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Topic: Tests of general relativity

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	[No title]
		In general relativity, the elegance of a flat spacetime and the ability to use a preferred coordinate system are lost (due to stress-energy curving spacetime and the principle of general covariance).
		Early tests of general relativity were hampered by the lack of viable competitors to the theory: it was not clear what sorts of tests would distinguish it from its competitors.
		General relativity was developed by Einstein in a process that began in 1907 with the publication of an article on the influence of gravity and acceleration on the behavior of light in special relativity.
	www.lycos.com /info/general-relativity.html (738 words)

	Tests of general relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity did not provide an experimental foundation for the theory until well after it was introduced in 1915.
		It was not conclusively tested until the Pound-Rebka experiment in 1959 measured the relative redshift of two sources situated at the top and bottom of Harvard University's Jefferson tower using an extremely sensitive phenomenon called the Mössbauer effect.
		The modern era of testing general relativity was ushered in largely at the impetus of Dicke and Schiff who laid out a framework for testing general relativity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity (4058 words)

	Relativity at the centenary (January 2005) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		A central prediction of general relativity is that moving matter generates a gravitational field that is analogous to the magnetic field generated by a moving charge.
		In the past it was customary to speak of the three classical tests proposed by Einstein: the deflection of light by a massive body; the advance of the perihelion of Mercury; and the gravitational redshift of light (although this is actually a test of the Einstein equivalence principle rather than general relativity itself).
		General relativity is one of several "metric" theories in which gravity arises from the geometry of space-time and nothing else.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/18/1/5 (4337 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tensor calculus permits a manifold as mapped with a coordinate system to be equipped with a metric tensor of spacetime which describes the incremental (spacetime) intervals between coordinates from which both the geodesic equations of motion and the curvature tensor of the spacetime can be ascertained.
		In general relativity, these restrictions on the shape of spacetime and on the coordinate system to be used are lost.
		Wald’s “General Relativity” says that a space like 3-dimensional surface cutting thru space time has an intrinsic 3-dimensional curvature and Reimann curvature in such a space is concentrated on the n–2 dimensional simplexes.
	www.lycos.com /info/general-relativity--space.html (385 words)

	JPL News -- Saturn-Bound Spacecraft Tests Einstein's Theory
		Tests of general relativity have important cosmological implications.
		The question is not whether general relativity is true or false, but at which level of accuracy it ceases to describe gravity in a realistic way.
		Past tests of general relativity confirmed Einstein's prediction to an accuracy of one part per thousand.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/2003/133.cfm (517 words)

	General Relativity
		While special relativity was primarily concerned with submicroscopic physics, general relativity was concerned with the macroscopic effects of gravitation, the realm of astrophysics and cosmology.
		Because General Relativity was meant to accommodate all possible situations, describing all the ways space and time are changing at a given point, the mathematics behind it are extremely tedious and difficult.
		General Relativity was tested in many ways, one of the most significant of which was finding real-world examples.
	library.thinkquest.org /17508/Generalrelativity.html (1798 words)

	General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		General relativity (GR) is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16.
		In the mathematics of general relativity, the Einstein field equations become a set of simultaneous differential equations which are solved to produce metric tensors of spacetime.
		In spite of its overwhelming success, there is discomfort with general relativity in the scientific community due to its being incompatible with quantum mechanics and the reachable singularities of fl holes (at which the math of general relativity breaks down).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_relativity (5989 words)

	MAGIC throught two MILLENNIA
		Clocks 1 and 3 are not moving relative to one another (there is some rotation involved, but their relative position in space does not change with time); thus, as far as Special Relativity is concerned, they keep the same time.
		Both Special and General Relativity predict the slowing down of clocks under certain circumstances, and experiments to test the predictions of either theory must take account of the predictions of the other, since the effects of both theories are often present.
		General Relativity predicts that clocks in greater gravitational fields will run more slowly than those in weaker gravitational fields; thus an atomic clock in a higher gravitational field will emit light of a lower frequency compared to a clock in a lower gravitational field.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/Key/relgen.htm (2122 words)

	General Relativity
		General relativity is a theory of gravitation and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed.
		This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly accelerated motion of the reference frame.
		The final steps to the theory of general relativity were taken by Einstein and Hilbert at almost the same time.
	leiwen.tripod.com /general_relativity.htm (2033 words)

	PROGRAM IN GENERAL RELATIVITY
		The sequence normally begins in a Spring term, and currently the first course on general relativity is offered in the Fall term of an odd number year, with the other two courses being offered in successive terms.
		The three relativity courses are intended for doctoral level students in physics interested in doing research in general relativity, but are also of interest to advanced students in theoretical physics and astronomy.
		Basic foundations and principles of general relativity, derivation of the Einstein field equations and their consequences, the linearized theory, the Bel-Petrov classification of the curvature tensors, derivation of the Schwarzschild solution: and the four basic tests of general relativity.
	www.math.nmsu.edu /jdz/generalrelativity.html (399 words)

	A Flaw of General Relativity, a New Metric and Cosmological Implications
		The cosmological implications show that within the framework of general relativity, gravity alone can explain away the flatness and horizon problems (inflation is not needed) and cause the universe to seemingly accelerate in its expansion (dark energy is not needed).
		Then general relativity should allow the ball at right to traverse the uniform gravitational field (the box) in an arbitrarily short time in the tree’s frame.
		That is, if general relativity was consistent with the finding in section 1, which was inferred by means the theory allows, then the theory would preclude fl holes.
	zanket.home.att.net (6195 words)

	General Relativity Made Simple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Where general relativity is needed is in the presence of heavy objects or large amounts of energy.
		According to general relativity, the shift is 43 degrees per year, which convinced the world the general relativity was a correct theory.
		According to general relativity, the sun should make other stars appear to move (this is only an illusion, the stars don't actually move).
	www.geocities.com /autotheist/Physics/gr.htm (409 words)

	Relativity :: Physics : Gourt
		General Relativity Simulation Contest - The purpose of this Contest is to prove General Relativity using a (simple) algorithm.
		Gravity Probe B - Gravity Probe B is the relativity gyroscope experiment being developed by NASA and Stanford University to test two extraordinary, unverified predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
		Lecture Notes on General Relativity - Sean M. Carroll's lecture notes from a one-semester graduate-level course he taught at MIT in 1996.
	science.gourt.com /Physics/Relativity.html (1015 words)

	Graduate Level Course Notes and Tutorial Papers Related to General Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		General Relativity, by Petr Hadrava, (Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic).
		Numerical Hydrodynamics in General Relativity, by Jose A. Font (MPA, Garching) offers a comprehensive review (76 pages) of the state of the art of numerical relativistic hydrodynamics, including conservative and hyperbolic formulations of the EFE and Euler equations which are suitable for numerical integration.
		Exercises in General Relativity, from courses taught at the DEA of Theoretical Physics (Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris) and at the University of Geneva (1996-1999) by Jean-Philippe Uzan (Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Switzerland).
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/RelWWW/grad.html (4039 words)

	General Relativity - Einstein at least 99.95% right (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Though all the independent tests available in the double pulsar system agree with Einstein's theory, the one that gives the most precise result is the time delay, known as the Shapiro Delay, which the signals suffer as they pass through the curved space-time surrounding the two neutron stars.
		It is close to 90 millionths of a second and the ratio of the observed and predicted values is 1.0001 +/- 0.0005 - a precision of 0.05%.
		"Tests of general relativity from timing the double pulsar" was published in the journal Science, available from Sept. 14th on Science Express.
	www.pparc.ac.uk /Nw/Md/Artcl/einstein_pulsar.asp (1004 words)

	Chandrasekhar on Tests of General Relativity - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I have always taken the standard tests of general relativity (bending of light at the sun's limb, exact precession of the orbit of Mercury, slowing of the orbits of binary stars by gravitational radiation) as 'good' tests of the theory.
		Chandrasekhar goes on to argue that one possible reason GR is nevertheless taken very seriously is that "...it does not not violate the laws of other branches of physics not contemplated in its formulation, such as thermodynamics or quantum theory..." and therefore it meshes exceptionally well with known physics.
		In fairness, it must be said that essentially all the tests of GR performed so far have been weak-field tests; tests where it is not much different from Newtonian mechanics, sometimes different by only a very tiny factor.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=528 (2038 words)

	Directionality in Space-Time
		Troubled by the shortcomings of existing tests of general relativity, Leonard Schiff in 1960 proposed the use of orbiting gyroscopes to check unexamined directional effects in general relativity.
		Pugh's paper, "Proposal for a Satellite test of the Coriolis Prediction of General Relativity", 1959, Pentagon Weapons System Evaluation Group (WSEG) memo #11, was never published in any public source until the year 2003.
		Even the issues remain speculative but several clues suggest that general relativity may require amendment, and that the amendment, in the words of Nobel laureate C. Yang "somehow entangles spin and rotation." Says Yang: "Einstein's general relativity theory, though profoundly beautiful, is likely to be amended....
	einstein.stanford.edu /content/story_of_gpb/gpbsty3.html (1177 words)

	PhysOrgForum Science, Physics and Technology Discussion Forums -> Tests of General Relativity
		I'm trying to understand the meaning of each of the basic tests of General Relativity, and I thought this forum might be a good place to pose my questions.
		Today, this effect would be considered a test of principle of local position invariance, and thus a test of a large class of "metric gravitation theories", not just a test of gtr.
		There are some other theories which only approximate GR in the weak field limit, and to test these experimentally we plug them into a Parameterized Post-Newton (PPN) model of gravity and see how close their predictions come to reality.
	forum.physorg.com /index.php?showtopic=7278 (1852 words)

	ScienceDaily: Saturn-Bound Spacecraft Tests Einstein's Theory
		Science Daily — An experiment by Italian scientists using data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft, currently en route to Saturn, confirms Einstein's theory of general relativity with a precision that is 50 times greater than previous measurements.
		Introduction to general relativity -- General relativity (GR) is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916.
		Doppler effect -- The Doppler effect, named after Christian Andreas Doppler, is the apparent change in frequency or wavelength of a wave that is perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/10/031003061416.htm (1862 words)

	Precession of the perihelion of Mercury
		Most of the effect is due to the pull from the other planets but there is a measurable effect due to the corrections to Newton's theory predicted by the General Theory of Relativity.
		As seen from Earth the precession of Mercury's orbit is measured to be 5600 seconds of arc per century (one second of arc=1/3600 degrees).
		Many ad-hoc fixes were devised (such as assuming there was a certain amount of dust between the Sun and Mercury) but none were consistent with other observations (for example, no evidence of dust was found when the region between Mercury and the Sun was carefully scrutinized).
	phyun5.ucr.edu /~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node98.html (400 words)

	Relativity Physics Science
		In the language of special relativity, a tachyon is a particle with...
		Singularities in essence represent the limitation of traditional physics and general theory of relativity.
		This article is meant for students who have had an exposure to general relativity, but results from general relativity have been derived in the appendices.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Science/Physics/Relativity (772 words)

	MG11 parallel sessions: Precision Tests of General Relativity
		These tests will cover the foundations like the Universality of Free Fall, the Universality of the Gravitational Redshift, and Local Lorentz Invariance up to the predictions of General Relativity like light deflection, gravitational time delay, Lense-Thirring effect, Schiff effect, etc.
		Gravity tests by atom interferometry: Measurement of G and test of Newtonian law at micrometric distances, abstract
		The Equivalence Principle and its tests in the context of Gravity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology, abstract
	www.zarm.uni-bremen.de /2forschung/gravi/laemmerzahl/MG11exp (641 words)

	General Relativity Tests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The precession of Mercury's orbit refers to the rotation of the axis of the orbit.
		There was a small remaining precession that was unexplained when Einstein developed the General Theory of Relativity.
		This was the first new effect to be observed that had been predicted by General Relativity.
	www.drphysics.com /syllabus/GRTest/GRTest.html (502 words)

	Relativity Tests -- 314 (5796): 13b -- Science
		Relativity Tests -- 314 (5796): 13b -- Science
		The double-pulsar system PSR J0737-3039A/B, which comprises two radio pulsars that orbit one another quickly and with high acceleration, is the best system that has been identified for tests of general relativity.
		With mass measurements possible, four independent tests confirm the validity of general relativity at the 0.05% level in the strong-field regime.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/summary/314/5796/13b?rss=1 (193 words)

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