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Topic: Tetraploid

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	Seedless Watermelon
		Usually, multiple methods are used, identifying tetraploid seedlings using their phenotype in flats before transplanting, the chloroplast number in the stomatal guard cells of the true leaves in seedling flats and greenhouse pots, and by the appearance of the fruit and seeds at harvest after self-pollination in the greenhouse.
		Tetraploid plants are selected (using methods such as leaf guard cell chloroplast number) in the T1 generation (plants from colchicine treated diploids) from the greenhouse flats where they were treated with colchicine.
		A useful combination is for the tetraploid parent to have fruit with gray rind, the diploid parent to have fruit with wide stripes, so the resulting triploid hybrid will striped fruit, easily distinguished from the gray-fruited tetraploids that result from self- or sib-pollination of the female parent.
	cuke.hort.ncsu.edu /cucurbit/wmelon/seedless.html (1685 words)

	The Utility of the Diploid Map in Alfalfa Improvement
		The usefulness of diploid maps in the breeding of tetraploid alfalfa depends on a high degree of similarity between the genomes of diploid and tetraploid alfalfa.
		This map, which represents the genome of cultivated, tetraploid alfalfa, reduced to the diploid level, was constructed in a backcross population and consists of a map for each parent, joined by common markers.
		Evidence that supports conservation of the diploid and tetraploid alfalfa genomes is the fact that they interbreed freely, and are considered to be subspecies of one another.
	www.naaic.org /TAG/TAGpapers/Bouton/DiploidMapPaper.htm (4087 words)

	Growing Seedless Watermelon
		The tetraploid is used as the female or seed parent and the diploid is the male or pollen parent (Figure 1).
		Since the tetraploid seed parent produces only 5 to 10% as many seeds as a normal diploid plant, seed cost is 10 to 100 times more than that of standard, open-pollinated varieties and 5 to 10 times that of hybrid diploid watermelon varieties.
		Tetraploid fruit are of high quality but will have seeds and must not be sold as seedless.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /CV006 (2006 words)

	THE QUEST FOR UNREDUCED GAMETES: PART I
		Tetraploids were introduced by inducing diploid daylilies with a chemical called colchicine.
		A cross of a diploid with a tetraploid (or vice versa) may result in a pod forming; however, the presence of a “triploid block” in daylilies prevents most of these from reaching maturity, and the pods fall off.
		Tetraploids rarely, if ever, produce 30 viable zygotes per pod, but that is the figure being used in the calculation.
	members.cox.net /lilyhouse/new_page_3.htm (4484 words)

	Full text - VNTR-based diversity analysis of 2x and 4x full-sib Musa hybrids
		Most of the tetraploid hybrids were grouped together by the similarity analysis based on Jaccard’s index (Figure 1).
		This relationship was expected because the tetraploid hybrids have 75% of their genes donated by the maternal plantain 2n gametes (and the remaining 25% from the diploid banana), while their diploid full-sibs inherit 50% of their genes from each parent.
		The phenotypic distance between the tetraploid hybrids and Obino l’Ewai was 0.322 (±0.027), while the phenotypic distance between the tetraploid hybrids and Calcutta 4 was 0.470 (±0.021).
	www.ejbiotechnology.info /content/vol2/issue3/full/1 (3979 words)

	DAYLILIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		All of these are tetraploids and each is a top-notch selection from recent crosses of some of the best parents available anywhere.
		It is an exciting, evergreen tetraploid that begins to bloom in early spring and continues to bloom until early autumn.
		It is a splendid, 6½-inch, lavender-rose tetraploid with an attractive, yellow-gold edging and a large and showy, green to chartreuse throat.
	www.durionursery.com /daylilies.htm (14943 words)

	Pollen In Tetraploid Tomato Plants
		Tetraploid plantlets were regenerated with a chromosome set...
		restorer allele (rf) from tetraploid cottons apparently is not...
		This phenomenon refers to the breakdown of SI in tetraploid plants that carry two...
	www.allergies-asthma.info /resources/pollen-in-tetraploid-tomato-plants.htm (553 words)

	The Talk.Origins Archive Post of the Month: January 1999
		They are reproductively isolated from diploid members of the same species, however - mate a tetraploid watermelon with a diploid watermelon and the result is a triploid which produces seedless watermelons.
		The difference between a tetraploid amphidiploid and a diploid, however, is that a diploid has 1 pair of every gene, whereas the tetraploid amphidiploid has 2 pairs of every gene.
		I don't know that any tetraploid species of fish have been found but at least a few give evidence of being diploidised decendants of ancient tetraploids.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/postmonth/jan99.html (1584 words)

	Tetraploid State Induces p53-dependent Arrest of Nontransformed Mammalian Cells in G1 -- Andreassen et al. 12 (5): 1315 ...
		Tetraploid REF-52 cells remained arrested in G1with 4N DNA content (1st column) and minimal MPM-2 signal (2nd column) either when maintained in DCB for 24 h following mitotic synchronization, or when released from 5 h treatment with DCB for either 19 or 67 h.
		Incorporation is specifically suppressed in binucleate cells, indicating cell cycle arrest in cells that become tetraploid due to inhibition of cytokinesis by DCB.
		Tetraploidization by either aberrant exit from mitosis in the presence of nocodazole or inhibition of cytokinesis by DCB results in identical profiles of effectors of G1 progression.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/5/1315 (8591 words)

	diploid
		A tetraploid daylily will generally have larger flowers, larger plants, and better flower substance than a diploid.
		A diploid can have large flowers, large plants and great flower substance, although if the same diploid plant is converted to a tetraploid, the plants' caracteristics will be enhanced.
		SEEDS when pollinated with another diploid and a tetraploid will only form seeds when pollinated with another tetraploid.
	www.daylilyparadise.com /diploid.html (123 words)

	Wheat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Einkorn wheat is diploid (2x chromosomes) and can be considered the "grandfather" breed of wheat.
		Einkorn wheat hybridized with another wild diploid grass (Triticum speltoides, Triticum tripsacoides or Triticum searsii) made the tetraploid (4x chromosomes) breeds, Emmer and Durum wheat.
		Emmer and Durum wheat hybridized with yet another wild diploid grass (Triticum tauschii) made the hexaploid (6x chromosomes) breeds Spelt wheat and Common wheat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wheat (1607 words)

	Production of Live Calves Derived from Embryonic Stem-Like Cells Aggregated with Tetraploid Embryos -- Iwasaki et al. ...
		Morphology of bovine ES-like cells (137-cells) and development of the aggregates of 2 tetraploid embryos with a clump of 137-cells.
		the tetraploid embryos and not from the 137-cells (Fig.
		at the 2-cell stage were diploid, not tetraploid [19].
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/62/2/470 (3200 words)

	The elongate method of generating tetraploid maize stocks, revisited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Plants homozygous for el produce both reduced and unreduced eggs; the 2n constitution of the unreduced eggs is probably due to the omission of the second meiotic division (Rhoades, MM and Dempsey, E, Genetics 54:505-522).
		Putative tetraploid embryo kernels with Ae-5180 phenotype were planted in our 1990-1991 winter nursery, and the resulting plants pollinated by a tetraploid W23 stock obtained from the Maize Stock Center.
		Counts of Ae-5180 and wildtype kernels on ears from the cross of tetraploid plants carrying Ae-5180 by a tetraploid W23 (wildtype) stock.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/66/11stinard.html (473 words)

	Dips versus Tets
		I considered the advancements of tetraploids in relationship with the long steady progress with diploids.
		LAVENDERS- Lavenders, in the dip versus tetraploid wars, tend to be a near draw with the diploids at a one point advantage.
		Tetraploids flaunt their lavenders with the (in)famous gold edge.
	home.comcast.net /~watsonpark/diptet.html (1465 words)

	tetraploid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		tetraploid An organism, or a tissue whose cells contain four haploid sets of chromosomes.
		In 1978, Mary Todd was the first tetraploid Stout Medal winner.
		These subspecies are tetraploid and capable of selfing, while a third subspecies of A. flavum is diploid and retains the sex-changing strategy.
	www.biometnews.com /biotechnology/tetraploid.html (143 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Generation of single-copy transgenic mouse embryos directly from ES cells by tetraploid ...
		From this we were able to conclude that F3 hprt null ES cells are indeed competent to transmit alleles through the germline and that the resulting offspring were fertile and viable as reported previously [12].
		In sum, the availability of tetraploid aggregation-competent ES cells that support targeting of transgenes to the hprt locus should facilitate the rapid analysis of transcriptional regulatory elements in vivo as well as the phenotypic characterization of alleles that are incompatible with normal development.
		ES-cell derived embryos were generated by aggregating clumps of around twenty ES cells with individual eight cell embryos or four cell embryos that had been made tetraploid by electrofusion as described previously [7,9,23].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6750/1/12 (4283 words)

	PAG-IX: AN APPROACH TO GENETIC LINKAGE ANALYSIS IN TETRAPLOID SPECIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		However the commercial potato is tetraploid, and it is important for the potato breeder to understand the inheritance of quantitative traits in the tetraploid potato.
		The number of phases to be considered is higher than in a diploid species, with up to 24 possible phases in each parent in a tetraploid cross.
		From this, the conditional probability of the offspring genotype at any location on the chromosome may be calculated, and related to the trait values by a weighted linear regression.
	www.intl-pag.org /9/abstracts/P5g_26.html (293 words)

	Tracing the Phylogeny of the Hexaploid Oat Avena sativa with Satellite DNAs -- Li et al. 40 (6): 1755 -- Crop Science
		the diploid and tetraploid progenitors of hexaploid oat.
		and tetraploid oat (Ladizinsky and Zohary, 1971; Ladizinsky
		2 Southern blot analysis of the DNAs of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oats determined with the satellite sequence ASS49 as a probe.
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/40/6/1755 (3900 words)

	Blastocyst microinjection/ TG facility
		The contribution of tetraploid embryos is primarily restricted to extraembryonic tissues.
		Tetraploid embryos are produced using an electric pulse to fuse two blastomeres of 2-cell stage embryos, then incubated overnight.
		In the case of mutant diploid or tetraploid embryos aggregations, the investigator must provide the facility with sufficient number of males and females of the proper age.
	www.mshri.on.ca /cores/TGfacility/chimera.html (938 words)

	Formation of stable epialleles and their paramutation-like interaction in tetraploid Arabidopsis thaliana - Nature ...
		The monoallelic genotypes RRRR and 0000 would be expected to occur with a slightly higher ratio (maximum 9 in 196, 4.6%) in case of pure chromatid segregation owing to double reduction events.
		and with the frequency of paramutation in tetraploid tomato that is determined by the ratio of paramutagenic to paramutable alleles
		Rapid formation of epialleles in tetraploids, followed by their trans-silencing interaction in tetraploid hybrids, is not necessarily limited to alleles but may also affect duplicated genes at non-allelic locations.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v34/n4/full/ng1210.html (2958 words)

	CGC Report No. 7:12-13, 1984 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		We decided to improve the fertility of the tetraploids before further crossability studies were carried out.
		Crosses were made between the tetraploids listed in Table 1 in a half diallel to alleviate the inbreeding depression which could be responsible for the low fertility.
		Although the seed set of these hybrid tetraploids is not yet up to the diploid level, we expect that the improved fertility will enable us to more accurately compare tetraploid and diploid cucumbers with respect to the crossability with melons and interesting wild Cucumis species.
	www.umresearch.umd.edu /CGC/cgc7/cgc7_6.htm (515 words)

	Anther culture of tetraploid maize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In the last year over 1000 anthers of tetraploid maize were inoculated on Zheng-14 medium.
		It was observed that over two percent of the anthers responded positively by growing into callus or embryoid.
		Hence, it is possible to dissect tetraploid maize into diploids by anther culture in vitro.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/59/41raja.html (90 words)

	IMCS Publications
		Tetraploid induction by meiosis inhibition in the dwarf surfclam Mulinia lateralis : effects of cytochalasin B duration.
		Tetraploid induction by meiosis inhibition with cytochalasin B in the dwarf surfclam, Mulinia lateralis Say: effects of temperature.
		Optimization of tetraploid induction in the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, using the first polar body as a natural indicator.
	www.marine.rutgers.edu /pubs (8540 words)

	Bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the extraembryonic mesoderm is required for allantois development and the localization ...
		Tetraploid embryos were produced by aggregating four-cell stage tetraploid embryos with 12-16 ES cells as described (9).
		At the two- to five-somite stage, a dramatic difference was seen between the two kinds of chimera in terms of PGC number.
		tetraploid chimeras examined an allantois-like structure is formed that expresses at least one allantois marker.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/24/13739 (4612 words)

	Correct my hexaploid rose math... (not for those who hate num... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		So if I pollinated a tetraploid rose like a mini (specifically mini mosses and Basye's Blueberry and Thornless), it would result in a tetraploid.
		But if I pollinated eglanteria with tetraploid pollen, it will result a hexaploid hybrid with 42 chromasomes, 2/3rd of it which will eglanteria and 1/4th of the tetraploid.
		If I used Lady Penzence, a hybrid between eglanteria and the tetraploid R. foetida bicolor, using Applejack's tetraploid pollen, would the results be a hybrid with 2/3 LP and 1/4th AJ genes.
	www.rosemania.com /_disc3/000001f6.htm (269 words)

	Tetraploid apples an pears (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		I know there are tetraploid apples an pears around, but do not know where to get scionwood of them.
		Martin, this is not how to find Tetraploid scion wood, but google search has some data on which ones are.
		Tetraploid pears can be gotten from NCGR Corvallis but how do I get the scionwood to Germany?
	www.cloudforest.com /cafe/forum/21305.html (184 words)

	Cross Border Daylilies Canada Price List
		Bloom, Tetraploid, M, Semi-evergreen, - A lavender self with a gold edge amd a yellow throat.
		Bloom, Tetraploid, M, Evergreen, Rebloomer Spider - A burgundy-purple spider variant with a cream-violet-plum-purple eyezone above a lime green to chartreuse throat.
		Bloom, Tetraploid, EM Re, Evergreen, - A silvery mauve plum with a plum claret eyezone and a yellow green throat- - $9.00
	www.distinctly.on.ca /peat/cdn-price.htm (5348 words)

	Sequence Diversity in the Tetraploid Zea perennis and the Closely Related Diploid Z. diploperennis: Insights From Four ...
		Sequence Diversity in the Tetraploid Zea perennis and the Closely Related Diploid Z. diploperennis: Insights From Four Nuclear Loci -- Tiffin and Gaut 158 (1): 401 -- Genetics
		Sequence Diversity in the Tetraploid Zea perennis and the Closely Related Diploid Z.
		tetraploid appears to have a lower relative frequency of singletons,
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/158/1/401 (4354 words)

	PAG-IX: INTROGRESSION OF AL-TOLERANCE QTL FROM DIPLOID, MEDICAGO SATIVA SSP. COERULEA INTO TETRAPLOID, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Transfer of genes from the diploid level to the autotetraploid level is possible either by somatically doubling the chromosomes in the diploid, or by taking advantage of 2n gametes, which occur at a low but regular frequency in both cultivated and wild M.
		Making use of 2n gametes, by making crosses between diploids and tetraploids (2x-4x and 4x-2x crosses), is more desirable than colchicine-doubling for moving genes from the diploid to the tetraploid level.
		Seven 2x-4x tetraploid hybrids were recovered, verified by chromosome counts from root-tip squashes.
	www.intl-pag.org /9/abstracts/P5f_14.html (313 words)

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