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Topic: Tetrachloroethylene

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	Tetrachloroethylene: chemical industry, evaluation of toxicity
		Tetrachloroethylene is manufactured by chlorination or oxychlorination of raw materials such as propylene, dichloroethane, chloropropenes and chloropropanes.
		For tetrachloroethylene, the evaluation of toxicity was based on eight sets of data for algae, 13 for invertebrates and 18 for fish in both marine and freshwater media.
		When the environmental concentration of tetrachloroethylene in rivers and coastal waters/estuaries is compared with the predicted no-effect level to give the PEC/PNEC ratio, there is a safety margin of 20-250 between actual exposure and the level at which no effect on the environment would be expected.
	www.eurochlor.org /index.asp?page=336 (615 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene (UK PID)
		Tetrachloroethylene has been the solvent of choice in the dry cleaning industry since the 1950s (Blair et al, 1979) and is used extensively in textile processing as a scouring solvent to remove the oil from the fabrics (Ellenhorn and Barceloux, 1988; Sax, 1984; Torkelson, 1994; Ware, 1988).
		Tetrachloroethylene is lipophilic and accumulates in the liver, brain, kidney, lung and adipose tissue, with gradual redistribution (Lukaszewski, 1979; Ware, 1988).
		Tetrachloroethylene is probably transformed by oxidation to perchloroethylene oxide and subsequently by rearrangement to trichloroacetyl chloride and then by hydrolysis to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (Lukaszewski, 1979; Yllner, 1961).
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/tetrachl/ukpid28.htm (8445 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) \| Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web site \| US EPA
		Prior to 1981, tetrachloroethylene was detected in ambient air at average levels of 0.16 parts per billion (ppb) in rural and remote areas, 0.79 ppb in urban and suburban areas, and 1.3 ppb in areas near emission sources.
		Tetrachloroethylene has also been detected in drinking water; one survey prior to 1984 of water supplies from groundwater sources reported a median concentration of 0.75 ppb for the samples in which tetrachloroethylene was detected, with a maximum level of 69 ppb.
		Tetrachloroethylene is a nonflammable colorless liquid with a sharp sweet odor; the odor threshold is 1 ppm.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/uatw/hlthef/tet-ethy.html (1565 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 63, 1995)
		Tetrachloroethylene was tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration in one experiment in mice, and a significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was observed in animals of each sex.
		Tetrachloroethylene did not usually induce gene conversion in yeasts; the results with regard to induction of aneuploidy in one study were inconclusive.
		Tetrachloroethylene did not increase the frequency of mutations in bacteria, except in one study in which a metabolic activation system consisting of liver and kidney fractions, which favours glutathione conjugation and further activation, was used.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol63/tetrachloroethylene.html (1353 words)

	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TRICHLOROETHYLENE - (Organic Method #1001)
		The mean respective extraction efficiencies for tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene from SKC Lot 2000 charcoal tubes over the range of the RQL to 2 times the target concentrations are 98.8% and 99.3% for TWA levels, 98.3% and 98.8% for ceiling levels and 98.5% and 99.0% for peak levels.
		The mean respective extraction efficiencies for tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene from SKC Lot 2000 charcoal tubes that had humid air drawn through them before they were spiked at the target concentrations are 98.9% and 99.5% for TWA levels, 98.6% and 98.9% for ceiling levels and 98.6% and 98.8% for peak levels.
		The mean respective extraction efficiencies for tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene are 98.9% and 99.5% for TWA levels, 98.6% and 98.9% for ceiling levels and 98.6% and 98.8% for peak levels.
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/mdt/mdt1001/1001.html (6973 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tetrachloroethylene is also extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of refrigerants such as HFC-134a.
		One method of testing for tetrachloroethylene exposure is to measure the amount of the chemical in the breath, much the same way breath-alcohol measurements are used to determine the amount of alcohol in the blood.
		Tetrachloroethylene contamination was used as a plot focus in a story arc of the TV show Ghostwriter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetrachloroethylene (825 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Tetrachloroethylene (PERC)
		Tetrachloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
		Most people can smell tetrachloroethylene when it is present in the air at a level of 1 part tetrachloroethylene per million parts of air (1 ppm) or more, although some can smell it at even lower levels.
		One way of testing for tetrachloroethylene exposure is to measure the amount of the chemical in the breath, much the same way breath-alcohol measurements are used to determine the amount of alcohol in the blood.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts18.html (963 words)

	>TOXIC CHEMICALS IN ATLANTIC CANADA - TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
		Tetrachloroethylene is a synthetic solvent which became popular as a dry cleaning fluid in the 1930s.
		Tetrachloroethylene is colourless, has an ether-like odour, is denser than water and boils at a higher temperature.
		Once in the atmosphere, tetrachloroethylene may be transported for considerable distances and deposited with precipitation, sometimes in remote areas and far from the point of release.
	www.ns.ec.gc.ca /epb/envfacts/tetra.html (920 words)

	Existing Substances Evaluation: PSL1: Tetrachloroethylene
		Tetrachloroethylene is no longer produced in Canada but continues to be imported, primarily for use as a solvent in the dry-cleaning and metal-cleaning industries.
		Tetrachloroethylene has been measured in outdoor air and in the air inside homes within Canada, and has been detected in drinking water across the country and in contaminated surface waters in the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.
		The estimated effects threshold for terrestrial plants, notably trees exposed to tetrachloroethylene in the atmosphere, was equivalent to airborne concentrations observed at a rural location, and was exceeded by the mean concentrations reported for various urban locations.
	www.ec.gc.ca /substances/ese/eng/psap/PSL1_tetrachloroethylene.cfm (421 words)

	ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Tetrachloroethylene
		Tetrachloroethylene is a synthetic chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing operations.
		Tetrachloroethylene has been used safely as a general anesthetic agent, so at high concentrations, it is known to produce loss of consciousness.
		NIOSH recommends that tetrachloroethylene be handled as a chemical that might potentially cause cancer and states that levels of the chemical in workplace air should be as low as possible.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /toxprofiles/phs18.html (2537 words)

	Factors Influencing Tetrachloroethylene Concentrations in Residences above Dry-Cleaning Establishments Archives of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, the primary solvent used in dry cleaning, is neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and likely a human carcinogen.[1] Common synonyms for tetrachloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) include perchloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, perclene, perchlor, and perk.[2] Dry cleaning is a highly dispersed industry with small facilities, virtually none of which practice health and safety or have environmental personnel or experience.
		Air emissions of tetrachloroethylene can occur at various steps of the dry-cleaning process, including direct-process emissions, evaporative losses when clothes are transferred from the washer to the dryer in transfer systems, fugitive emissions, and accidental spills.
		In addition, we studied whether "spot measurements" of tetrachloroethylene concentration (using direct-reading instruments) are useful in identifying residences with elevated average concentrations in air.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0907/is_1_55/ai_61182075 (699 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene [factsheet]
		* Tetrachloroethylene has been detected in ambient air at average levels of 0.16 ppb in rural and remote areas, 0.79 ppb in urban and suburban areas, and 1.3 ppb in areas near emission sources.
		* Tetrachloroethylene is a nonflammable colorless liquid with a sharp sweet odor; the odor threshold is 4.68 ppm.
		* Tetrachloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and as a degreasing agent.
	www.lakes-environmental.com /toxic/TETRACHLOROETHYLENE.HTML (1100 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tetrachloroethylene (C.A.S. 127-18-4) is a colorless liquid solvent with a sweet chloroform-like odor, widely used for dry cleaning and metal degreasing.
		Tetrachloroethylene may be a carcinogen in humans and may damage the developing fetus.
		In 1998, 192,334,208 pounds of Tetrachloroethylene waste were managed; 132,471,649 pounds were recycled on-site; 15,197,139 pounds were recycled off-site; 6,063,849 pounds were used for energy recovery on-site; 3,520,833 pounds were used for energy recovery off-site; 23,746,024 pounds were treated on-site; 5,648,641 pounds were treated off-site; 5,686,073 pounds were released on-and off-site.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/chemical/Tetrachl.htm (1114 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) - 127184
		NIOSH REL: Minimize workplace exposure concentrations; NIOSH considers tetrachloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990].
		Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for tetrachloroethylene is 150 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Negherbon 1959; Rowe et al.
		Toxicities of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene and Fujiwara's pyridinealkali reaction.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/127184.html (347 words)

	Cancer in Persons Working in Dry Cleaning in the Nordic Countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Use of tetrachloroethylene reached its peak in the Nordic countries around 1970 (Danmarks Statistik 2000a, 2000b, 2000c; Statistiska Centralbyrån 1995a, 1995b, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c; Statistisk Sentralbyrå 2000a, 2000b, 2000c; Tilastokeskus 2000a, 2000b, 2000c) (Figure 1); almost all of it was used for dry cleaning (Mikkelsen et al.
		In 1968, tetrachloroethylene constituted 75% of the solvents used for dry cleaning in Denmark, 85% in Finland, and 72% in Sweden (Anonymous 1968); in 1971 it was estimated to constitute 90% of dry-cleaning solvent used in Scandinavia (Anonymous 1971).
		In the analysis, we therefore assumed exposure level to tetrachloroethylene to be constant from 1964 to 1979 and used length of employment as a proxy for relative, cumulated dose.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2005/8425/8425.html (4963 words)

	Suburban Water Testing Labs:Tetrachloroethylene Fact Sheet
		Major releases of tetrachloroethylene to air and water are from dry cleaning and industrial metal cleaning or finishing.
		Water pollution can occur from tetrachloroethylene leaching from vinyl liners in some types of pipelines used for water distribution, and during chlorination water treatment.
		Effect: Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
	www.h2otest.com /FactSheets/tetrachloroethylene.html (227 words)

	Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source \| Full text \| Impact of tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A population-based case-control study was undertaken in 1997 to investigate the association between tetrachloroethylene (PCE) exposure from public drinking water and breast cancer among permanent residents of the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts.
		A population-based case-control study was undertaken to investigate the association between tetrachloroethylene exposure from public drinking water and breast cancer [5].
		Demond A: A source of tetrachloroethylene in the drinking water of New England: an evaluation of the toxicity of tetrachloroethylene and the prediction of its leaching rates from vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipe.
	www.ehjournal.net /content/4/1/3 (3640 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene Regulations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"waste water" means waste water containing tetrachloroethylene, that is produced by a dry-cleaning machine or during the regeneration of a carbon adsorber.
		No person shall use tetrachloroethylene for dry cleaning unless the tetrachloroethylene, waste water and residue are stored in closed containers at all times, except when access is required for proper operation or maintenance.
		No person shall transfer tetrachloroethylene into a dry-cleaning machine, tank or other container at a facility where a dry-cleaning machine is used unless a closed direct-coupled delivery system is used during the transfer process that prevents the release of tetrachloroethylene.
	www.pyr.ec.gc.ca /dryclean/regulation_e.shtm (2171 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > breadcrumb? > Consumer Factsheet on: TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
		Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is a colorless organic liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.
		Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
		The regulation for tetrachloroethylene became effective in 1992.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/contaminants/dw_contamfs/tetrachl.html (858 words)

	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
		Exposure to very high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene can cause dizziness, headaches, sleepiness, confusion, nausea, difficulty in speaking and walking, and unconsciousness.
		Most people can smell tetrachloroethylene when it is present in the air at a level of 1 part tetrachloroethylene per million parts of air (1 ppm) or more, although some can smell it at even lower levels.
		The EPA maximum contaminant level for the amount of tetrachloroethylene that can be in drinking water is 0.005 milligrams tetrachloroethylene per liter of water (0.005 mg/L).
	www.temarry.com /chemicals/tetrachloroethylene.htm (1006 words)

	Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in Atlantic waters
		It is proposed that both gases may be supplied to the ocean from the atmosphere in winter, when their atmospheric mixing ratios are higher due to diminished loss rates resulting from lower concentrations of the hydroxyl radical.
		This hypothesis is consistent with literature reports of ocean supersaturations of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene but does not require any natural source.
		In the western Atlantic several profiles of trichloroethylene have, superimposed on the general increase in concentration with depth, maxima lying just beneath the mixed layer which may be indicative of a biological source.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JC000374.shtml (200 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tetrachloroethylene is a chlorinated solvent found in metal cleaners and carpet spot removal products.
		Tetrachloroethylene can affect you when breathed in and by passing through your skin.
		Cancer Hazard - Tetrachloroethylene may be a CARCINOGEN in humans since it causes liver cancer in animals.
	www.westp2net.org /janitorial/tools/tce.htm (305 words)

	Dry Cleaning Chemicals - NIEHS Alphabetical Listing of Health Topics
		Although tetrachloroethylene is a liquid at room temperature, some of the liquid can be expected to evaporate into the air producing an ether-like odor; evaporation increases as temperature increases.
		The potential long-term health effects that might occur in humans from breathing lower levels of tetrachloroethylene than those that produce CNS effects or from ingesting very low levels of the chemical found in some water supplies have not been identified.
		Based on evidence from animal studies, tetrachloroethylene is thought to be capable of causing cancer in humans.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /external/faq/perc.htm (439 words)

	Tetrachloroethylene intoxication in an autoerotic fatality
		This case report describes an accidental death due to the inhalation of tetrachloroethylene during an autoerotic episode.
		Analysis of tetrachloroethylene was performed using headspace gas chromatography and electron capture detection.
		The blood tetrachloroethylene concentration of 62 mg/L was consistent with acute tetrachloroethylene intoxication.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/2943.htm (171 words)

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