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Topic: Terrestrial magnetism

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Krupp, Washington

Bethel, Connecticut

Karen McDougal

National Labour Party (Ireland)

	Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) - Home
		Scientists at DTM bring the perspective of several disciplines to broad questions about nature.
		Gómez Pérez’s thesis involved numerical studies of magnetic dynamos in planets, including terrestrial planets, ice giants, and gas giants.
		By mean of numerical simulations, she showed that the intensity and geometry of planetary magnetic fields are determined by the internal structure and the physical properties of the dynamo-generating fluid.
	www.dtm.ciw.edu /component/option,com_frontpage/Itemid,1 (364 words)

	TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM - Online Information article about TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM
		Another landmark in the history of terrestrial magnetism was the discovery towards the end of the 18th century that the intensity of the resultant magnetic force varies at different parts of the earth.
		The introduction of regular magnetic observatories led ere long to the discovery that there are notable differences between the amplitudes of the regular daily changes and the frequency of magnetic disturbances in different years.
		Near a magnetic pole the directive force on the declination magnet is reduced, and the effects of torsion are correspondingly increased.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LUP_MAL/MAGNETISM_TERRESTRIAL.html (7822 words)

	Direction finder for vehicle - Patent 4852012
		A horizontal component H (hereinafter referred to as "terrestrial magnetism H") of terrestrial magnetism is detected by a terrestrial magnetism detector 2 mounted on a vehicle 1 as shown in FIG.
		With the magnetic field H.sub.v, the magnetic field to be detected by the terrestrial magnetism sensor 2 becomes a magnetic field H.sub.e which is a composite of the terrestrial magnetism H and the magnetic field H.sub.v.
		However, since a magnetizing field H.sub.v of the vehicle may be changed due to vibrations within the vehicle and/or a variation of external magnetic field strength, thus resulting in errors in the initial estimation condition of the ellipse locus, it is usually difficult to obtain a true moving direction.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4852012.html (2584 words)

	TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM - LoveToKnow Article on TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Another landmark in the history of terrestrial magnetism was the discovery towards the end of the 18th century that the intensity of the resultant magnetic force varies at different parts of the earth.
		of ordinate alters with the strengt of the magnet.
		The international magnetic committee have recommended that Y be taken positive to the east, but the fact that the declination is westerly over most of Europe has often led to the opposite procedure, and Writers are not always as careful as they should be in stating their choice.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAGNETISM_TERRESTRIAL.htm (20839 words)

	Geomagnetic Theories from 1800 to 1900
		Terrestrial magnetism in the nineteenth century was no mere inductive science, but its theories were also not solidly established.
		The relationships between studying magnetism in the global context and in that of the laboratory in the early nineteenth century are problematic, and require much closer historical interpretation.
		This envelope of atmospheric iron, magnetized by induction from an external cause, would, he said, produce the same appearances as a dipole deep in the Earth, but it would also be affected by temperature differences due to the Sun's heat and by electrical discharges.
	www.agu.org /history/mf/articles/Geomag19.html (4353 words)

	Earth's magnetic field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The cause of Earth's magnetic field (the surface magnetic field) is not known for certain,but is possibly explained by dynamo theory.
		The field is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the geographic northpole and the other near the geographic south pole.
		The field is similar to that of a bar magnet, but this similarity is superficial.The magnetic field of a bar magnet, or any other type of permanent magnet, is created by the coordinated motions of electrons (negatively charged particles) within iron atoms.
	www.therfcc.org /earth%27s-magnetic-field-10112.html (696 words)

	Astrologie et Science - Gravitation
		There is an interesting link between the magnets used by artisans in their daily work, and factors that affect the bulk of humanity on a large scale -- there is a link to what we describe in carrying out an astrological investigation: what is common to all these situations is the phenomenon of electromagnetism.
		The Earth's magnetic field is determined to be at 0.47 gauss at middle latitudes, 0.75 at the poles, and 0.30 at the Equator.
		Mice in gestation, subjected to a magnetic field of 20 kHz between the first and 19th day give birth to offspring which carry anomalies similar to those caused by ionizing rays (radioactivity), yet different in that the anomalies are weaker and appear more slowly during their course of development.
	www.aureas.org /rams/sciencemagnetismus.htm (4231 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Variations in the magnetic field of the earth include secular variation, the change in the direction of the field caused by the shifting of the poles.
		Clearly the magnetism of the earth is the result of a dynamic rather than a passive condition, which would be the case if the iron core of the earth were solid and passively magnetized.
		Recent studies of remanent (residual) magnetism in rocks and of magnetic anomalies on the floors of the oceans have shown that the magnetic field of the earth has reversed its polarity at least 170 times in the past 100 million years.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/earth.html (2467 words)

	Weber (unit) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In (The science of matter and energy and their interactions) physics, the weber (symbol: Wb) is the (additional info and facts about SI derived unit) SI derived unit of (A measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area) magnetic flux.
		The weber may be defined in terms of (additional info and facts about Faraday's law) Faraday's law, which relates a changing magnetic flux through a loop to the (A field of force surrounding a charged particle) electric field around the loop.
		= (A cgs unit of magnetic flux equal to the flux perpendicular to an area of 1 square centimeter in a magnetic field of 1 gauss) maxwells.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/we/weber_(unit).htm (198 words)

	Homeopathic Wonders - Articles - Magnetic Energy Therapy
		Magnetic therapy is applied in the third instance, since the first and second cases are identified by definite diagnosis and may therefore be treated by magnet or other methods like acupuncture.
		On the other hand, Magnetic Energy therapy applied in relation to acupuncture points and the diagnosis of the condition of the internal organs (excess, deficient, or stagnant) appears to relax the muscles so thoroughly that the beneficial effects of this method of treatment are prolonged, especially when accompanied by a regimen of appropriate physical exercise.
		Specifically, magnetic energy therapy in the treatment of lumbago (as with shoulder stiffness) activates the autonomic nerves that regulate blood circulation, thereby relieving the muscle congestion, which is the immediate cause of pain.
	www.homeopathicwonders.com /articles-magnetic-energy-therapy.html (2757 words)

	Vehicle bearing detection and data processing methods applicable to vehicle navigation system - Patent 4890233
		However, the terrestrial magnetism sensor is easily affected by external disturbances, and its output tends to include a gross error when the vehicle passes a railroad crossing, an iron or steel bridge, a large vehicle (e.g., a truck or bus), or the like.
		To increase the reliability of the output data of the terrestrial magnetism sensor 1, an allowable range of fluctuation (window) in the output of the terrestrial magnetism sensor 1 is established.
		Provided the bearing data obtained from the terrestrial magnetism sensor is within the window, the CPU 7 deems the data reliable and conforms the bearing obtained from the output data of the angular velocity sensor to that obtained from the output data of the terrestrial magnetism sensor 1 (STEP S23).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4890233.html (6659 words)

	Chapter1
		Magnetic power, he argued, came from the motions of "an Aethereal subtil Matter, which penetrates and pervades, and fills the Interstices of all Terrestrial Bodies." While espousing the mechanical philosophy, Hooke simultaneously appealed to attractive forces.
		Adding to the magnetic perplexities were numerous problems including the complete lack of a magnetic force law, the unpredictable effects of magnets being hammered, heated and cooled, and the unreliable, insufficient terrestrial magnetic data which grew ever more intransigent with the accumulation of measurements.
		British attempts to resolve the mysterious natures of magnetism and of terrestrial magnetism are the focus of the remaining chapters.
	faculty.kirkwood.edu /ryost/chapter1.htm (10355 words)

	[No title]
		Magnetism of the Earth, is that property of the terrestrial globe, from which the magnetism of the ordinary magnets, the direction of the magnetic needle, and other phenomena are derived; and upon which they necessarily depend.
		Barlow commented, "Hitherto we have found a very close approximation between the laws of magnetism appertaining to a simple iron ball and the observed magnetic phenomena of the earth." However, when he applied the analogy to predict the position of the terrestrial magnetic axis, it failed to yield a close match.
		By 1831 Barlow subsumed all magnetic phenomena to the action of electricity and speculated that the sun's heat was the ultimate cause of terrestrial magnetism.
	faculty.kirkwood.edu /ryost/barlow.htm (2060 words)

	Earth's Magnetism and Life - How do animals use terrestrial magnetism? - Softpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Doves also possess micromagnets at the base of their brain and if a small magnet is attached to their bodies, impeding them to detect the terrestrial magnetism, they get disoriented and cannot find the way back on long distances.
		Sharks moving through the terrestrial magnetic field generate an electric field whose value depends on their position on the magnetic field captured by the electroreceptors.
		Magnetic storms deteriorate radio communications but, at the same time, influence brain size and that of the physiological liquids from the organism.
	news.softpedia.com /news/Earth-039-s-Magnetism-and-Life-49050.shtml (557 words)

	A Novel Theory of the Terrestrial Magnetic Field and its Anomalies
		Magnetic fields from past geological epochs are sometimes preserved in magnetizable strata and rocks such as lava as they cool below their Curie points, and their intensities can be measured.
		Now a nett magnetic field at the strength we know to exist, will be registered on our measuring instruments at the surface of the planet, and a general preference for the observed North/South pole position will be produced by the Earth's rotation, thus giving rise to the major field close to the Earth's rotational axis.
		The observation that the magnetic dipole axis does not pass through the Earth's centre can be accounted for also by a large enough, and stable enough, asymmetric offset of the particular opposing dipole producing cells, whose vector addition is responsible for the main nett magnetic dipole field.
	www.users.bigpond.com /ernestmcfarlane/geomagnetism.html (3074 words)

	George Wetherill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Wetherill is the Director Emeritus, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, USA.
		Upon receiving his Ph.D., Wetherill became a staff member at Carnegie's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) in Washington, D.C. There, he joined an interdepartmental group of Carnegie scientists who were working to date the Earth's rocks by geochemical methods involving natural radioactive decay.
		This involved determining the concentration and isotopic composition of inert gases such as argon, as well as the isotopes of strontium and lead.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Wetherill (696 words)

	Planetary Magnetism
		Its magnetic field is weak and probably does not extend far enough to trap many particles, but as the spacecraft passed through its nightside tail, it observed a sudden spasm in which particles were apparently energized.
		The magnetized patches on that planet, first observed by the Mars Global Surveyor, are particularly intriguing because they seem to form strips, reminding researchers of the magnetized strips observed on the sea bottom on Earth, from which the idea of plate tectonics emerged.
		Magnetic observations on Mars, however, are not yet detailed enough to allow any firm conclusions to be drawn.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /earthmag/planetmg.htm (1126 words)

	Canada Science and Technology Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Magnets can be made by placing a magnetic material such as iron or steel, in a strong magnetic field.
		If a magnetic material is placed in a strong magnetic field, the individual domains, which normally point in all directions, gradually swing around into the direction of the field.
		Magnetite is magnetic because its molecular structure has allowed it to retain the alignment of particles caused by the Earth's magnetic field during its formation millions of years ago.
	www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca /english/schoolzone/Info_Magnets.cfm (1654 words)

	Physics in Australia to 1945 - JOHNSTON, Henry Freeborn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Records of principal magnetic storms and of earthquakes at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, July 1 to December 31, 1924.
		Principal magnetic storms and earthquakes at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, October to December 1925.
		Principal magnetic storms and earthquakes, January 1926, at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, with notes regarding aurora and cable and radio disturbances.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/physics/P001711p.htm (389 words)

	Latitude: Terrestrial Magnetism
		Rounding the southern coast of Africa in the 1480s and 1490s, Portuguese navigators discovered one point where magnetic north and true north were virtually identical.
		Changes in Magnetic Fields Because the core is spinning at a different speed than the rest of the earth, the earth's regional magnetic fields shift.
		The earth's magnetic fields sometimes trap huge plasma bubbles traveling at 500 miles a second from the sun.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~feegi/magnet.html (374 words)

	Russian Academy of Science
		The Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave propagation deals with solar and terrestrial physics, physics of the solar-terrestrial relations, cosmic rays, physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, the ionosphere and magnetosphere radio wave propagation, the magnetism of the Earth, the planets and bodies of the solar system.
		The spectral space-temporal analysis of the field behaviour during the last century is performed, and it is shown that its spectrum corresponds to that of a random distribution.
		The energy stored in geotail was studied for magnetic storm on November 23-27 1986 using the dynamic paraboloid model and data of on-ground and satellite measurements.
	www.wdcb.rssi.ru /NGC/izmiran.html (2042 words)

	ST. PETERSBURG BRANCH OF THE INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM, IONOSPHERE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION OF THE RUSSIAN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Yuri A. St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (SPbF IZMIRAN) was organized in 1946 after removal of the Institute to the suburb of Moscow (Troitsk, Moscow district).
		At present a series of magnetic declination observations (since 1724), components H, Z and total field T (from 1878) in the area of St. Petersburg is performed almost continuously and is one of the longest series of geomagnetic field variations measurements in Russia (Yu.
		It includes modules for processing, analyzing and interpreting magnetic information; calculations of different analytic EMF models both for the Earth’s surface and the space around it; monitoring of different scales maps of the geomagnetic field elements used in land, marine and aeronavigation and in prospecting mineral resources (V. Kolesova).
	spbrc.nw.ru /!english/org/izmiran.htm (605 words)

	Carnegie Institution of Washington. Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism. Ocean Magnetic Survey records, 1905-1946. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The collection consists of mainly logbooks and cahiers that chronicle the scientific activities of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism during the ocean magnetic surveys conducted from 1905-1929.
		The Ocean Magnetic Survey was a part of the World Magnetic Survey organized by Louis A. Bauer, first director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.
		The Ocean Magnetic Survey consisted of the cruises of the "Galilee" (1905-1908) and the "Carnegie" (1909-1929) and the geophysical observations taken during those voyages.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/icos/27535.html (177 words)

	Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use - T
		The terrestrial nature of the absorption processes responsible for telluric lines is revealed by their intensity variation with solar zenith angle and by their freedom from any Doppler broadening due to their solar rotation.
		Terrestrial refraction is responsible for such phenomena of meteorological optics as looming, sinking, stooping, towering, mirages, and terrestrial scintillation.
		Terrestrial scintillation is produced by irregular refraction effects due to passage, across the line of sight, of air parcels (schlieren) whose densities differ slightly from that of their surroundings.
	tcp-impl.grc.nasa.gov /~dglover/dictionary/t.html (7260 words)

	Edward Mulhern, American Philosophical Society
		In 1829, Edward Mulhern of Philadelphia submitted a manuscript on terrestrial magnetism that he felt had implications for navigation.
		Mulhern's "Dissertation on the doctrine and principles of magnetism and" is an attempt to work through some fundamental issues in terrestrial magnetism, including the relative orientation and positions of the geographic and magnetic poles, with an eye toward their impact on navigation.
		Edward Mulhern's "Dissertation on the doctrine and principles of magnetism and" is an attempt to work through some fundamental issues in terrestrial magnetism, including the relative orientation and positions of the geographic and magnetic poles, with an eye toward their impact on navigation.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/m/mulhern.htm (331 words)

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