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Topic: Tetraplegia

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		Tetraplegia results from a cervical (neck) level injury, and occurs in at least half the SCI population.
		Tetraplegia has two main consequences for the individual: (i) reduced function, and (ii) reduced fitness.
		An apparatus for FES-assisted arm-cranking exercise in tetraplegia.
	fesnet.eng.gla.ac.uk /CRE/cre_arm_update.html (2035 words)

	TSCI Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tetraplegia involves all the four limbs, the trunk of the body and refers to paralysis from approximately the shoulders down.
		With both paraplegia and tetraplegia the brain is not affected.
		A person with incomplete injury may be able to move one limb more than another, may be able to feel parts of the body that cannot be moved, or may have more functioning on one side of the body than the other.
	www.danielkondos.com /tsci_types.htm (1271 words)

	CHEST: Assessment of airway caliber and bronchodilator responsiveness in subjects with spinal cord injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Conclusions: Subjects with tetraplegia, as opposed to those with low paraplegia, have reduced baseline airway caliber due to heightened vagomotor airway tone, which we hypothesize is the result of the interruption of sympathetic innervation to the lungs, and/or from low circulating epinephrine levels.
		Among subjects with tetraplegia, the degree to which airway caliber is reflected by spirometric indexes is lessened if during repeated spirometric maneuvers decreased force generation results in suboptimal expiratory efforts in which flow limitation is not reached.
		Because subjects with tetraplegia were unable to manually support their cheeks, all study participants were instructed to minimize the use of their cheek muscles and to maintain an open airway while performing rapid and shallow panting maneuvers from functional residual capacity (FRC) at a frequency of approximately two cycles per second.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_1_127/ai_n9474616 (1222 words)

	Compensation Claims Service for Tetraplegia or Paraplegia in the UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tetraplegia or Paraplegia has a devastating effect on its victims and their families.
		That’s why compensation claims for Tetraplegia and Paraplegia that were caused, for example, by an accident attract some of the highest awards possible and it’s also why the ClearAnswers Compensation Claims Service for Tetraplegia or Paraplegia is such a valuable idea.
		Tetraplegia or Paraplegia compensation claims where the Tetraplegia or Paraplegia was caused by incompetent medical treatment.
	www.clearanswers.co.uk /tetraplegia_paraplegia_compensation_claims_uk.html (2512 words)

	Physical Therapy: Tetraplegia and Paraplegia: A Guide for Physiotherapists, ed 5.(Review)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tetraplegia and Paraplegia: A Guide for Physiotherapists, ed 5
		Now in its fifth edition, Tetraplegia and Paraplegia: A Guide for Physiotherapists is a classic textbook on physical therapist management of the patient with a spinal cord injury (SCI).
		The book is organized into 17 chapters, an appendix, and a reference and reading list that not only covers the acute rehabilitation management of the patient with SCI, but also common secondary conditions and psychosocial...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:54466777&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (185 words)

	Bronchodilator responses to metaproterenol sulfate among subjects with spinal cord injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The primary aim of this study was to assess bronchodilator response to aerosolized MS among subjects with tetraplegia and paraplegia by use of standard spirometric criteria and sGaw.
		Because subjects with tetraplegia are at greatest risk for developing pulmonary complications, they may achieve the most benefit from interventions designed to help promote clearance of respiratory secretions and to decrease the incidence of pulmonary infections.
		In subjects with tetraplegia and paraplegia, bronchodilator responses to inhaled MS, a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, were assessed by use of standard spirometric techniques and by whole-body plethysmography.
	www.vard.org /jour/04/41/1/Schilero.html (2571 words)

	CHEST: Airway Hyperreactivity in Subjects With Tetraplegia Is Associated With Reduced Baseline Airway Caliber - ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that subjects with tetraplegia who exhibit airway hyperreactivity (AHR) have reduced baseline airway caliber and that lower values for ln[PC.sub.20] are associated with parallel reductions in surrogate spirometric indexes of airway size ([FEV.sub.1] percent predicted and [FEF.sub.25-75] percent predicted) and airway size relative to lung size ([FEF.sub.25-75]/FVC ratio).
		Proposed mechanisms for reduced baseline airway caliber relative to lung size in subjects with tetraplegia include unopposed parasympathetic activity secondary to the loss of sympathetic innervation to the lungs and/or the inability to stretch airway smooth muscle with deep inhalation.
		The majority of subjects with tetraplegia display airway hyperreactivity (AHR) following the inhalation of methacholine, histamine, or ultrasonically nebulized distilled water.[1-4] One explanation for exaggerated bronchoconstriction among these subjects is reduced resting airway caliber due to the loss of sympathetic innervation originating in the upper six thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_5_118/ai_67708344 (1186 words)

	MJA: Rotem et al., Severe cervical spinal cord injuries related to rugby union and league football in New South Wales, ...
		There was a small decline in the number (from 15 in 1984 to 1987 to 7 in 1992 to 1996) and incidence (from 1.2 to 0.5 per 10 000 participants) of patients with tetraplegia associated with rugby union.
		Cervical spinal cord injuries leading to complete tetraplegia were most commonly associated with scrum-like plays in union and with tackles in league.
		The injuries were associated with permanent neurological deficits which led to complete tetraplegia (quadriplegia) in 26 union and 23 league players and in both the "backyard" and the "touch" football players.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/apr20/rotem/rotem.html (2067 words)

	Orthosis for Improvement of Arm Function in C5/C6 Tetraplegia - Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 1996 \| American ...
		The design is based on the authors' studies showing an improvement of arm function in C5/C6 tetraplegia with the use of a torque motor (8,9).
		The orthosis also is not intended for the reversal of flexion contractures; but used regularly, it may assist in the prevention of contractures by promoting elbow movement through the full range of motion.
		Although the current prototype meets the authors' goals for improved function, the design could be improved by reducing its bulk, increasing stability and cosmesis, and, ideally, eliminating dependence on outside help for donning/doffing and adjusting spring-force levels.
	www.oandp.org /jpo/library/1996_03_086.asp (4600 words)

	Spinal Cord Injury
		Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia (47% of SCI) is paralysis in both the upper and lower parts of the body (from the neck down).
		Since 1990, according to the Spinal Cord Injury Information Network, the largest neurologic category is incomplete tetraplegia (29.5%).
		This is followed by complete paraplegia (27.3%), incomplete paraplegia (21.3%), and complete tetraplegia (18.5%).
	www.healthdangers.com /injuries/spinal-cord-injury (322 words)

	O & P Options: Determining Prognosis for Acute SCI Patients - by Robert Waters, MD
		Individuals with tetraplegia have sustained impairment or loss of sensory and/or motor function in the cervical segments of the spinal cord with resultant impairment of function in both the upper and lower extremities, the trunk, and the pelvic organs.
		Although there are some similarities in patterns of recovery among the four groups (complete paraplegia, incomplete paraplegia, complete tetraplegia, incomplete tetraplegia), there are marked differences in final functional outcomes.
		Forty-six percent of those with incomplete tetraplegia are able to ambulate in the community 1 year after injury.
	www.orthopedictechreview.com /issues/aprmay99/pg24.htm (2191 words)

	Feature 40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For a person with high tetraplegia (C1-C4), the first year's expenses are approximately $572,178, while a person with paraplegia may incur expenses averaging $209,074.
		Tetraplegia, formerly known as quadriplegia, describes an impairment or loss of sensory/motor function to the cervical segments of the spinal cord.
		Patients who have high tetraplegia (C1-4) are dependent in most ADLs, but should be able to verbalize and direct their care.
	www.jcaremanagement.com /html/feature_40.html (1333 words)

	Physical Therapy/ Vol 79 No 2/ Energy Cost of Propulsion in Standard and Ultrallight Wheelchairs in People With Spinal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Speed was less for the subjects in the primary group with tetraplegia (47.4 m/min) than for the subjects in the primary group with paraplegia (74.5 m/min), independent of WC or time (P<.0000) (Tab.
		The subjects with C6 tetraplegia were least efficient of all the groups, as demonstrated by their higher oxygen cost in both the SWC and the UWC and their inability to increase their distance traveled.
		All subjects with tetraplegia, especially the subjects with C6 injuries, were extremely inefficient in WCP and were so limited by weakness that no method of manual propulsion was efficient.
	www.ptjournal.org /Feb99/v79n2p146.cfm (6155 words)

	Secondary complications and restoration of function in Spinal Cord Injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Among individuals with tetraplegia, respiratory problems are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.
		Data from this study suggest that individuals with tetraplegia may benefit from chronic use of a beta-2 adrenergic agonist such as inhaled metaproterenol sulfate.
		While lying down, carotid diameter and flow were significantly increased in the tetraplegia group compared with the paraplegia group.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /index.php?newsid=6049 (1222 words)

	Airway Hyperreactivity in Subjects With Tetraplegia Is Associated With Reduced Baseline Airway Caliber -- Grimm et al. ...
		Airway Hyperreactivity in Subjects With Tetraplegia Is Associated With Reduced Baseline Airway Caliber -- Grimm et al.
		Airway Hyperreactivity in Subjects With Tetraplegia Is Associated With Reduced Baseline Airway Caliber
		Twenty-five of 32 subjects with tetraplegia demonstrated AHR (PC < 8 mg/mL) in response to aerosolized histamine (Table 1).
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/118/5/1397 (2859 words)

	Planet Mobility "Spinal Cord Injury" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Persons with tetraplegia (51.7%) have sustained injuries to one of the eight cervical segments of the spinal cord; those with paraplegia (46.7%) have lesions in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of the spinal cord.
		Since 1990 the most frequent neurologic category is incomplete tetraplegia (29.5%), followed by complete paraplegia (27.9%), incomplete paraplegia (21.3%), and complete tetraplegia (18.5%).
		By post-injury year 10, 35.3% of persons with paraplegia are employed, while 24.3% of those with tetraplegia are employed during the same year.
	www.planetmobility.com /news/spinalinjury (1127 words)

	Spinal Cord Injury Facts
		Persons with tetraplegia have sustained injuries to one of the eight cervical segments of the spinal cord; those with paraplegia have lesions in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of the spinal cord.
		Since 2000, the most frequent neurologic category at discharge of persons reported to the database is incomplete tetraplegia (34.3%), followed by complete paraplegia (25.1%), complete tetraplegia (22.1%), and incomplete paraplegia (17.5%).
		By post-injury year 10, 31.7% of persons with paraplegia are employed, while 26.4% of those with tetraplegia are employed during the same year.
	www.fscip.org /facts.htm (1035 words)

	Restoring Hand Function after Spinal Cord Injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It can eliminate the need for many adaptive devices and enable the person with tetraplegia to propel a wheelchair, to move independently from bed to chair, to shift weight within a chair or bed and to reach up and outwards.
		This greatly enhances the ability of the patient with tetraplegia to accomplish activities of daily living, such as writing or feeding themselves.
		In this surgery, one of the forearm muscles (brachioradialis) is grafted to the tendons that move the wrist and thumb.
	orthoinfo.aaos.org /fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=317&topcategory=Hand (984 words)

	Andy's Spinal Cord Injury :My Spinal Cord Injury & Life with SCI and Paralysis
		This is referred to as Tetraplegia or Quadriplegia.
		However spinal cord nerves do not repair themselves so 'all' damage to the cord is permanent from the time of the injury.
		My Injury is described as 'C4 incomplete Tetraplegia' Although my spinal cord was damaged at that level after much hard work and time recovering I am able to walk again, albeit slowly with the aid of crutches.
	www.spinalinjury.freeuk.com /spinal_injury.htm (1250 words)

	The robotized workstation "MASTER" for users with tetraplegia: Description and evaluation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The aim of this program is to increase the autonomy and quality of life of persons with tetraplegia in domestic and vocational environments.
		This is due to improvements in medical treatment (we now save people with severe injuries who, 10 years ago, would have died) and to increases in the causes of tetraplegia (e.g., accidents involving cars and sports, genetic diseases, problems at birth).
		Our experience has shown the system to be usable with every kind of functional tetraplegia, whatever its origin, and the objectives of the study have been shown to be realistic and achievable.
	www.vard.org /jour/99/36/3/busnel.htm (4800 words)

	Complete SCI
		It causes complete and permanent loss of ability to send sensory and motor nerve impulses and, therefore, complete and usually permanent loss of function below the level of the injury.
		Tetraplegia is far more debilitating than paraplegia as the arms are paralysed too.
		The descriptions below detail what is likely to be expected functionally with the different levels of tetraplegia.
	www.spinal-injury.net /complete-sci.htm (1372 words)

	Coloplast Group - Clinic for Para- and Tetraplegia
		The book covers many of the areas that spinal cord injured are challenged by in their daily lives.
		Approximately 160 people attended the seminar to listen to sessions on state of the art management of spinal cord lesions and to attend the galla dinner arranged to celebrate the 50 year anniversary of the Clinic for Para- and Tetraplegia.
		Within the Clinic for Para- and Tetraplegia the treatment and rehabilitation of the spinal cord lesioned persons has always been accomplished within the Multidisciplinary team, consisting of nursing staff, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, social workers, psychologists, and doctors, supported by the secretaries and other staff members.
	www.corp.coloplast.com /ECompany/CorpMed/Homepage.nsf/1989cec9be30ee68c12569ff0036969d/48021de03215624dc1256c680030655d?OpenDocument (271 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-12052003-151955 ( Browse \| Search ) All Available ETDs
		The purpose of the first phase of the study was to determine the differences in metabolic demands, stroke frequency, and upper extremity joint range of motion, during PAPAW propulsion and traditional manual wheelchair propulsion.
		For individuals with tetraplegia, PAPAWs have the potential to decrease metabolic demands during propulsion, while increasing or maintaining function within ADLs.
		Future studies with this device should focus on the ability of MWUs with tetraplegia to perform necessary activities of daily living within their home environment and community.
	etd.library.pitt.edu /ETD/available/etd-12052003-151955 (390 words)

	Slow ascending myelopathy, tetraplegia, carcinoma of the bladder and amyloidosis in a patient with ankylosing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Slow ascending myelopathy, tetraplegia, carcinoma of the bladder and amyloidosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis
		Design: Case report of a 60-year-old patient suffering from AS, who developed over a period of 39 years a slow ascending myelopathy leading to tetraplegia, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and amyloidosis of the small intestine secondary to neuropathic bladder and bowel.
		The possibility of vascular compression by the ankylosed spine causing the clinical picture of flaccid tetraplegia in this patient is discussed.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/sc/journal/v38/n5/abs/3100924a.html (232 words)

	Spinal Cord Injury Facts - causes, costs, life expectancy.......
		Persons with tetraplegia (51.9%) have sustained injuries to one of the eight cervical segments of the spinal cord; those with paraplegia (46.7%) have lesions in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of the spinal cord.
		By post-injury year 10, 35.4% of persons with paraplegia are employed, while 23.1% of those with tetraplegia are employed during the same year.
		Today 91.7% of all persons with SCI who are discharged alive from the system are sent to a private, non institutional residence (in most cases their homes before injury.) Only 4.6% are discharged to nursing homes.
	www.rexdonald.com /facts.htm (2173 words)

	NORSCIS Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Individuals with neurological levels of spinal cord injury at C1-4 are considered to have high tetraplegia.
		Persons with high tetraplegia have the greatest degree of limb paralysis among spinal cord injured survivors.
		Spinal cord injury diving accidents typically occur in young men between the ages of 15-25 years and the lifetime lost wages and benefits for a 25 year old with tetraplegia typically exceeds $1.5 million.
	www.metrohealth.org /clinical/norscis (1714 words)

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