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Topic: Tetramer

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		The tetramer assay is therefore not suited to the early stages of investigation of the breadth of a T cell immune response.
		Tetramer staining has confirmed that in chronically infected, drug naive patients, the frequency of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells can be commonly found in the 1-4% range (Ogg et al., 1998; Wilson et al., 1998; Ogg et al., 1999).
		While MHC tetramer analysis is purely a physical assay, analysis of the phenotypes of the tetramer binding cells may suggest something of their function in vivo (Altman et al., 1996).
	hiv-web.lanl.gov /content/hiv-db/REVIEWS/articles/Safrit.html (5742 words)

	Oligomers in plastics packaging. Part 1: Migration tests for vinyl chloride tetramer Food Additives and ...
		Since it was anticipated that the analysis of olive oil for VC tetramer would have a relatively poor limit of detection, exposure of PVC samples to olive oil used a high ratio of contact area to oil mass.
		The approach taken to determine levels of VC tetramer in samples of PVC was to dissolve the plastic in THF and then precipitate the high molecular weight fraction by the addition of a poor solvent, hexane.
		The results in table 3 demonstrate that each tetramer isomer is stable enough to draw the conclusion that the failure to detect tetramer in migration tests was because of a lack of migration and not because of instability in the simulant.
	www.mindfully.org /Plastic/Oligomers-Plastics-Packaging.htm (3023 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, the tetramers that we have had the most experience with are stable at 4C for greater than 6 months.
		The concentration of various tetramers is different depending on which fluorescent label is used.
		Predilute the tetramer to say a 2X stock in staining buffer and then spin it at high speed in a microfuge at 4C. Add biotin to staining buffers.
	www.yerkes.emory.edu /TETRAMER/faq.html (948 words)

	Tetramers an emerging tool for immunology research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A new technology called a "tetramer assay," developed in part by John Altman of the Vaccine Research Center, is providing immunologists with a new tool in their research.
		To construct a tetramer, a piece of protein from a virus is first bound to four specialized molecules found on the surface of all normal cells.
		Tetramers also have been made for studies involving T-cells that attack tumors, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex, hepatitis B and C, melanoma and various bacteria.
	www.emory.edu /EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2000/January/erjanuary.31/1_31_00tetramers.html (593 words)

	Tetramer Facility Guide - General Guidelines
		The Tetramer Facility provides 0.2 mg of MHC /peptide tetrameric reagent, which is enough for 200 assays.
		Tetramers and/or their derivatives are provided for research purposes only.
		Tetramer reagents are shipped with several package inserts including a form to confirm receipt of the reagent (this must be completed), a feedback form, a protocol for tetramer use and storage, and information regarding tetramer use restrictions.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /reposit/tetramer/genguide.html (673 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - Tetramer
		On occasion it is advantageous to use tetramers conjugated with APC, a more expensive fluorophore, which increases the cost of the tetramer to approximately $850.
		The stability of MHC class I tetramers is also variable and is influenced by the affinity of peptide binding by the MHC class I heavy chain.
		It is a good idea to test new batches of MHC class I tetramers by staining antigen specific T cells with dilutions of tetramers at concentrations of 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80 and 1:160.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/14259.cfm (399 words)

	Protein Chemistry Core Laboratory - MHC Tetramer Laboratory
		The suggested titer for the MHC tetramer reagent is 1:100.
		The tetramer stocks are typically used at a final dilution of 1:100, but your mileage may vary.
		With some tetramers but not most), their binding to the antigen-specific T lymphocytes is influenced by CD8 participation.
	research.bcm.tmc.edu /protein/mhcstaining.html (445 words)

	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital - Copyright 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A St. Jude Tetramer Core Facility has been established through the St Jude Children's Research Hospital and The Assisi Foundation to provide the St. Jude community with custom synthesis and production of soluble tetramer staining reagents for identifying antigen-specific MHCI/peptide CD8 T cells.
		The tetramer staining assay is purely physical-relying only upon the interaction between the tetramer reagent and T cell receptor clusters (and possibly co-receptors) on the surface of T cells and reduces to an absolute minimum the in vitro manipulation of the sample before detection of the antigen-specific population.
		Tetramer reagents are synthesized at the Tetramer Core Facility located in the Department of Immunology.
	www.stjude.org /print/0,2510,404_2022_4523,00.html (215 words)

	Roles of the Histone H2A-H2B Dimers and the (H3-H4)2 Tetramer in Nucleosome Remodeling by the SWI-SNF Complex -- Boyer ...
		Tetramer arrays are not optimal substrates for SWI-SNF.
		The high percentage of tetramer array cleaved in the first phase of the digestion is due in part to slight undersaturation of these arrays.
		Results are presented as the concentration of nucleosomal and tetramer arrays cleaved by HincII in the presence of SWI-SNF during the initial 10 min of the reaction.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/16/11545 (5280 words)

	Emory Vaccine Center :: Tetramer
		John Altman, the Tetramer Core serves federally approved investigators throughout the U.S. who require customized tetramer reagents for immunologic studies.
		Tetramers are molecular complexes that can be engineered to bind only to specific types of immune cells – for instance, T-cells that respond to a particular disease-causing agent.
		Because the tetramers are linked to fluorescent markers, the immune cells of interest can be easily and quickly counted and sorted, thus providing investigators with precise measures of immune response.
	www.vaccines.emory.edu /cores/tetramer.shtml (158 words)

	Tetramer-Guided Analysis of TCR {beta}-Chain Usage Reveals a Large Repertoire of Melan-A-Specific CD8+ T Cells in ...
		the intensity of the tetramer signal detected in the tetramer
		in the reciprocal pattern; that is, a lower intensity of BV signal in the tetramer
		TILN from HLA-A2 melanoma patients were stained A2/Melan-A tetramers together with anti-BV and anti-CD8 mAbs as detailed in Materials and Methods.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/165/1/533 (5122 words)

	Invitrogen - Molecular Probes - Note 7.3 - Technical Focus: MHC Tetramer Technology
		Similar methods using class II MHC tetramers are also being employed to explore the response of helper (CD-4 expressing) T cells.
		MHC tetramers are formed by first refolding MHCs in the presence of high concentrations of the desired antigenic peptide, followed by biotinylation of the carboxy-terminus of one chain of the MHC molecule.
		It is crucial for MHC tetramer–based assays that the labeled streptavidin be free of unlabeled streptavidin because this lowers the apparent activity of the MHC complex by "blocking" the biotinylation site from binding to the labeled streptavidin.
	probes.invitrogen.com /handbook/boxes/1642.html (442 words)

	Tetramer Facility Guide - Overview
		The NIH Tetramer Facility, established in 1999, provides custom synthesis and distribution of soluble MHC-peptide tetramer reagents that can be used to stain antigen-specific T cells.
		Tetramer Facility staff are currently subcloning a number of class II genes for future tetramer production, including six mouse I-A alleles, and a number of human alleles.
		In order to help the NIH Tetramer Facility prioritize these efforts, please complete the class II epitope survey and tell us which alleles are most valuable for your research.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /reposit/tetramer/overview.html (399 words)

	Member Spotlight - Gerry Nepom, Director of the ITN Tetramer Core Facility
		Tetramer names like 0401GAD and 0415GAD hardly convey their importance in understanding the immune response.
		The ITN Tetramer Core has the potential to measure the efficacy of investigational therapy within weeks rather than months or even years.
		While many new diagnostic tools are expensive and initially unavailable to the average patient, tetramers cost about $12 per patient, so developing tetramer technology for clinical applications could turn out to be a healthcare bargain.
	www.immunetolerance.org /eXpress/research/2003-2/nepom.html (747 words)

	GAD65-Specific CD4+ T-Cells with High Antigen Avidity Are Prevalent in Peripheral Blood of Patients With Type 1 ...
		In all cases, tetramer staining was evaluated on the viable lymphocytic population as gated based on the forward/side scatter profile.
		Response to wild-type GAD65 555-567 and TcR avidity of the T-cell clones isolated with GAD 557I tetramer.
		Tetramer was used to stain PBMCs cultured in vitro with the GAD65 555-567 (wild-type) peptide for 12–14 days.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/8/1987 (4415 words)

	Two intermediate-avidity cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones with a disparity between functional avidity and MHC tetramer ...
		/I10 tetramer staining were normalized by dividing by the levels of TCR fluorescence and then plotted against the functional avidity.
		/I10 tetramer staining of clonal CTL was compared to their functional avidity and shows a dramatic reversal of expected staining for the two intermediate-avidity clones.
		While the relative levels of CD8 staining were similar on all clones except the very low-avidity 6Aa clone, which showed background levels of tetramer staining, the amounts of TCR and CD3 on the surface of MLd were 8- to 12-fold higher than on the surface of 1Da.
	intimm.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/6/817 (4950 words)

	Detection and Characterization of T Cells Specific for BDC2.5 T Cell-Stimulating Peptides -- You et al. 170 (8): 4011 ...
		NOD mouse splenic T cells were isolated (>99% purity) with the tetramer after they were stimulated in vitro with the p79 peptide.
		T cells detected with the tetAg7/p79 tetramer increased in a population of larger cells that were electronically gated based on their forward and side scatter profiles.
		The tetramer could detect a small population of T cells in cells that underwent at least six rounds of cell division.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/170/8/4011 (7235 words)

	Frequencies of Tetramer+ T Cells Specific for the Wild-Type Sequence p53264-272 Peptide in the Circulation of Patients ...
		Frequencies of Tetramer+ T Cells Specific for the Wild-Type Sequence p53264-272 Peptide in the Circulation of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer -- Hoffmann et al.
		Superimposed normal distribution curves were calculated from sample means, and SDs of HIV and FLU tetramer data obtained in the normal control group.
		Hernández J., Lee P. L., Davis M. M., Sherman L. 2000 The use of HLA-A2.1/p53 peptide tetramers to visualize the impact of self tolerance on the TCR repertoire.
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/62/12/3521 (6431 words)

	Tetramer Technologies, L.L.C :: Bringing Creativity to Light
		Tetramer Technologies was formed in 2001 as a faculty-driven start-up company commercializing high value research activities pursued at Clemson University.
		Our business model is to focus only on developing polymeric or oligomeric materials through synthesis, structure/activity development, thorough characterization and close research development relationships with device or other downstream customers.
		IN THE NEWS::::::::::::::::::: Tetramer Awarded Phase 2nd Phase II SBIR read more...
	www.tetramertechnologies.com (141 words)

	Spartanburg.com news: Tetramer Technologies
		Tetramer Technologies, LLC is adding corn to plastic containers -- and cars, airplanes and golf clubs -- while creating jobs along the way.
		Tetramer was formed in February 2001 by professors in Clemson's Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies.
		The faculty position is a cornerstone of Clemson University's plan to invest $70 million over the next five years at the Clemson Research Park to make the Upstate a magnet for the advanced materials industry cluster.
	www.spartanburg.com /news/tetramer.html (484 words)

	Flu HA Tetramer Staining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		b) All new lots of tetramer should be titrated to determine the appropriate concentration for staining.
		Use NAIVE cells for titration as the IYSTVASSL tetramer does not stain effectors.
		Tetramer may also need to be centrifuged to remove any particulate matter prior to taking an aliquot for staining.
	www.northnet.org /sadams/Docs/ClassIprotocolAPC.html (244 words)

	Search Results for tetramer - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Many proteins with molecular weights of more than 50,000 occur in aqueous solutions as complexes: dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers—i.e., as chains of two, four, or more repeating basic...
		About 50 percent of the proteins of egg white are composed of ovalbumin, which is easily obtained in crystals.
		Normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A) consists of globin containing two pairs of chains of amino acids, of which the alpha chain consists of...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=tetramer&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (268 words)

	Escaping High Viral Load Exhaustion: CD8 Cells with Altered Tetramer Binding in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection -- ...
		and 7) in the absence of tetramer staining.
		Note that the decreased staining intensity of Te 183–91 in the ICCS dot plots is explained by the faster decay of tetramer binding present in converted tet/pos cells.
		T cell responses in neonatal mice: susceptibility to polyoma virus-induced tumors is associated with lack of cytotoxic function by viral antigen-specific T cells.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/195/9/1089 (7518 words)

	Kinetic study on the dimer—tetramer interconvertion of glycogen phosphorylase a -- Wang 259 (3): 609 -- FEBS Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		, Specific enzyme activity of the tetramer; A, The apparent association rate constant for the dimer–tetramer interconversion (in the presence of substrate); B, The apparent dissociation rate constant for the dimer–tetramer interconversion (in the presence of substrate); D, Dimer; D
		as to the activity of the phosphorylase a tetramer.
		Binding of glycogen by the phosphorylase a tetramer is apparently
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/259/3/609 (4562 words)

	Hemoglobin Porto Alegre forms a tetramer of tetramers superstructure -- Baudin-Creuza et al. 11 (1): 129 -- Protein ...
		The oligomer is composed of four mutated tetramers.
		Evidence for a functional inter-relationship among regions of the tetramer.
		Tondo, C.V. Study of the polymerization of hemoglobin Porto Alegre tetramers by disulfide bridge formation.
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/11/1/129 (3566 words)

	Expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen by CD8+ T cells specific for a skin-tropic virus -- Koelle et al. ...
		Tetramer A2-NLV-PE (HLA A2 with CMV pp65 a.a.
		tetramer in 50 µl T cell medium at 20°C for 1 hour.
		-high lymphocytes staining with the tetramers are given in Figure 1i.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/110/4/537 (5888 words)

	Enhanced transcription factor access to arrays of histone H3/H4 tetramer·DNA complexes in vitro: Implications for ...
		Lanes 1, 3, and 5 correspond to naked DNA, nucleosomal arrays, and H3/H4 tetramer arrays incubated in the absence of TFIIIA, respectively.
		Naked 208-12 DNA (DNA) and n = 12 H3/H4 tetramer arrays (Tetramer) were incubated with saturating levels of TFIIIA as described, followed by electrophoresis for 3 h at 60 V (constant volts) on a 0.8% agarose gel buffered with 20 mM Tris-borate (pH 7.5).
		Lanes 1 and 3 correspond to naked DNA and n = 12 208-12 tetramer arrays incubated in the absence of TFIIIA, respectively.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/21/12169 (3518 words)

	Tetramer Technologies, L.L.C :: Bringing Creativity to Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tetramer Technologies is located at the Clemson University Research Foundation's Griffith Building.
		This facility contains 22 L scale up reactors, polymerization synthesis and processing equipment, and materials characterization and quality control for Tetramer's products.
		In addition to this home laboratory, Tetramer has access to COMSET's labs and to other relevant Clemson University facilities.
	www.tetramertechnologies.com /labs.htm (69 words)

	Incomplete CD8+ T Lymphocyte Differentiation as a Mechanism for Subdominant Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to a Viral ...
		CTLs estimated by tetramer staining (15.6%; Fig 2 A).
		At day 14 after stimulation, the residual viable cells were incubated with a 10-fold excess of PE-labeled HA210 tetramer, washed, and incubated with anti-PE antibody–coated magnetic microbeads.
		T cells present in long-term cultures are tetramer positive.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/191/10/1687 (6859 words)

	Immunomics: Benefits
		Conclusion: T cells sorted with native Tetramer cannot be activated by NLV-loaded T2 cells; thus such T cells represent irrelevant CD8+ cells.
		Tetramers can be used to explore the impact of different vaccine strategies and adjuvants.
		Melanoma patient 017 exhibits tyrosinase-specific T cells that are noncytolytic, in sharp contrast to T cells from a seropositive CMV donor.
	www.immunomics.com /benefits.asp (686 words)

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