salt and 2,000 teragrams of mineral dust.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/68332 (503 words)

	Science News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Worldwide, more than 40 trillion grams (40 teragrams) of nitrogen per year enter the atmosphere as part of nitrogen oxides and other nitrogen-containing gases, says Meredith Galanter, an atmospheric scientist at Princeton University.
		But 22.4 teragrams of nitrogen—more than half the annual global total—results from the burning of fossil fuels, she notes.
		Asian emissions of nitrogen now total just over 10 teragrams per year, but models suggest that the continent's contribution could rise to 31.9 teragrams by the year 2030, says Galanter.
	phschool.com /science/science_news/articles/acid_rain_east_asia.html (298 words)

	Earth Observatory Feature: Looking for Lawns Page 3
		After running a series of model simulations using different amounts of fertilizer, watering schedules, and leaving or removing the cut grass after mowing, Milesi says that a well-watered and fertilized lawn is a carbon sink.
		Even if people bag their grass clippings and compost them off site, (many cities now collect and compost yard waste as part of the waste management program), lawn surfaces still appear to be a carbon sink, although at a much smaller rate of about 5.9 teragrams of carbon per year.
		The graph above shows (left to right) the major parts of the carbon cycle in lawns: carbon taken in during photosynthesis, carbon contained in grass clippings, and carbon lost as carbon dioxide during decomposition processes in the soil.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/Lawn/lawn3.html (826 words)

	1-5 Carbon Cycle, Methane - Text
		Rice paddies produce on the order of 60 teragrams by means of a process where methane produced in the soil is able to travel up to the hollow stem of the rice plant and be released into the atmosphere without passing through the water, which would tend to suppress the evolution of methane gas (
		I have estimated that if every person in China at a MacDonald's Quarter Pounder every 10 days, raising the beef to meet this demand would consume all the corn grown in Iowa.
		Figure 13 gives the sources and sinks of carbon monoxide in teragrams of carbon per year.
	www.geology.iastate.edu /gccourse/chem/carbon/carbon_lecture_new.html (3473 words)

	C&EN: TODAY'S HEADLINES - NEW PLAYER IN THE ATMOSPHERE
		The new discovery, however, carries weighty implications for atmospheric modeling and air-quality studies.
		This is a large percentage of the estimated 8 to 40 teragrams of SOAs formed from biogenic emissions.
		Recent evidence, in particular from the lab of professor Hans Puxbaum of Vienna University of Technology, in Austria, has suggested that isoprene might react with radicals or acids to form nonvolatile molecules.
	pubs.acs.org /email/cen/html/022304050824.html (327 words)

	Convert teragrams to megatonne - conversion of measurement units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We assume you are converting between teragram and megatonne.
		1 kilogram is equal to 1000000000 teragrams, or 1000000000 megatonne.
		A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 1000 kg (= 106 g).
	www.blueaudio.com.cob-web.org:8888 /convert/from/teragrams/to/megatonne (142 words)

	Ecosystems: 1. How have ecosystems changed? (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The total amount of reactive, or biologically available, nitrogen created by human activities increased ninefold between 1890 and 1990, with most of that increase taking place in the second half of the century in association with increased use of fertilizers.
		The flux of reactive nitrogen to the oceans increased by nearly 80% from 1860 to 1990, from roughly 27 teragrams of nitrogen per year to 48 teragrams in 1990.
		The use of phosphorus fertilizers and the rate of phosphorus accumulation in agricultural soils increased nearly threefold between 1960 and 1990, although the rate has declined somewhat since that time.
	www.greenfacts.org.cob-web.org:8888 /ecosystems/millennium-assessment-3/1-ecosystem-change.htm (2330 words)

	Cattle Contribute to Global Warming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In addition to grazing animals, rice cultivation is another major source of methane, with 90 percent of the world's paddies concentrated in Asia.
		Worldwide, livestock emissions reach approximately 94 teragrams (Tg=one million tons) annually.
		Brazil contributed 9.97 percent of the total in the period 1986-1995, according to Lima's calculations at the governmental Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research.
	www.tierramerica.net /2000/1126/acent.html (701 words)

	Trees and Carbon
		Amid concern about carbon emissions and their impact on global warming, recent research at Oregon State University and the Environmental Protection Agency suggests that these forests can help address this problem, but in no way solve it by themselves.
		In new studies, scientists have found that forests are now absorbing about 100 of the 1,300 "teragrams" of carbon emitted each year by fossil fuels and other sources in the United States.
		that aggressive approaches, such as increased paper recycling or planting millions of acres of pine on marginal lands in the South, would prove of some value -- increasing the carbon sequestration by about 15 teragrams per year.
	www.monitor.net /monitor/11-14-95/treecarbon.html (629 words)

	Convert ons to teragrams - conversion of measurement units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We assume you are converting between ons [Dutch] and teragram.
		1 kilogram is equal to 0.1 ons, or 1000000000 teragrams.
		The SI prefix "tera" represents a factor of 10
	www.blueaudio.com.cob-web.org:8888 /convert/from/ons/to/teragrams (100 words)

	Convert gram to teragrams - conversion of measurement units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Convert gram to teragrams - conversion of measurement units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu)
		We assume you are converting between gram and teragram.
		1 kilogram is equal to 0.001 gram, or 1000000000 teragrams.
	www.borderblue.com.cob-web.org:8888 /convert/from/gram/to/teragrams (102 words)

	Convert pound-force to teragrams - conversion of measurement units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Convert pound-force to teragrams - conversion of measurement units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu)
		We assume you are converting between pound-force and teragram.
		1 kilogram is equal to 0.45359237 pound-force, or 1000000000 teragrams.
	www.borderblue.com.cob-web.org:8888 /convert/from/pound-force/to/teragrams (90 words)

	More acid rain in East Asia's future - emission of nitrogen oxides by Asian industry - Brief Article Science News - ...
		Science News, June 16, 2001 by S.P. Large increases in Asian industrial emissions of nitrogen oxides in the next 30 years could lead to a tripling of the acid rain there due to these pollutants.
		Natural sources of these so-called [NO.sub.x] compounds, such as lightning and emissions from soils, each contribute about 10 percent of that amount.
		But 22.4 teragrams of nitrogen--more than half the annual global total--results from the burning of fossil fuels, she notes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_24_159/ai_76653920 (350 words)

	Volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Gas emissions from volcanoes are a natural contributor to acid rain.
		Sulfur dioxide emissions by [[volcanoes.]] Volcanic activity now releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year.
		Volcanic eruptions may inject an aerosol of particles and chemicals in the Earth's atmosphere.
	volcano.iqnaut.net (3495 words)

	Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming : Abstract : Nature
		We show that ebullition accounts for 95 per cent of methane emissions from these lakes, and that methane flux from thaw lakes in our study region may be five times higher than previously estimated
		Extrapolation of these fluxes indicates that thaw lakes in North Siberia emit 3.8 teragrams of methane per year, which increases present estimates of methane emissions from northern wetlands (< 6–40 teragrams per year; refs 1, 2, 4–6) by between 10 and 63 per cent.
		We find that thawing permafrost along lake margins accounts for most of the methane released from the lakes, and estimate that an expansion of thaw lakes between 1974 and 2000, which was concurrent with regional warming, increased methane emissions in our study region by 58 per cent.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v443/n7107/abs/nature05040.html (384 words)

	Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		The following equation shows how the values for the y-axis were computed: TgCO
		=(Gg gas)(GWP)(Tg/1000g), where “Tg” is the teragrams of carbon dioxide and “Gg” represents gigagrams of the gas.
		Carbon dioxide emissions are on a steady rise in the nation, as evident from the graph on page five.
	www.uvm.edu /~lepstein/Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions.html (459 words)

	Supernova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Type II Stars far more massive than our sun evolve in far more complex fashions.
		In the core of our sun, 589 teragrams of hydrogen fuse into 584 teragrams of Helium every second, the extra 4.3 teragrams of mass converted into pure energy which then radiates outwards.
		The Helium produced in the core accumulates There since temperatures in the core are not yet high enough to cause it to fuse.
	supernova.iqnaut.net (2917 words)

	IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
		TgC - Teragrams of Carbon (1 TgC = 1 MtC)
		TgN - Teragrams (million tons) of (elemental) Nitrogen
		TgS - Teragrams (million tons) of (elemental) Sulfur
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc/emission/165.htm (675 words)

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