Tetra ethyl lead - Factbites

Tetra ethyl lead - Factbites
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Topic: Tetra ethyl lead

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	Tetra-ethyl lead - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tetra-ethyl lead (also known as TEL, lead tetraethyl and tetraethyllead) is a toxic organometallic chemical compound, with formula (CH
		A 1994 study indicated that the concentration of lead in blood dropped 78% from 1978 to 1991 [2].
		TEL was once used extensively as an additive in gasoline (petrol) for its ability to increase the fuel's octane rating (that is, to prevent its premature detonation ("knocking") in the engine) thus allowing the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetra-ethyl_lead (1001 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - General Information (E)
		Ethyl fluid is a mixture consisting principally of tetra-ethyl lead which was formerly added to petrol as an anti-knocking agent.
		It is miscible in all proportions of acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol, and water.
		Ethyl acrylate is soluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform and is slightly soluble in water.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/A5.HTM (5201 words)

	ScienceDaily: Lead
		Lead pipes that bear the insignia of Roman emperors are still in service and many Roman "pigs" (ingots) of lead figure in Derbyshire lead mining history and in the history of the industry in other English centres.
		Lead is used as a coloring element in ceramic glazes, notably in the colors red and yellow.
		Lead has been used by humans for at least 7000 years, because it was (and continues to be) widespread and easy to extract, as well as easy to work with, being both highly malleable and ductile as well as easy to smelt.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/lead (2601 words)

	Toxicity of lead
		Lead has a number of uses but many of these are currently being phased out because of growing awareness of its toxicity and of the damage that uncontrolled dispersion in the environment has already caused.
		Lead binds to calmodulin, a protein which in the synaptic terminal acts as a sensor of free calcium concentration and as a mediator of neurotransmitter release.
		Lead is a lustrous, bluish metal; it is relatively soft, extremely malleable and ductile and is a poor conductor of electricity.
	www.phyles.ge.cnr.it /htmling/toxicityoflead.html (1499 words)

	Daily Nation On the Web
		Coincidentally it was in 1921 that Tetra ethyl lead, an efficiency enhancing gasoline additive was discovered.
		Some of the occupational sources of lead or which potentially expose people to lead are; lead-copper-brass smelting, battery and aircraft manufacturing, car radiator repair, painting and plumbing.
		When lead is taken by mouth, it then enters the blood stream then into organs such as the brain, liver, kidney.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/DailyNation/010799/Features/XX5.html (407 words)

	TEL
		I cannot say why the poisonous TEL was released under the name "Ethyl", but given that it happened to be the name generally used for pure alcohol, I rather fancy that there was something terribly cynical about it.
		Lead damages our immune system and it would be incredibly stupid not to believe that it interferes with our nervous systems in general.
		It is now accepted that TEL was responsible for some 95% of our atmospheric lead (which has always been known to be a heavy metal poison) and that highly reactive lead isotopes were also emitted.
	www.vlbengine.com /tel.html (563 words)

	Petroleum Bazaar - The no.1 sites on Petroleum Products
		Tetra ethyl lead shall not be blended exce t 'm an e ui ment a roved in writin b the Chief Controller and in quantities not exceeding the limits specified in the relevant Indian Standards specifications.
		Tetra ethyl lead shall not be blended with petroleum except in an equipment approved in writing by the Chief Controller and in such proportions and under such conditions as may time to time be determined by him.
		Every mixture of petroleum and tetra ethyl lead shall be distinctively coloured before being supplied to the public.
	www.petroleumbazaar.com /library/Petroleumrules1976_16.htm (209 words)

	venugopal abstract
		Ethyl Corporation (Ethyl Corp) is a US (United Stated of America) based firm and was the prime manufacturer of the TE lead additive in gasoline.
		TE lead was banned as a gasoline additive in the late 1970s due to increasing evidence of negative health and environmental impacts.
		Like TE lead, MMT is used in gasoline to reduce "engine knock" a symptom that an internal combustion engines encounter due to a low octane content in the fuel.
	www.ucalgary.ca /EV/designresearch/projects/2001/ftaa/venugopalabstract.html (437 words)

	tetraethyl lead. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It is an organometallic compound prepared by reacting ethyl chloride with a sodium-lead alloy.
		Because the lead bromide is poisonous, lead-free gasolines are required in the United States.
		An additional reason for lead-free gas is that the lead in the exhaust pipe would poison the catalytic converter that is standard equipment for U.S. cars.
	www.bartleby.com /65/te/tetraeth.html (191 words)

	Lead Contamination in Cocoa and Cocoa Products: Isotopic Evidence of Global Contamination
		An objective of the present study was to determine the concentration and isotopic composition of lead in cocoa beans and soils from cocoa plantations of Nigeria to establish the baseline lead concentration of the beans and determine the relative contribution of soil lead to that concentration.
		The presence of contaminant lead in bean shells from the cocoa farms is substantiated by the concentrations we observed in the various soil profile composites of this study (Table 5).
		The disparity between lead levels in the cocoa beans and shells is consistent with the literature on lead contamination in foods, which have shown that contamination is greatest on plant surfaces that are subject to the direct deposition of industrial lead aerosols.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2005/8009/8009.html (3507 words)

	Kettering and Tetraethyl Lead
		Thus, tetraethyl lead, which was one technological solution to the knock problem, has been heavily documented through secondary sources, while other routes, which may have seemed equally viable in the early 1920s, and which were only discarded long after the inventive process was over, have not been documented at all.
		Many scientists and engineers believed that the anti-knock effect of tetraethyl lead had been discovered by a scientific method and that the criticism of leaded gasoline was anti-scientific.
		Ethyl leaded gasoline, the low percentage solution, would serve as a transition from the past to the "fuel of the future" that would keep America's cars on the roads no matter what calamity might befall the oil industry.
	www.radford.edu /~wkovarik/papers/kettering.html (16833 words)

	Halfbakery: Leaded Gas
		Of course, Tetra-ethyl lead is toxic, to the environment in general, and to people, including you and me. Lead will also completely destroy the catalytic converter of your car.
		Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) was usually added to leaded gasoline as scavenger agent, so the exhaust would be rich in lead bromide, rather than lead oxide.
		Lead served a dual purpose as a gas additive: -It was a cheap way to increase octane rating -It coated nicely the inside of the cylinders, reducing wear.
	www.halfbakery.com /lr/idea/Leaded_20Gas (271 words)

	Lead: Secondary Lead Smelter eTool: Raw Materials Processing - Raw Materials Receiving and Storage
		If it is determined through source identification sampling that lead dust is coming from mobile equipment or is coming from adjacent areas, reevaluate material handling patterns and work practices and isolate the area through barriers and provide ventilation as needed.
		Lead-bearing scrap from other operations (such as battery manufacturing plant scrap, dross from lead refining, and scrap metallic lead) should be covered during transfer and stored in an enclosed, ventilated area until the charge preparation phase begins.
		Workers may be exposed to lead dust during receiving and storage of lead-bearing materials.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/etools/leadsmelter/rawmaterials/receivingstorage.html (406 words)

	5084.html
		Manufactured by the action of ethyl chloride on a powdered alloy of lead and sodium, the compound is a dense, colourless liquid that is quite volatile, boiling at about 200º C (400º F).
		Lead is poison, a potent neurotoxin whose sickening and deadly effects have been known for nearly 3,000 years and written about by historical figures from the Greek poet and physician Nikander and the Roman architect Vitruvius to Benjamin Franklin.
		The leaded gas adventurers have profitably polluted the world on a grand scale and, in the process, have provided a model for the asbestos, tobacco, pesticide and nuclear power industries, and other twentieth-century corporate bad actors, for evading clear evidence that their products are harmful by hiding behind the mantle of scientific uncertainty.
	www.lawyerdude.8m.com /5084.html (13712 words)

	Tetra Ethyl Lead - Club Hot Rod Forums
		Lead in drinking water is still a concern in some areas of our country, and we don't have leaded fuel in use anymore (with the exception of some comparatively limited use in racing and flying).
		While airborne lead from auto fuel was definitely an issue, atmospheric conditions would "flush" the contaminant, whereas in the house it tended to "stay" more.
		Since lead is a natural element in the environment good ol' "Mother Earth" is a contributor too.
	www.clubhotrod.com /t8302.html (467 words)

	Leaded gasoline: history and current situation
		The 1921 discoverty of tetraethyl lead was the product of a systematic and scientific search through all the possible octane boosting alternatives.
		GM, Standard Oil (Exxon) and the Ethyl Corp. employed a physician who at one point insisted to the press that "nothing be said about this in the public interest." When that request was shrugged off by the media, any subsequent reporting would be seen as an attack.
		Henry Ford, Charles F. Kettering and the Fuel of the Future demonstrates the wide extent to which alternatives to leaded gasoline, particularly renewable fuels, were known and preferred by Ford and Kettering.
	www.radford.edu /~wkovarik/ethylwar (1576 words)

	ProTec’s most advanced fuel additive for gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, and fuel catalysts for refineries, fuel distributors and all industry applications
		More and more countries are passing laws or by treaty are forced to phase out the use of lead (Tetra Ethyl Lead) in gasoline.
		Many and refineries not equipped to produce high octane gasoline are facing a tough challenge when it comes to replace dangerous chemicals like TEL and MTBE.
		The performance level can be raised up to 20 RON numbers or higher depending on the chemical composition of the gasoline.
	www.protecusa.com /replacement_tel_mtbe.htm (449 words)

	ProTec’s most advanced fuel additive for gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, and fuel catalysts for refineries, fuel distributors and all industry applications
		In many countries, lead (a major source of harmful pollution), is still in use as an additive in gasoline.
		takes the place of lead substitutes and all other addtives,
		Until recently the production of CO2 by fossil fuel combustion was already thought to be environmentally innocuous, but fossil-based energy from all sources over many decades has noticeably elevated the global concentration of this gas and raised the issue of greenhouse effect.
	www.protecusa.com /tb_puragas.htm (698 words)

	Associated Octel Company Limited - D&O
		"Compounds" means lead antiknock compounds of the types described in Appendix 1 to the Supply Agreement.
		The Supply Agreement is incorporated by reference herein.
	www.ftc.gov /os/1999/12/associatedoctel.do.htm (440 words)

	Motorcycle Links for Bikers
		Kemco Oil - Real Tetra Ethyl Lead Gas Additive!
	www.ridersforjustice.com /Other%20Links/biker_links.html (417 words)

	ECeurope International Trade Leads Import Export b2b Marketplace
		Chemical Analysis WT% Pure T.E.L. 61.48 min Ethylene Dibromide 17.86 Ethylene Dichloride 18.81 Anti-oxid
		ECeurope International Trade Leads Import Export b2b Marketplace
		WE ARE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMPANY WITH SELF -RUNNING FACTORY SPECIALISING IN Chemical/pharmacutical & Textiles/clothes PROCESSING THE ORDER ACCORDING TO CUTOMER'S REQUIREMENTS WE EXPORT MAINLY AND PARTLY IMPORT BASED ON CIF HK ACCORDING TO CUSTOMERS/MANUFACTURER'S ORDER
	www.eceurope.com /handful (144 words)

	Lead
		In gasoline (petrol) as tetra-ethyl lead and tetra-methyl lead to reduce knocking (also called pre-detonation, pre-ignition or pinking) from the 1920s, in 1986 leaded gasoline was banned from sale in the United States, in the EU in 1999.
		Lead has been used by humans for at least 7000 years, because it was (and continues to be) widespread and easy to extract, as well as easy to work with, being both highly malleable and ductile as well as easy to smelt.
		Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid accumulators, bullet s and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, and fusible alloy s.
	www.information-and-answers.com /resource-Lead.html (144 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - General Information (E)
		Ethyl fluid is a mixture consisting principally of tetra-ethyl lead which was formerly added to petrol as an anti-knocking agent.
		It is miscible in all proportions of acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol, and water.
		Ethyl Acetate (acetic ether) is a colourless liquid with a characteristic fruity odour prepared by the esterification of ethyl alcohol with acetic acid.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/A5.HTM (5201 words)

	Clair Cameron Patterson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He determined that the cause of the contamination was the use of tetra-ethyl lead to reduce engine 'knock' in internal combustion engines, as well as many other areas in which lead was used.
		Patterson had first encountered lead contamination when in the late 1940s as a graduate student at the University of Chicago.
		Eventually, Patterson's efforts led to the Clean Air Act of 1970, and ultimately the removal of lead from all gasoline in the United States by 1986.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson (556 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: 1921 in science
		Thomas Midgley (additional info and facts about Thomas Midgley) discovers the effective anti-knocking properties of Tetra-ethyl lead (additional info and facts about Tetra-ethyl lead), which is used in "leaded" gasoline (A volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines) (petrol).
		The year 1921 in science (A particular branch of scientific knowledge) and technology (The practical application of science to commerce or industry) included many events, some of which are listed here.
		Chemistry (The science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions) - Frederick Soddy (English chemist whose work on radioactive disintegration led to the discovery of isotopes (1877-1956))
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/1/19/1921_in_science.htm (333 words)

	Gasoline FAQ - Part 3 of 4
		Octane distribution was seldom a problem with the alkyl lead compounds, as the tetra methyl lead and tetra ethyl lead octane volatility profiles were well characterised, but it can be a major problem for the new, reformulated, low aromatic gasolines, as MTBE boils at 55C, whereas ethanol boils at 78C.
		In the 1920s, typical gasoline octane ratings were 40-60 [11], and during the 1930s and 40s, the ratings increased by approximately 20 units as alkyl leads and improved refining processes became widespread [12].
		The octane rating of the fuel is the appropriate parameter, and it is not rare for an engine to require a higher Octane fuel to prevent run-on than to avoid knock [27,28].
	www.faqs.org /faqs/autos/gasoline-faq/part3 (8362 words)

	Gasoline FAQ - Part 3 of 4
		Octane distribution was seldom a problem with the alkyl lead compounds, as the tetra methyl lead and tetra ethyl lead octane volatility profiles were well characterised, but it can be a major problem for the new, reformulated, low aromatic gasolines, as MTBE boils at 55C, whereas ethanol boils at 78C.
		The octane rating of the fuel is the appropriate parameter, and it is not rare for an engine to require a higher Octane fuel to prevent run-on than to avoid knock [27,28].
		The most significant determinant of octane is the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons and their response to the addition of octane enhancing additives.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/autos/gasoline-faq/part3 (8362 words)

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