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Topic: Tetraethyl lead

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	Lead, organic (PIM 302)
		The urinary excretion of lead is increased markedly (Hansen, 1978; ILO, 1983; Gilman, 1990; Garrettson, 1990).
		Lead crosses the placenta and the fetal blood concentration at birth approximates that of the mother.
		Lead is also excreted in human milk in concentrations as high as 12 µg/L. Animal studies demonstrate that low-level exposure to lead during prenatal or postnatal life results in retarded growth.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/organlea.htm (0 words)

	ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Lead - Draft for Public Comment
		Lead compounds are used as a pigment in paints, dyes, and ceramic glazes and in caulk.
		Tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead were once used in the United States as gasoline additives to increase octane rating.
		Lead dust is likely to be found in places where lead is mined or smelted, where car batteries are made or recycled, where electric cable sheathing is made, where fine crystal glass is made, or where certain types of ceramic pottery are made.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /toxprofiles/phs13.html (0 words)

	C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - LEAD
		I learned that lead is a major component of automobile batteries, that it was widely used in paint, and that it is used in soldering.
		Lead solder is a reliable method of connecting transistors and other electronic components, and without leaded glass, we could not safely sit in front of our computer screens.
		Lead is the best material for nuclear radiation shielding and allows for the safe operation of CAT scans and other imaging diagnostics.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/80th/lead.html (0 words)

	The Secret History of Lead
		Since the virtual disappearance of leaded gas in the United States (it's still sold for use in propeller airplanes), the mean blood-lead level of the American population has declined more than 75 percent.
		The leaded gas adventurers have profitably polluted the world on a grand scale and, in the process, have provided a model for the asbestos, tobacco, pesticide and nuclear power industries, and other twentieth-century corporate bad actors, for evading clear evidence that their products are harmful by hiding behind the mantle of scientific uncertainty.
		Lead is not only bad for the planet and all its life forms, it is actually bad for cars and always was;
	www.thenation.com /doc/20000320/kitman (0 words)

	Lead TetraEthyl and MTBE
		Lumps of lead are insoluble, but many lead compounds dissolve in water and act as neurotoxins in the body.
		Lead acetate used to be called 'sugar of lead' because of its sweet taste; it was added to wines as a sweetener!
		Lead tetraethyl (left) is a lead atom bonded to a tetrahedral arrangment of ethyl groups.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/leadtet/leadh.htm (0 words)

	Leaded gasoline: history and current situation
		Henry Ford, Charles F. Kettering and the Fuel of the Future demonstrates the wide extent to which alternatives to leaded gasoline, particularly renewable fuels, were known and preferred by Ford and Kettering.
		Sixty Years of Tetraethyl Lead This is part of a web site put together under a National Science Foundation funded grant for education in chemistry through Kennesaw State University.
		Lead in the Americas: A Call for Action National Academy of Sciences site, report concerning findings of National Institute of Public Health of Mexico and other organizati ons.
	www.runet.edu /~wkovarik/ethylwar (1576 words)

	Lead Poisoning: A Historical Perspective \| EPA History \| US EPA
		The lead pipes that were the vital arteries of ancient Rome were forged by smithies whose patron saint, Vulcan, exhibited several of the symptoms of advanced lead poisoning: lameness, pallor, and wizened expression.
		The deadliness of tetraethyl lead was sadly confirmed in the summer of 1924.
		The average lead content of the total gasoline pool of each refinery was to be reduced from the level of approximately 2.0 grams per total gallon that prevailed in 1973 to a maximum of 0.5 grams per total gallon after January 1, 1979.
	www.epa.gov /history/topics/perspect/lead.htm (2775 words)

	Lead Compounds \| Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web site \| US EPA
		Tetraethyl lead was used in gasoline to increase the octane rating until lead additives were phased out and eventually banned from use in gasoline in the U.S. by the EPA by 1996.
		Lead in drinking water is due primarily to the presence of lead in certain pipes, solder, and fixtures.
		Lead is present in a variety of compounds such as lead acetate, lead chloride, lead chromate, lead nitrate, and lead oxide.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/lead.html (1912 words)

	Lead
		Lead was, indeed, used in machines of all kinds, not as a structural material, but where its fusibility and workability were an advantage, and for many small items of daily use.
		Lead is still used for sheathing cables, in bearing alloys, in artistic pigments and glazes, for decorative glass, in the chemical industry, and, of course, for bullets, which have always been in special demand in the United States.
		Now, lead is a systemic poison, but its use in paint and motor fuel was thought safe because nobody ate paint or scraped it into their coffee, and there was lots of air to dilute the lead coming out of exhaust pipes.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/lead.htm (8222 words)

	Tetra-ethyl lead Summary
		TEL was once used extensively as an additive in gasoline (petrol) for its ability to increase the fuel's octane rating (that is, to prevent its premature detonation ("knocking") in the engine) thus allowing the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and power.
		Leaded gasoline phased out in the European Union on the 1st January 2000, and was only recently phased out in China (around 2001).
		Even though leaded gasoline is largely gone in North America, it has left high concentrations of lead in the dirt adjacent to all roads that were constructed prior to its phaseout.
	www.bookrags.com /Tetra-ethyl_lead (1213 words)

	ACS :: Lead
		Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found in small amounts in the earth’s crust.
		Nutrition plays a role in lead absorption, so make sure you and your children eat balanced diets with recommended amounts of iron, calcium, and vitamin C. The amount of lead absorbed also increases when your diet is high in fat or your stomach is empty.
		Lead is carcinogenic in animals, and there is some evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3X_Lead.asp?sitearea=PED (2578 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Lead : Article Excerpt by: Mohamed Badawy, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lead poisoning was common in Roman times because of the use of lead in water pipes and in wine containers.
		Lead poisoning became common among industrial workers in the 19th and 20th centuries, when workers were exposed to lead in smelting, painting, plumbing, printing, and many other industrial activities.
		Ingestion is the most common source of lead poisoning in children because of their normal hand-to-mouth activities.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/toxicity-lead.htm (544 words)

	Tetraethyl lead(Bruce Hamilton)
		Lead bromide is >toxic and volatile, and is one of the more troublesome of the compounds >produced from the burning of leaded gasoline.
		Kettering, Midgley and the industry supportors were on one side, and the opponents were lead by Alice Hamilton, the country's foremost expert on lead poisoning, and Yandell Henderson, of Yale University.
		Whilst the USA banned alkyl leads because of their adverse effect on exhaust catalysts, other countries (such as the UK) severely curtailed their use of alkyl leads because of the adverse health effects of lead emissions, especially on children.
	yarchive.net /chem/tetraethyl_lead.html (2181 words)

	Kettering and Tetraethyl Lead
		The discovery of tetraethyl lead was "a beautiful [piece] of pure, or at least deliberately planned, research" and a systematic approach to a key problem (or "reverse salient") in the broad front of technological progress, Hughes said.
		Thus, tetraethyl lead, which was one technological solution to the knock problem, has been heavily documented through secondary sources, while other routes, which may have seemed equally viable in the early 1920s, and which were only discarded long after the inventive process was over, have not been documented at all.
		Tetraethyl lead at the time cost $1.66 per pound from the bromine process and $1.16 from the chloride process.103 To pay an equivalent price of 70 cents would clearly be attractive.
	www.radford.edu /~wkovarik/papers/kettering.html (16833 words)

	17. TEL Toxicity
		Kraus had worked on tetraethyl lead for many years and called it "a creeping and malicious poison" that had killed a senior scientist at his university.
		While in Miami recovering from lead poisoning, Midgley also wrote to an oil industry engineer that poisoning of the public was "almost impossible, as no one will repeatedly get their hands covered in gasoline containing tetraethyl lead - it stings and burns...
		They attached steam lines and condensers, and tetraethyl lead was distilled in much the same way that whiskey is distilled from a vat of beer.
	www.chemcases.com /tel/tel-17.htm (4007 words)

	Tetraethyl lead (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Deep-sea lead: the heaviest of sounding leads, used in water exceeding a hundred fathoms in depth.
		Red lead: a scarlet, crystalline, granular powder, consisting of minium when pure, but commonly containing several of the oxides of lead.
		White lead : hydrated carbonate of lead, obtained as a white, amorphous powder, and much used as an ingredient of white paint.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Tetraethyl_lead.html (1305 words)

	Lead Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In some cases of tetraethyl poisoning, especially in children, gastric symptoms are absent or very slight.
		Lead Line: Bluish fl line due to subepithelial deposition of lead sulfide on the gums at the junction with teeth.
		In the exceptional cases where commercial tetraethyl lead is spilled on the skin, washing the area with kerosene within 15 minutes after contact will remove the poison.
	www.telmedpak.com /doctorss.asp?a=Poisons&b=lead (499 words)

	tetraethyl lead. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		When tetraethyl lead burns in an engine, lead oxide is formed.
		Because the lead bromide is poisonous, lead-free gasolines are required in the United States.
		An additional reason for lead-free gas is that the lead in the exhaust pipe would poison the catalytic converter that is standard equipment for U.S. cars.
	www.bartleby.com /65/te/tetraeth.html (191 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) - 78002
		Lead Symposium, Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, February 2527, 1963.
		Tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead comparative experimental pathology: Part I. Lead absorption and pathology.
		Tetraethyl lead dose response curve for mortality in laboratory rats.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/78002.html (267 words)

	tetraethyl lead - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Relationship between increased blood lead and pregnancy hypertension in women without occupational lead exposure in Tehran, Iran.
		Blood lead levels of traffic- and gasoline-exposed professionals in the city of Athens.
		Blood lead concentrations in maternal and cord blood evaluated by two analytic methods.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t1/tetraeth.asp (624 words)

	China fuel treatment additives inhibitors scavengers - manufacturer, exporter
		Our industrial fuel additives are targeted for use in both unleaded gasoline and diesel fuel.
		HI-TECH-98/20 [Cymantrene] is manganese based anti-knock additive - crystal and liquid substitute of MMTand Tetraethyl lead [TEL].
		Reproduction of design and content in whole or in part, in any form or medium without express written permission is prohibited.
	www.china-additives.com (319 words)

	TETRAETHYL LEAD
		Blood lead is usually not elevated in proportion to the degree of intoxication.
		Lead is emitted in the exhaust as particulate matter primarily in the form of lead halides.
		Lead emissions from automobile exhaust is estimated to constitute 88% of the total atmospheric emissions(1).
	www.frankmckinnon.com /tetraethyl_lead1.htm (12007 words)

	Tetraethyl lead definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		In 1925, the US Surgeon General temporarily suspended the production and sale of leaded gasoline.
		One saturnine prophecy marred the otherwise sanguine 1926 report to the Surgeon General.
		The vast increase in the number of automobiles throughout the country makes the study of all such questions a matter of real importance from the standpoint of public health." Needless to say, this advice fell on deaf ears.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40211 (872 words)

	Lead in Gasoline
		Leaded gasoline was essential to the industrial progress of America--they promoted lead as a "gift of God".
		In 1982, leaded gasoline contained 1.25 gram/gal (and accounted for 86% of the lead in the atmosphere).
		The EPA does, however, permit leaded gas to be used in off-highway, sanctioned racing events.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/courses/geog100/Lead-Science.htm (566 words)

	CHAPTER FOUR: Standard Oil Fuels World War II
		to produce lead tetraethyl solely because, a short time before the outbreak of the war, the Americans had established plants for us ready for production and supplied us with all available experience.
		Not only was the process for tetraethyl transferred to I.G. Farben and a plant built in Germany owned jointly by I.G., General Motors, and Standard subsidiaries; but as late as 1939 Standard's German subsidiary designed a German plant for aviation gas.
		Tetraethyl was shipped on an emergency basis for the Wehrmacht and major assistance was given in production of butyl rubber, while holding secret in the U.S. the Farben process for buna.
	reformed-theology.org /html/books/wall_street/chapter_04.htm (2957 words)

	DuPont Heritage: Tetraethyl Lead
		Tetraethyl lead is an extremely toxic substance that, in minute quantities, improves the efficiency and performance of internal combustion engines.
		Recognizing these qualities, General Motors began working on a production process in the early 1920s and soon turned development over to DuPont, which utilized expertise developed in the Dyestuffs Department.
		Profits and production peaked in the early 1970s and then began to decline, affected by growing concern over air pollution and increased use of catalytic converters.
	heritage.dupont.com /floater/fl_tel/floater.shtml (309 words)

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