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Topic: Tetanospasmin

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	Tetanospasmin
		Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin[?] produced by the vegetative spore of Clostridium tetani[?] in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus.
		Tetanospasmin enters the nervous system by absorption at the myoneural junctions[?] and migrates from there through the perineural spaces in nerve trunks into the central nervous system (CNS) by retrograde axonal transport.
		Tetanospasmin is used to create the toxoid[?] used in immunization[?], such as the childhood DTP vaccine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/te/Tetanospasmin.html (284 words)

	Tetanus and Botulism
		Tetanospasmin is encoded on a plasmid which is present in all toxigenic strains.
		Tetanospasmin appears to act by selective cleavage of a protein component of synaptic vesicles, synaptobrevin II, and this prevents the release of neurotransmitters by the cells.
		The toxin is nicked by a bacterial protease (or possibly by gastric proteases) to produce two chains: a light chain (the A fragment) with a molecular weight of 50 kDa; and a heavy chain (the B fragment), with a mw of 100kDa.
	www.tjclarkinc.com /bacterial_diseases/tetanus_and_botulism.htm (2601 words)

	Tetanospasmin: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin (neurotoxin: Any toxin that affects neural tissues) produced by the vegetative spore (spore: A small usually single-celled reproductive body produced by many plants and some protozoans and that develops into a new individual) of Clostridium tetani (Clostridium tetani: clostridium tetani is a gram positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic,...
		Tetanospasmin enters the nervous system by absorption at the myoneural junctions and migrates from there through the perineural spaces in nerve trunks into the central nervous system (central nervous system: The portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord) (CNS) by retrograde axonal transport.
		Tetanospasmin is a 150-kD peptide (peptide: Amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/tetanospasmin (486 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 18
		The actions of tetanospasmin are complex and involve three components of the nervous system: central motor control, autonomic function, and the neuromuscular junction.
		Tetanospasmin also acts on the autonomic nervous system and is associated with elevated plasma catacholamine levels; respiratory failure is a frequent complication of the disease.
		Tetanospasmin may be as potent as the toxin of C botulinum; as little as 130 µg constitutes a lethal dose for humans.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch018.htm (9599 words)

	Structure and Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tetanospasmin is a protein that is secreted from Clostridium tetani as a single polypeptide chain.
		The light chain consists of domain A, and the heavy chain consists of domains B and C. The light and heavy chains remain connected by a single disulfide bond which is crucial in maintaining the toxicity of the protein.
		In the case of tetanospasmin, the A subunit of the toxin is represented by the light chain (contains domain A) and is associated with toxicity of the protein, and the B subunit is represented by the heavy chain (contains domains B and C).
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/bailey/377/PapersW03/Kathryn/structure.html (237 words)

	Tetanospasmin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tetanospasmin spreads through tissue spaces into the lymphatic and vascular systems.
		It enters the nervous system at the myoneural junctions and migrates through nerve trunks and into the central nervous system (CNS) by retrograde axonal transport.
		The toxin bind to the neurons is irreversible and nerve function can only be returned by the growth of new terminals and synapses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetanospasmin (304 words)

	What is tetanospasmin? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic, gram positive, endospore-forming bacillus, found predominantly in soils contaminated with feces.
		Tetanospasmin is released into the body upon lysis of dead C. tetani cells, often resulting in the development of the disease commonly known as tetnus.
		The potency of pure tetanospasmin preparations in mice is approximately 30 million MLDs (minimum lethal doses) per mg protein.
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/bailey/377/PapersW03/Kathryn/page2.html (144 words)

	[No title]
		Tetanospasmin that is released by the maturing bacilli is distributed via the lymphatic and vascular circulations to the end plates of all nerves.
		Tetanospasmin then enters the nervous system peripherally at the myoneural junction and is transported centripetally into neurons of the central nervous system (CNS).
		The neurons, which release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, the major inhibitory neurotransmitters, are sensitive to tetanospasmin, leading to failure of inhibition of motor reflex responses to sensory stimulation.
	www.laredo.edu /science/rviswanath/BIOL2401PPT/Tetanus.ppt (537 words)

	eMedicine - Tetanus : Article Excerpt by Robert W Tolan, Jr
		Tetanus is an infectious disorder characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms caused by the release of the neurotoxin tetanospasmin by Clostridium tetani following inoculation into a human host.
		Tetanospasmin, a zinc metalloprotease, is released in the wound and binds to the peripheral motor neuron terminal, enters the axon, and, via retrograde intraneuronal transport, reaches the nerve cell body in the brainstem and spinal cord.
		Loss of inhibition may also affect preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the lateral gray matter of the spinal cord and produce sympathetic hyperactivity and high levels of circulating catecholamines.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/tetanus.htm (824 words)

	[No title]
		Tetanospasmin that is released by the maturing bacilli is distributed via the lymphatic and vascular circulations to the end plates of all nerves.
		Tetanospasmin then enters the nervous system peripherally at the myoneural junction and is transported centripetally into neurons of the central nervous system (CNS).
		The neurons, which release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, the major inhibitory neurotransmitters, are sensitive to tetanospasmin, leading to failure of inhibition of motor reflex responses to sensory stimulation.
	www.laredo.cc.tx.us /science/rviswanath/BIOL2401PPT/Tetanus.ppt (537 words)

	Tetanus - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The spores germinate, releasing active bacteria that multiply and produce a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin.
		Tetanospasmin selectively blocks inhibitory nerve transmission from the spinal cord to the muscles, allowing the muscles to go into severe spasm.
		Spasmodic contractions can be so powerful that they tear the muscles or cause compression fractures of the vertebrae.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/encyclopedia/ency/article/000615.aspx (1002 words)

	Clostridium spp. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Pathogenesis: A powerful exotoxin called tetanospasmin is produced when endospores germinate after gaining access to wounds and is released only on cell lysis.
		Because it has a specific affinity for nervous tissue, it is referred to as a neurotoxin and it is one of the three most poisonous substances known.
		Unlike other diseases, recovery from the natural disease usually does not confer immunity, since even a lethal dose of tetanospasmin is insufficient to provoke an immune response.
	www.users.fast.net /~esteckel/clostridium_spp_.htm (954 words)

	Why Should I Get That Tetanus Shot?
		The vegetative cells produce a toxin that is called tetanospasmin.
		Tetanospasmin acts on the nerves in our body that regulate muscle tightening.
		The tetanospasmin prevents relaxation of the jaw muscles.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/microbiology/2478 (426 words)

	Tetanus - Health EncyclopediaNews Story - KNBC \| Los Angeles
		Infection begins when the spores enter the body through an injury or wound.
		Tetanospasmin blocks nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles, causing severe muscle spasm.
		Spasmodic contractions can be so powerful that they tear the muscles or cause compression fractures of the vertebrae.
	www.nbc4.tv /encyclopedia/6860439/detail.html (1035 words)

	tetanospasmin - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The organism remains localized at the portal of entry, but produces an exotoxin (tetanospasmin) which acts on the CNS.
		Tetanospasmin reaches the central nervous system by intraaxonal transport, moving at a rate of 75 to 250 nm per day.
		This toxin produces presynaptic blockade of the synapses on inhibitory Renshaw cells and Ia fibres of alpha motor neurons that handle the transmission of gamma - aminobutyric and glycine, but not of the Renshaw cells that handle acetylcholine transmission.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-1408892886.htm (246 words)

	ACOFP – A Case Study and Clinical Review of Clostridium tetani
		The toxin, tetanospasmin, which is released by the germinating spores of the bacterium, Clostridium tetani, causes the disease.
		The toxin, tetanospasmin, which is released by the germinating spore of the tetanus bacillus to underlying tissue, circulates via the lymphatic and vascular circulation, where it diffuses to the end plates of all nerves.
		The circulating toxin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and therefore does not enter the central nervous system directly, except at the fourth ventricle.(2) The toxin binds to the gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction, and is transported along the axon in a retrograde direction into the neurons of the central nervous system.
	www.acofp.org /publications/archives/0606/0606_2.html (2038 words)

	Tetanus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The majority of the clinical effects of C. tetani are due to the neurological effects of tetanospasmin.
		Tetanospasmin diffuses in the muscle and neuronal terminals, traveling up the motor axons to the central nervous system.
		At the spinal cord and medulla, synaptic inhibitions are decreased, resulting in muscles that are continuously contracted until physical exhaustion occurs.
	www.dlab.colostate.edu /webdocs/ext_vet/cleon14.html (407 words)

	[No title]
		Toxin is released into blood stream, when macrophages attack the bacteria and lyse the bacterial cells.
		Tetanospasmin reaches the central nervous system and binds to nerve cells that control contraction of various skeletal muscles.
		Binding of tetanospasmin blocks the inhibitory nerve impulses to one skeletal muscle while the opposing muscle is contracted.
	www.lakshmi-sridharan.com /Documents/Beware-of-Microbes.doc (763 words)

	ENLmedical.com: Conditions And Concerns: Medical Encyclopedia: Tetanus
		The spores germinate, releasing active bacteria that multiply, and produce a neurotoxin, called tetanospasmin.
		Spasmodic contractions may be so powerful that they tear the muscles or cause compression fractures of the vertebrae.
		Tetanus immune globulin is given to neutralize the toxin, tetanospasmin.
	www.enlmedical.com /article/000615.htm (675 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Clostridium tetani
		Two toxins are elaborated, tetanospasmin and tetanolysin, the latter of which is of uncertain toxicity and significance.
		As the organism matures, it develops a terminal spore, giving it the characteristic tennis racket appearance.
		Tetanospasmin is similar in structure to botulinum toxin, but very different in effect.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Clostridium_tetani (363 words)

	Tetanus: Anaerobic Bacteria: Merck Manual Professional
		Manifestations of tetanus are caused by an exotoxin (tetanospasmin).
		The toxin may enter the CNS along the peripheral motor nerves or may be bloodborne to nervous tissue.
		Tetanospasmin binds irreversibly to the ganglioside membranes of nerve synapses, blocking release of inhibitory transmitter from nerve terminals and thereby causing a generalized tonic spasticity, usually with superimposed intermittent tonic seizures.
	www.merck.com /mmpe/print/sec14/ch178/ch178i.html (1847 words)

	TETANUS : Encyclopedia Entry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		If the condition is caused by exposure to certain bacteria, a serious and often fatal disease may result.
		Tetanus is the primary symptom caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin which is produced by the Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani.
		The stiffness and spasming of muscles expands throughout the body inferiorly, and can be so powerful that they cause muscle tears and even bone fractures[2].
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Tetanus (1179 words)

	Tetanus eMedicine Web Page
		The neurons, which release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, the major inhibitory neurotransmitters, are particularly sensitive to tetanospasmin leading to failure of inhibition of motor reflex responses to sensory stimulation resulting in generalized contractions of the agonist and antagonist musculature characteristic of a tetanic spasm.
		The shortest peripheral nerves are the first to deliver the toxin to the CNS, which leads to the early symptoms of facial distortion and back and neck stiffness.
		Tetanospasmin has a disinhibitory effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
	www.vaccinationnews.com /dailynews/May2001/TetanusEMedicine.htm (2288 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : />
		These are responsible for a reduction in the local oxidation-reduction potential, thus promoting reversion of spores to the vegetative forms that produce tetanospasmin.
		Tetanospasmin is taken up by the peripheral nerve terminals and carried intra-axonally within membrane-bound vesicles to spinal neurons.
		Tetanospasmin is a 151-kD protein with heavy and light chains joined by a disulfide bond; the 100-kD heavy chain binds to cell surface receptors and the 50-kD light chain is responsible for presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release.
	www.merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/321_005.htm (244 words)

	Tetanus by: Derrik C.
		It is often found in the soil or manure, and it enters the body through an open wound or a break in the skin.
		There, it releases three toxins; one of these, tetanospasmin, is responsible for symptoms that characterize tetanus.
		This involves use of antibiotics, such as penicillin, to get rid of the bacteria, the use of antitoxins to neutralize the tetanospasmin, and various other medications to control the muscle spasms.
	www.edina.k12.mn.us /edinahigh/departments/science/krause/studentwork/period3/derrikc.htm (658 words)

	Tetanus laboratory case definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tetanus is a rarely encountered but potentially fatal disease caused by a neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) produced by the anaerobic sporing bacterium, Clostridium tetani.
		A stiff paralysis in the leg of the mouse on the side corresponding to the inoculated thigh is typical of tetanospasmin.
		Neutralisation of this paralytic effect or prevention of death in the mice by the prior administration of tetanus antitoxin to the control mice establishes specificity for tetanospasmin.
	www.health.gov.au /internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-phlncd-tetanus.htm (1123 words)

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