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	Tetanurae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tetanurae, meaning "stiff tails", was named by Gauthier (1986) for a large group of theropod dinosaurs.
		It is generally understood as all theropods more closely related to modern birds than to Ceratosaurus (e.g.
		Modern birds are the only living representatives of the clade Tetanurae.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetanurae (299 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 340.100 Theropoda: Basal Theropods
		They seem to have become extinct during the end Jurassic in Laurasia, although if abelisaurs are Ceratosaurs (and this is generally stated but still not certain), than these animals survived in Gondwanaland right up to the end of the age of dinosaurs.
		All Tetanurans lack the fourth digit of the hand, have all their maxilliary (upper jaw) teeth in front of their eyes, have a strap-like scapula (shoulder blade), and various other anatomical characteristics, which indicate that all tetanurans evolved from a single common ancestor.
		Tetanurae -- The Dinosauricon; Torvosauroidea; Re- Torvosauroidea was [R- Torvosaurus and Giganotosaurus];
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/340Theropoda/340.100.html (1856 words)

	Tetanurae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Tetanurae are a large, diverse group of theropod dinosaurs, characterized by a few features that most members possess (using the principles of cladistics, we know that those tetanurans that lack these features must have lost them during their evolutionary history).
		The Tetanurae range from the tiny, meek forms that you may see every day in your backyard pecking at insects or seeds, to the giant terrors that hunted the large herds of other dinosaurs back in the Cretaceous period.
		The other main group of Tetanurae are the Coelurosauria; an extremely diverse group; undoubtedly the most diverse of all dinosaurs.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/saurischia/tetanurae.html (205 words)

	Tetanurae - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 09:32, 23 December 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Tetanurae contains research on
		Tetanurae, Definition, Range, Popular tetanurans, Published sources and Theropods.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Tetanurae (309 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Carnvosaurs - characterized by their large size, short neck and forelimbs Tetanurae (fused tail) The name Tetanurae applied to all non-ceratosaur theropods.
		Infraorder containing the carnosaurs and coelurosaurs and from which the birds are believed to have evolved.
		Tetanurae are thought to comprise the carnosaurs and coelurosaurs, but one group Tetanurae (Compsognathus) does not neatly fit into either.
	www.eas.purdue.edu /geos115/lectures/lecture2/lec10.doc (594 words)

	DinoDatabase.com :: Glossary \| T
		Tetanurae (teh-tuh-NOOR-ree) are one of three infraorders of theropods.
		This large group of theropods covers a great diversity of dinosaurs, including the micro-orders Carnosauria (to which Tyrannosauridae belonged), and Coelurosauria (to which several bird-like families belonged).
		Infraorders of Theropoda are: Ceratosauria, Tetanurae and Segnosauria.
	www.dinodatabase.com /gloss/dnoglost.asp (1099 words)

	Tetanurae
		These basal tetanurans have been often associated with spinosauroids, but then again removed from that group.
		My personal opinion is that megalosaurs are a paraphyletic basal group of Tetanurae and some of them are probably either basal avetheropods or basal spinosaurs.
		Allain, R., 2002: Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Archosauria/Theropoda/Tetanurae.htm (461 words)

	Tetanurae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tetanurae was designed as a stem away from Ceratosaurus, and abelisaurids were not explicitly discussed (having been named only a year prior).
		Comments- This was originally referred to Scelidosaurus by Owen (1863; 1884), and was designated as the type of that taxon by Lydekker (1888).
		Carrano and Sampson (2004) refer this specimen to the basal Tetanurae.
	students.washington.edu /eoraptor/Tetanurae.htm (1813 words)

	Ceratosaurian Theropods
		Ceratosauria first are seen in the fossil record in the late Triassic period, some 225 million years ago.
		Currently, Ceratosauria is considered to be the sister group to the Tetanurae, which are a more diverse group of later theropods.
		You may wish to go now to the Tetanurae, the rest of the theropods.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/saurischia/ceratosauria.html (642 words)

	Theropoda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The somewhat more advanced true Ceratosauria (including Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus) appear during the Early Jurassic, and continued through to the Late Jurassic in Laurasia, competing quite well alongside their more advanced tetanuran relatives, and - in the form of the abelisaur lineage - the end of the Cretaceous in Gondwana
		The Tetanurae are more specialised again than the Ceratosaurs.
		They are subdivided into Spinosauroidea or Torvosauroidea (originally called "Megalosaurs") which were most common during the Middle Jurassic but continue to the Middle Cretaceous, and the Avetheropoda.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theropoda (793 words)

	sampson_long.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Theropods represent is a diverse clade of predatory dinosaurs with a global distribution and a lengthy Mesozoic tenure (also persistent to the present day in the guise of birds).
		A basal division into two monophyletic clades, Ceratosauria and Tetanurae, has been supported since publication of the first phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of the group 12 years ago.
		Yet most systematic studies of theropods have focused on a single derived subclade within Tetanurae (Coelurosauria), due in large part to ongoing controversy over the origin of birds.
	www.mines.utah.edu /geo/people/faculty/sampson_long.html (2700 words)

	Lectures 17 and 18 - Late Jurassic: Morisson, Tendaguru
		Allosaurus fragilis is a large theropod from the Morrison that is classified as a member of the Tetanurae because it has the groups' shared derived character of having lost digit IV and V on the manus.
		The name Tetanurae referes to the tendency for many of the members of the group to have a stiffened tail, a trail not seen, however, in Allosaurus.
		Ornitholestes is a member of the Coelurosauria within the Theropoda and within the Tetanurae, the main shared derived character for which is the presence of long arms.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /edu/dees/courses/v1001/morisson14.html (3060 words)

	Ceratosauria
		One may ask why a primitive common ancestor should give rise to both primitive and advanced descendents, but only the advanced descendents remained invisible in the fossil record for some millions of years.
		Worse, there must be a mysterious and similarily invisible taxon transitional between the Herrerasauria and the Tetanurae.
		Surely it is much more logical to have the Ceratosauria evolve from Herrerasauria ancestors, and then, several million years later, in turn give rise to Megalosaurian proto-tetanurae.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/dinosauria/Ceratosauria.html (961 words)

	Lec 12 The Meat Eaters
		Until fairly recently, the Tetanurae was divided into two major groups, the Carnosauria (meat + lizards) and the Coelurosauria (hollow tailed + lizards).
		Padian, et al (1999) have proposed the term Neotheropoda for the clade including the common ancestor of Ceratosauria and Tetanurae and all descendents of that common ancestor.
		Moving on up the cladogram we come to the Tetanurae, with genera such as Torvosaurus and Megalosaurus, and the redefined Carnosauria (including the family Allosauridae, Allosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus, and related forms) successively leading to the Coelurosauria.
	www.wvup.edu /ecrisp/lec12themeateaters.html (3501 words)

	Updates of 30th March 2003
		A new species of basal dromaeosaurids [Archosauria: Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae: Avetheropoda: Coelurosauria: Maniraptora: Paraves: Dromaeosauridae:] added.
		New species of tyrannosaurs [Archosauria: Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae: Avetheropoda: Coelurosauria: Tyrannosauroidea] added.
		A new species of Megalosauridae [Archosauria: Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae: ?Spinosauroidea:] added.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/updates/2003-03-30.html (1137 words)

	The Origami Page
		Ceratosauria were a group of primative theropods and included Coelophysis and probably Procompsognathus.
		The Tetanurae were a more advanced group, and included Carnosauria (such as Allosaurus) and the Coelurosauria.
		This group contained the Tyrannosauridae, the Ornithomimidae and the Mairaptora.
	www.fishgoth.com /origami/theropoda.html (581 words)

	A solution for the problem of numbering theropod and avian fingers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Digit I is build after anlage II, Digit II after anlage III, and so on.
		That is why modern theropods share their longes finger with ancient herrerasaurids without requiring a ghost linage between hypothetical ancestors with long fourth fingers and modern Tetanurae.
		For result we can say: birds have the fingers II,III,IV, theropods until Coelophysidae I,II,III; there is no pentadactyl theropod manus to expect.
	www.dinosauromorpha.de /herrerra.htm (819 words)

	Questions and Answers (July 2000)-Zoom Dinosaurs
		Most paleontologists take Ceratosauria and Tetanurae to be sister groups, clades that brached off from a common primitive theropod ancestor.
		In one cladogram, the theropods branch two clades, Ceratosauria and Tetanurae.
		In an alternate cladogram, theropods brach into a clade containing Eoraptor and another which later branches off into a clade with Herrerasaurus, and another which eventually breaks into Ceratosauria and Tetanurae.
	www.zoomschool.com /subjects/dinosaurs/questions/Qns00July.shtml (5272 words)

	Dinosaurs:Exam 2 Notes AKA: Adrian's Uber-Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ceratosaurus "Nose Horned Lizard" - Notice the horn on the head.
		basal tetanurans -Megalosaurus, Torvosaurus (savage lizard), Baronyx (heavy claw), Spinosaurus (spike lizard) tetanurae (fused tail)
		Compsognathus, Carnosaurs and Coelurosaurs all belong to this group.
	homepages.ius.edu /Adrian/g180/exam2.html (1360 words)

	taxonomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The theropods can be further divided as the picture below shows.
		Birds would best be classified in the clade Ceolurosauria (an offshoot of Tetanurae).
		The picture shown sa the Ceolurosaur is an artist's interpretation of the well known Archaeopteryx.
	alumni.imsa.edu /~anneka/dinosaur/page2.html (431 words)

	The Dinosauria: CHAPTER ONE
		Click on any link to download the file.
		Appendix 4.1 Basal Tetanurae and Tyrannosauroidea Character Description (Word)
		Appendix 4.2 Basal Tetanurae and Tyrannosauroidea Data Matrix (Word)
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/2601001/2601001.supplement.html (119 words)

	The Evolution of Dinosaurs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Skeletal innovation in the three major clades of dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Theropoda, and Sauropodomorpha) as shown by contemporaneous species from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) Morrison Formation of North America.
		within Tetanurae is anticipated, as genera such as Afrovenator,
		Neovenator, and others formerly referred to as "megalosaurids"
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Ecology/evolution_of_dinosaurs.htm (5725 words)

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