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Topic: Terraforming

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	Terraforming \| The Astrobiology Web \| Your Online Guide to the Living Universe
		Terraforming Mars: A Review of Current Research modify barren planets elsewhere such that they can naturally support life.
		Martyn J. Fogg (abstract)If humanity is to embark on the permanent settlement of space, consideration of long-term life-support is crucial.
		Terraforming - an Ethical Perspective By Richard Miller (abstract)
	www.astrobiology.com /terraforming.html (689 words)

	Terraforming
		Some terraforming corporations, suggesting that it was better to meet the planets halfway by adapting colonists to the conditions but fixing the worst drawbacks with terraforming, pioneered Ecopoiesis during the First Federation era.
		Tidally locked worlds such as Twilight were once terraformed; the constant sunlight on the hot side and the cold on the dark side required the terraformers to add extra amounts of volatiles to keep the hydrological cycle running and often massive landscape re-engineering to promote ice to move towards the terminator to melt.
		In terraforming gas giant moons large frameworks are placed in the L4 and L5 positions around the moon and adjustable reflectors reflect extra sunlight onto the planet.
	www.orionsarm.com /tech/terraforming.html (3485 words)

	Terraforming K-12 Background Information
		Terraforming (literally, "Earth-shaping") is the process of modifying a planet, moon or other body to a more habitable atmosphere, temperature or ecology.
		On the other hand, for those opposed to terraforming, the impact of the human species on otherwise untouched worlds and the possible interference with or elimination of alien life forms are good reasons to leave these other worlds in their natural states; this is an example of a strong biocentric view, or object-centered ethic.
		Terraforming involves making life viable on another world, and so long as that life is going to be exposed to high levels of radiation it will not be desirable.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/terraforming.html (4642 words)

	Terraforming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Terraforming (literally, "Earth-shaping") is the theoretical process of modifying a planet, moon, or other body to a more habitable atmosphere, temperature, or ecology.
		The ultimate in terraforming would be to create an uncontained planetary biosphere emulating all the functions of the biosphere of the Earth, one that would be fully habitable for human beings.
		Terraforming appears on the online game, OGame, but are mostly primarily used to regain fields of land, which are used to construct more mines and buildings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Terraforming (6081 words)

	Terraforming Mars and Venus Using Machine Self-Replicating Systems (SRS)
		Terraforming via SRS involves the deposition of a small "seed" unit near the surface of the body to be altered, which then self-replicates into a giant factory complex capable of undertaking permanent modification of the target environment.
		Terraforming is a theoretical concept in which a planetary environment with otherwise inhospitable conditions for human life is purposefully and artificially altered so that people may live there with little or no life support equipment.
		SRS terraforming is a well-ordered physical habitat for man. In essence the entire surface of the planet will have been excavated to a mean depth of about 4 m.
	www.rfreitas.com /Astro/TerraformSRS1983.htm (3168 words)

	as (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unlike other lifeforms which had adapted to the environment and ultimately perished from changes in nature, species that possessed technology were able to develop the environment to suit their needs.
		On planets where the population had become too vast, or necessity required the colonization of a new planet, these species used terraforming technology to change the surroundings.
		Terraforming bases its foundations in planet physics, and utilizes the basic planet science skills of temperature, earth creation, gravitation force control, and decrease in spaceships to change the formation of land and living conditions, creating a suitable ecosystem.
	www.archspace.org /encyclopedia/tech/1402.html (112 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Terraforming Mars Will Work"
		The arrival of these three astronauts at the ISS on Nov. 2, 2000, sparked one NASA official to remark, "We're going into space forever with people first circling this globe, and then we're going to Mars...."
		The process of transforming the Martian atmosphere to create a more habitable living environment is called terraforming.
		In this edition of How Stuff Will Work, you will find out why Mars is the ideal candidate for colonization, and how we plan to terraform the red planet for human habitation.
	science.howstuffworks.com /terraforming.htm (368 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Mars Terraformation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Well, terraforming a world means transforming it into a living, habitable planet, with a breathable atmosphere and a bearable temperature.
		Terraforming Mars would mean heating the entire planet up by 65ºC and introducing an atmosphere of trillions of cubic metres of air
		Even the most fervent terraformers believe that Mars should be carefully studied for a number of decades so that we can learn about its surface and other properties before they are destroyed forever by terraformation.
	library.thinkquest.org /C003763/index.php?page=mars04 (1089 words)

	Synergistic Terraforming
		A compromise between the Reds and the Greens is reached in which the full terraforming pursued by the corporations is abandoned in favour of a minimal Arctic-like environment in which humans can survive but much of the planet is kept close to its original state.
		McKay wrote of a two-phase approach to terraforming, in which the planet is first warmed by a massive release of carbon dioxide, followed by a modification of the atmosphere to scrub out the carbon dioxide and increase the oxygen content in order to support complex life.
		While the actual terraforming of Mars, be it single- or two-phase, may not be feasible in the near-term, the manner it was portrayed in these novels do suggest some contemporary “precursor" work that may be practical.
	www.itsf.org /resources/factsheet.php?fsID=162 (2737 words)

	Universe Today - Zubrin on Terraforming Mars
		As a former Martin-Marietta aerospace engineer, prolific author and founder of the non-profit Mars Society (1998), Robert Zubrin is regarded as the driving force behind the proposed Mars Direct mission to reduce the cost and complexity of interplanetary travel.
		It is important to save the amazon rain forest, for example, because a world without an amazon rain forest would be a poorer inheritance for our descendants than one with one, and the degree of the impoverishment exceeds whatever value might be obtained in the short term from slash and burn agriculture.
		Terraforming Mars will be a long term project, and should native Martian microbes exist, there will be ample opportunity to study it before terraforming takes place.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/zubrin_terraforming_mars.html?1272004 (1685 words)

	Topical Words: Terraforming
		Though terraforming was quickly established as a standard term within the SF linguistic ghetto, only in recent decades has it begun to appear in mainstream writing—it is indicative that the Oxford English Dictionary has only included it in its third additions volume published earlier this year (with a first citation from 1949).
		The verb to terraform, the agent noun terraformer and the adjective terraformed are also found, a clear sign of a term in active use.
		Terraforming is now in much the same class as controlled nuclear fusion, as an idea which has not yet been brought to practicality, but about which there is a mass of research material.
	www.worldwidewords.org /topicalwords/tw-ter1.htm (643 words)

	Giving Mars Back its Heartbeat :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		Terraforming was once solely the province of science fiction.
		Scientists began to think seriously about terraforming in the 1960s, when Carl Sagan published several articles dealing with the possibility of terraforming Venus.
		In that Nature paper, we defined two levels of terraforming Mars: one was for humans and one was for plants.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article1017.html (1886 words)

	Proposed Methods for Terraforming Mars
		This principal underlies all terraforming schemes for mars because what is needed to make the planet habitable is both higher surface temperature and higher atmospheric pressure.
		Thomas, in his article for the British Interplanetary Society, says "I believe that the ultimate goal of terraformation or ecopoesis should be the establishment of a self-regulating environment and that biological means of terraformation are the most appropriate in attaining this goal" (1995).
		It is speculated that the desire for terraforming will be a driver for developing new technologies, which will in turn define a leap in human power over nature as dramatic as that which accompanied the creation of post-Renaissance industrial civilization (Zubrin et al.).
	www.aubreyrhea.com /bookbag/csi655/index.htm (6760 words)

	Terraforming Mars by Lang Cao
		Terraforming means to make something like Earth and its ultimate goal is to make a planet similar enough to earth so that humans and animals can live on it just as if it were Earth.
		The general plan for terraforming Mars outlined by McKay and Zubrin consists of releasing gaseous CO to warm the planet enough to then release free oxygen, nitrogen, and liquid water.
		If terraforming is efficient, meaning that factories, mirrors, drilling, algae, and simple plants all work effectively then the entire process of terraforming should take about 1,500 years to 2,500 according to Zubrin and McKay.
	plaza.ufl.edu /spongeb (1386 words)

	Terraforming Mars quickly, start soon!
		The sense in terraforming a planet is to making it more habitable for humans.
		If the cost of terraforming Mars is below the price of the whole surface of Mars, terraforming is worth the cost.
		When the step of enriching the atmosphere with carbon dioxide (and nitrogen) and the surface with water is achieved, the second step starts: Enriching the atmosphere in oxygen (and nitrogen).
	www.geocities.com /marsterraforming/terraforming.html (1007 words)

	Terraforming Mars - 05 November 2005 - New Scientist
		I fear that Mike Martinez's idea of diverting comets to Mars in order to speed up the process of terraforming is a complete non-starter as a means of colonisation (15 October, p 23).
		A great deal more than water will be needed to achieve even the first stage of terraforming, which is ecopoeisis - the creation of a self-sustaining biosphere.
		Even using simple models of terraforming, it has been estimated that to create an atmosphere sufficiently rich in oxygen to allow human colonisation of Mars will take in the order of 100,000 years.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=mg18825241.500 (428 words)

	Biology and the Planetary Engineering of Mars
		The equatorial regions of Mars appear to be ice poor whereas the heavily cratered terrain pole-ward of ± 30° latitude appears to be ice rich (Squyres and Carr, 1986), with perhaps a conservative estimate of the equivalent of 17 m of ice spread over the surface of Mars (Jankowski and Squyres, 1993).
		Terraforming is more dependent on sufficient volatile inventory and is thus more uncertain than ecopoiesis.
		Terraforming Mars: Conceptual solutions to the problem of plant growth in low concentrations of oxygen.
	spot.colorado.edu /~marscase/cfm/articles/biorev3.html (8777 words)

	Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame -- SFM Features -- Essays -- The Great Terraforming Debate - Part 1
		Jack Williamson coined the term "terraforming" in the 1940s in a series of short stories.
		Terraforming Mars has been the major subject of research of two of our panelists tonight, Dr. Chris McKay and Dr. Jim Kasting, since the 1970s.
		It's sort of a stretch of the word terraforming, but if you want to call that terraforming, that's possible.
	www.sfhomeworld.org /make_contact/article.asp?articleID=156 (1835 words)

	Terraforming book (Geoffrey A. Landis)
		The scientific literature about terraforming tends to be sparse, not to mention scattered over a number of journals and books.
		His terraforming example requires roughly 200 years to reach the stage where simple anaerobic microorganisms and algae can survive, and as much as seven thousand years to completely terraform to a human-breathable atmosphere.
		He counts terraforming the moon and the larger satellites of the outer planets under fringe concepts, although in many ways these would be considerably easier than some of the other things he discusses.
	yarchive.net /space/science/terraform_book.html (1298 words)

	Terraforming Bibiliography
		Fogg, Martyn J., "The Terraforming of Venus", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 40, 551-564, 1987.
		Fogg, Martyn J., "Dynamics of a Terraformed Martian Biosphere", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 46, 293-304, 1993.
		Thomas, D. J., "Biological Aspects of the Ecopoeisis and Terraformation of Mars: Current Perspectives and Research,"Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 48(10), 427-434, 1995.
	spot.colorado.edu /~marscase/cfm/terrabib.html (2950 words)

	Terraforming - Memory Alpha - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Terraforming is the process of reshaping or otherwise modifying the ecology of a planet or moon to make it more habitable for humanoid life.
		Regula, a Class D planetoid whose interior was terraformed as the second phase of Project Genesis (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan)
		Weytahn, a Class D planetoid terraformed by the Andorians for habitation in the 2050s (ENT: "Cease Fire")
	www.memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Terraforming (311 words)

	Terraforming (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If we are going to terraform Mars the world needs to have a concensus on the procedure.
		Before we terraform Mars we have to learn to work together as a unified planet, and realizing that any form of human activity on Mars will undoubtedly have some impact on its ecosystem, some of which may be negative.
		Another way to terraform Mars would be to release the water from inside the polar caps.
	library.thinkquest.org /11967/terraforming.html (434 words)

	Giving Mars Back its Heartbeat. Great Terraforming Debate: Part I
		Chris McKay: I don't think we can terraform Mars, if terraforming is, as it was originally defined, making Mars suitable for human beings.
		In fact, it may contain a soup of molecules that would be delicious for any number of Earthly microbes.
		Forty thousand or fifty thousand years is the time span at which Mars terraforms itself.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mars-terraform-04a.html (1833 words)

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