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Topic: Testing hypotheses suggested by the data

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	Testing hypotheses suggested by the data - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In statistics, hypotheses suggested by the data must be tested differently from hypotheses formed independently of the data.
		This is a risk, not only in hypothesis testing but in all statistical inference as it is often problematic to accurately describe the process that has been followed in searching and discarding data.
		Henry Scheffé's simultaneous test of all contrasts in multiple comparisons problems is the most well-known remedy in the case of analysis of variance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Testing_hypotheses_suggested_by_the_data (468 words)

	EPA Biological Criteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These hypotheses include the null hypothesis-the designated use of the waterbody is not impaired-and alternative hypotheses such as the designated use of the waterbody is impaired (more specific hypotheses can also be generated that predict the type(s) of impairment).
		To test the alternative hypotheses, data collection and analysis procedures are used to compare the criteria to comparable measures of community structure and function in impacted waters.
		Once data are collected and analyzed, they are used to test the hypotheses to determine if characteristics of the resident biota at a test site are significantly different from established criteria values for a comparable habitat.
	www.epa.gov /bioindicators/html/biol7.html (1733 words)

	Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hypotheses are the way the ideas of a theory are linked to and tested in the reality of the world.
		The theory is revised to incorporate the tested hypotheses, laws, and inferences.
		Once formed, some of his theory's predictions about how the world works suggested hypotheses that were immediately verified, but other predictions were so far ahead that they waited a half-century before technology allowed their testing.
	www.bigbend.edu /soc/tcas/hypoth.htm (862 words)

	The Temporal Doorway - Comments On The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis
		For instance, some cases have suggested a variety of wild manuvers performed, even by large UFOs, in the absence of any notable stimulus from the environment or any reasonable speculation as to an internal motivation for such behavior.
		This may either be an argument against intelligence, or a suggestion of the presence of an alien reasoning, or a suggestion of technological parameters which require such behavior, but of which we are currently ignorant (as has been suggested for some UFO secondary flight characteristics such as wobble, falling leaf, etc.).
		The data are provocative, but hardly conclusive, and, thus that it is impossible to justify anything on the next level of the ETH - which would be theories of origin and intent.
	www.temporaldoorway.com /ufo/hypotheses/eth.htm (1829 words)

	Ethics in Data Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		There may be a great temptation to eliminate outliers, data points which lie at some distance from other data points on some kind of plot, to make the data less variable, to make them conform to a preconceived pattern or to fit a convenient regression.
		The investigator examines the data and concludes that the responses follow a sigmoid curve, one in which the original rate of rise with increasing dose is slow, becomes fast in middle ranges, and then slows again at high doses.
		The usual approach to analyzing the data is to compute t, F or chi-square tests for pairs of groups for each of the variables of the study.
	www.unmc.edu /ethics/data/data_pro.htm (2098 words)

	Ancient Civilizations: Essay #3
		Key concerns in Essay #3 are the distinction between theories and hypotheses, the testing of hypotheses, and multicausal hypotheses.
		Testing a multicausal hypothesis is a bit more complicated than testing a monocausal hypothesis, but the basic process is the same.
		After all, their hypotheses were designed to account for the data they are presenting, and exclusive reliance on those data will not provide an independent test of the hypothesis.
	www.indiana.edu /~ancient/essay3.html (1452 words)

	Don't Test Users, Test Hypotheses - Boxes and Arrows: The design behind the design
		For example, in testing an educational site we predicted that a Flash-based animated introduction would be of interest to one part of the audience (kids) but a distraction to another part (teachers).
		Data reduction is always a challenge, and assimilating exhaustive lists of defects can be daunting for the usability person and the rest of the team.
		In applied usability work you typically do not have the time to develop metrics and test their reliability, the luxury to assign users randomly to conditions, or the budget to test with sufficient numbers to use statistical tests of significance.
	www.boxesandarrows.com /view/dont_test_users_test_hypotheses (2972 words)

	UD Biological Sciences - Dr. John H. McDonald
		Statistical tests for adaptive evolution of proteins to different temperatures - One prediction of the neutral theory of molecular evolution is that for any pair of species, the number of amino acid sites that differ in one direction should be equal to the number of sites that differ in the opposite direction.
		In addition to testing hypotheses about the systematics and biogeography of mussels, these data will be used to address fundamental questions about the patterns of polymorphism and divergence at the DNA level and the processes that determine these patterns.
		McDonald, J.H. Improved tests for heterogeneity across a region of DNA sequence in the ratio of polymorphism to divergence.
	www.udel.edu /bio/people/faculty/jmcdonald.html (1005 words)

	Untitled
		Third are the costs of follow-up in the event of a negative test, which can range from firing the worker, to providing a second test (provided in some cases because of the possibility of a false-positive), to providing some form of treatment or discipline for the worker.
		To estimate the model, data on drug testing from a sample of companies in several related 3-digit SIC code industries comprising the computer and communications equipment industries were obtained.
		Two types of drug testing variables are used, the first is coded one for any type of drug testing, zero otherwise, and the second categorizes them into two groups: 1) pre-employment screening testing and 2) random testing of current employees and pre-employment screening.
	drug-testing.i8.com /lemoyne.htm (5170 words)

	Geographical data mining: key design issues
		In fact a cynic might well argue that one of the main purposes of data mining is to help users with data warehouses to believe that their investments are worthwhile in the short-term while they try and identify how best to exploit it in the longer and medium term.
		It is suggested that maybe this expert-based visualisation process is too limiting to adequately handle the problems of geographical data mining, although the proof of this statement may need to be tested by empirical experiment.
		This pseudo map data layer notion is useful as a means of incorporating in a GDM a wider range of non-digital map variables, such as census data.
	www.geovista.psu.edu /sites/geocomp99/Gc99/051/gc_051.htm (6903 words)

	Testing for differentially expressed genes with microarray data -- Tsai et al. 31 (9): e52 -- Nucleic Acids Research
		Testing for differentially expressed genes with microarray data -- Tsai et al.
		the one-sample parametric and one-sample permutation tests are
		Ideker,T., Thorsson,V., Siegel,A.F. and Hood,L.E. (2000) Testing for differentially-expressed genes by maximum-likelihood analysis of microarray data.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/9/e52 (3602 words)

	The Value of Web Log Data in Use-Based Design and Testing
		These data may be studied to generate inferences about Web site design, to test prototypes of Web sites or their modifications over time, and to test theoretical hypotheses about the effects of different design variables on Web user behavior.
		Since the primary data for the study were the web logs of user behavior, and since the research was authorized institutionally on the basis of complete anonymity, no demographic data were collected.
		While these data are notably imperfect, their weaknesses may be overcome in at least two distinct ways: by triangulating them with traditional usability testing, and/or by collecting them within the framework of experimental designs intended to test directly the differential effects of specific design options.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol6/issue3/burton.html (10805 words)

	Methodological Function of Hypotheses in Science: Old Ideas in New Cloth -- Lastowski and Makalowski 10 (3): 273 -- ...
		Let us note that this is not a new idea; it resembles another scheme that was suggested quite long ago.
		Goodman suggests that the experimental data are a starting point in molecular biology research.
		In contrast to Goodman's view, we conclude that hypotheses are not limitations to science.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/10/3/273 (1191 words)

	No Title
		The process of studying effects suggested by the data is called data snooping.
		A common form of data snooping is to perform hypothesis tests on means, differences in means, or contrasts that appear large and were not part of the original research but were suggested by the data.
		The Bonferroni procedure cannot be used for data snooping because the tests of interests are specified prior to data analysis.
	www.math.montana.edu /~cherry/st412/notes/Ho9/Ho9.html (1193 words)

	SYLLABUS
		CATALOG DESCRIPTION: Description of data, binomial and normal distributions, estimation and testing hypotheses for means and proportions.
		It may seem odd to cover normal curves before we talk about probability. At this point, we think of the normal curve as a data distribution. Area under the curve corresponds to proportions of data that fall in different intervals.
		You may not have time to get to these sections. Here you are applying what was learned in Chapters 14 and 15 to learning about a population mean and a population proportion.
	personal.bgsu.edu /~albert/syllabus1.htm (314 words)

	hypotheses - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Hypotheses : Discovering Nutrition: Interactive Glossary [home, info]
		Example: "A scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory"
		Phrases that include hypotheses: hypotheses suggested by the data, kolmogorovs similarity hypotheses, market efficiency hypotheses, riemann hypotheses, testing of hypotheses, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=hypotheses (182 words)

	Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA -- Medina et ...
		KH tests reject a number of a priori metazoan hypotheses (Table 4).
		LSU data reject the hypothesis that Hydrozoa is sister to the
		Hyman (47) suggested that Hydrozoa was the ancestral group of cnidarians.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/17/9707 (3917 words)

	Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Linanthus (Polemoniaceae) -- Bell and Patterson 87 (12): 1857 -- American ...
		Bremer, K. 1988 The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction.
		Cullings, K. 1992 Design and testing of a plant-specific PCR primer for ecological and evolutionary studies.
		Goldman, N. 1993 Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/87/12/1857 (6182 words)

	Suggested Hell Creek Fm. Research Topics For Students
		Here are some suggestions for research projects for graduate students.
		The research would involve 3-D scanning (CAT scanning would be best, particularly for calculating the unfossilized weight of the bone) of individual skeletal elements of dinosaurs, inputing this data into 3-D simulation software (the kind of software used in fluid dynamics research), analysis, testing, prediction, and conclusions.
		Weil, A. K/T survivorship as a test of acid rain hypotheses.
	www.scn.org /~bh162/suggested_research.html (1343 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2001023963 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Information from electronic data provided by the publisher.
		Formulating and Testing Hypotheses in the Laboratory: The Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor.
		Appendix 1 The Analysis and Interpretation of Data.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/wiley031/2001023963.html (176 words)

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