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Topic: Tetrodotoxin

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	US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book - Tetrodotoxin
		Tetrodotoxin has also been isolated from widely differing animal species, including the California newt, parrotfish, frogs of the genus Atelopus, the blue-ringed octopus, starfish, angelfish, and xanthid crabs.
		Poisonings from tetrodotoxin have been almost exclusively associated with the consumption of pufferfish from waters of the Indo-Pacific ocean regions.
		Poisoning from tetrodotoxin is of major public health concern primarily in Japan, where "fugu" is a traditional delicacy.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap39.html (979 words)

	Puffernet>>>The Poison Tetrodotoxin
		Tetrodotoxin is present in a other animals besides pufferfish, with the blue-ringed octopus, harlequin frogs, and rough-skinned newts making the list.
		Tetrodotoxin has even been isolated from certain strains of algae, along with more marine life such as some snails, crabs and even a type of flatworm.
		Tetrodotoxin binds itself to the sodium ion, preventing it from moving in and out of the membrane.
	puffernet.tripod.com /tetrodotoxin.html (897 words)

	Tetrodotoxin
		Thus, the name "tetrodotoxin" means the toxin derived from the four-toothed fish.Tetrodoxin is not isolated to marine animals either.
		Recently, there is a lot of evidence to suggest that the puffer fish do not actually make tetrodotoxin, but rather this toxin is derived by a pathway encoded by bacteria which are associated with these fish.
		As a result, tetrodotoxin inhibits or reduces the chances of an action potential to be produced.
	home.earthlink.net /~zh32/ttx.html (446 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book - Tetrodotoxin
		Tetrodotoxin has also been isolated from widely differing animal species, including the California newt, parrotfish, frogs of the genus Atelopus, the blue-ringed octopus, starfish, angelfish, and xanthid crabs.
		Poisonings from tetrodotoxin have been almost exclusively associated with the consumption of pufferfish from waters of the Indo-Pacific ocean regions.
		Poisoning from tetrodotoxin is of major public health concern primarily in Japan, where "fugu" is a traditional delicacy.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap39.html (979 words)

	Tetrodotoxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin, tetrodonic acid, TTX) is a potent neurotoxin with no known antidote, which blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes.
		Tetrodotoxin binds to TTX-s Na channels with a binding affinity of 5-15 nanomolar, while the TTX-r Na channels bind TTX with low micromolar affinity.
		Poisoning from tetrodotoxin is of significant public health concern primarily in Japan, where "Fugu" is a traditional delicacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetrodotoxin (1243 words)

	Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan - California, 1995. - Encyclopedia.com
		Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan - California, 1995.
		A presumptive diagnosis of tetrodotoxin poisoning in all three men was based on clinical presentation in the ED and the history of recent consumption of fugu.
		Tetrodotoxin is heat-stable and blocks sodium conductance and neuronal transmission in skeletal muscles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-18348149.html (1109 words)

	Origins of Tetrodotoxin
		Additionally, tetrodotoxin is similar in structure and mode of action to saxitoxin which is a neurotoxin produced by a marine micro-organism.
		Both tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin inhibit the activity of the voltage sensitive sodium channel in the same mode of action; and both molecules contain a guanidinium moiety.
		Tetrodotoxin is one of the most potent molecules known to selectively block the voltage-sensitive sodium channels of excitable tissues.
	fugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk /PFW/Toxins/tetrodotoxin.html (427 words)

	Tetrodotoxin - Wikinfo
		Image:Tetrodotoxin.png Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin, tetrodonic acid, TTX) is a potent neurotoxin, which shuts down electrical signalling in nerves by binding to the pores of sodium channel proteins in nerve cell membranes.
		Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish, it is actually a product of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis tetraodonis bacteria, which live inside them, as well as inside some other sea creatures.
		Common causes of tetrodotoxin poisoning include the eating of the puffer fish known as fugu, which is a popular but rare delicacy in Japan and often contains significant amounts of toxin in its liver and other viscera.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Tetrodotoxin (2707 words)

	A Tetrodotoxin-Producing Vibrio Strain, LM-1, from the Puffer Fish Fugu vermicularis radiatus -- Lee et al. 66 (4): ...
		Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropenten latespinisus.
		Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropenten scoparius.
		Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin in Vibrio sp.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/4/1698 (2348 words)

	[No title]
		However, tetrodotoxin cannot cross the blood brain barrier or the nerve membrane because it is a charged molecule with an amine group and several hydroxyl groups.
		Tetrodotoxin is known to be an Ichthyosarcotoxin, Ichthyootoxin, and Ichthyohemotoxin for the puffer fish.
		Tetrodotoxin is not able to recognize the mutated channel, which gives the puffer fish its resistance toward the toxin.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_136.html (3005 words)

	Bad Fish - General Biology Edition - Part I - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science
		The active toxin in the tissues of this fish is a chemical called tetrodotoxin.
		Tetrodotoxin is in a class of chemicals known as neurotoxins due to the fact that it has its effects on nerve cells (neurons).
		As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels.
	www.sciencecases.org /badfish/badfish_genbio1.asp (631 words)

	Method of purifying tetrodotoxin - Patent 6562968
		Tetrodotoxin is a nonprotein neurotoxin with potent activity.
		In a preferred embodiment, the chromatography is performed using a column having a diameter between 10-19 millimeters, the tetrodotoxin sample is applied in a volume of from 50 to 500.mu.L and the mobile phase has a flow rate of from 4 mL/minute to 10 mL/minute.
		The RSD of the tetrodotoxin peak area is 0.2% (n=6).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6562968.html (2607 words)

	Tetrodotoxin intoxication in a uraemic patient -- LAN et al. 67 (1): 127 -- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and ...
		Tetrodotoxin intoxication in a uraemic patient -- LAN et al.
		Tetrodotoxin exerts its effect through binding with and blocking the voltage dependent sodium channel.
		Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/67/1/127 (864 words)

	Hawaii Biotech > Diagnostic Product Sales > Anti-Tetrodotoxin Antibody
		Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin found in certain marine fish like the puffer, ocean sunfish, and the porcupine fish.
		The neurotoxic action of tetrodotoxin is due to the fact that it blocks nerve conduction by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium ion channels, which abolishes an action potential.
		The affinity of our antibody for tetrodotoxin is estimated to be around 1.2 X 108 M. We have also developed an immunossay for tetrodotoxin that uses T20G10 and BSA-tetrodotoxin (the latter as the coating antigen).
	www.hibiotech.com /diagprodsales/atetro.htm (439 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Tetrodotoxin : Article by Theodore I Benzer, MD, PhD
		Tetrodotoxin also is found in the gastropod mollusc; in the eggs of horseshoe crabs; in newts of the genus Taricha; in the skin of Atelopid frogs; and in the skin and viscera of porcupine fish, globefish, balloon fish, blowfish, sunfish, toadfish, blue-ringed octopus, and some species of salamanders.
		Tetrodotoxin is a heterocyclic, small, organic molecule that acts directly on the electrically active sodium channel in nerve tissue (see Image 2).
		Tetrodotoxin poisoning is a public health issue and mandates a report to the department of public health if the ingestion was related to toxic levels of TTX in food.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic576.htm (1954 words)

	[No title]
		The neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been known for centuries, but only until the mid-20th century has the structure of this highly unusual compound been deduced, and the mechanism for its neurotoxic effects are still being studied and debated today.
		Tetrodotoxin is widely distributed in nature, in both marine and terrestrial animals, but most of these species have only recently been identified.
		Tetrodotoxin is one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known to man, and TTX-poisoned patients are in an immediate life-threatening situation due to the severe symptoms and high mortality rate (almost 60%) of tetrodotoxin poisoning (WWW 1).
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_317.html (4539 words)

	Tetrodotoxin
		Tetrodotoxin is a bacteria-derived organic molecule assimilated into the tissues of the pufferfish or into the modified salivary glands of the blue-ringed octopus.
		The primary toxin from the blue-ringed octopus, maculotoxin, was determined to be in fact tetrodotoxin, the first instance of tetrodotoxin being identified as a venom component.
		Envenomation causes acute respiratory failure through paralysis of the respiratory musculature due to tetrodotoxin being a highly specific Na+ channel blocker in excitable tissues.
	www.venomdoc.com /tetrodotoxin.html (95 words)

	Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Associated With Eating Puffer Fish Transported from Japan -- California, 1996
		A presumptive diagnosis of tetrodotoxin poisoning in all three men was based on clinical presentation in the ED and the history of recent consumption of fugu.
		Tetrodotoxin is heat-stable and blocks sodium conductance and neuronal transmission in skeletal muscles.
		Despite the high death rate associated with tetrodotoxin poisoning, the three persons described in this report survived probably because of the small amount of toxin ingested and rapid stomach evacuation by the ED.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041514.htm (1108 words)

	Tetrodotoxin: Mode of Action
		Tetrodotoxin is the poison that is produced by the puffer fish and a number of other animals.
		Tetrodotoxin is quite specific in blocking the Na+ ion channel and therefore the flow of Na ions while having no effect on K
		Tetrodotoxin, much larger than the sodium ion, acts like a cork in a bottle, preventing the flow of sodium until it slowly diffuses off.
	www.life.umd.edu /grad/mlfsc/zctsim/ionchannel.html (588 words)

	Use of a Monoclonal Antibody to Purify the Tetrodotoxin Binding Component from the Electroplax of Electrophorus ...
		Use of a Monoclonal Antibody to Purify the Tetrodotoxin Binding Component from the Electroplax of Electrophorus electricus -- Nakayama et al.
		The tetrodotoxin binding component of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from Electrophorus electricus electroplax was purified by using a monoclonal antibody.
		An impure preparation of tetrodotoxin binding component was mixed with the pure monoclonal antibody, and the immune complex so formed was isolated by affinity chromatography on a protein A-Sepharose column.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/79/23/7575 (226 words)

	Amazon.com: Tetrodotoxin: Books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tetrodotoxin, Saxitoxin, and the Molecular Biology of the Sodium Channel (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) by C. Kao and Stephen R., M.D. Levinson (Hardcover - Dec 1986)
		Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and the molecular biology of the sodium channel (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) (Paperback - 1986)
		One particularly lethal neurotoxin is tetrodotoxin (TTX), present in the viscera of Japanese pufferfish.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&results-process=default&index=books&field-keywords=Tetrodotoxin&page=1 (1007 words)

	Molecule of the Month: TETRODOTOXIN
		Tetrodotoxin (TTX, CAS Number [4368-28-9]) is a potent marine neurotoxin, named after the order of fish from which it is most commonly associated, the Tetraodontiformes (tetras-four and odontos-tooth), or the tetraodon pufferfish.
		We have shown that sodium currents in the jellyfish are completely insensitive to the potent sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), while those in flatworms, often considered to be the closest extant relatives of cnidarians, are sensitive to TTX.
		Mosher, H. Tetrodotoxin, Saxitoxin and the Molecular Biology of the Sodium Channel, Ann.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/ttx/ttx.htm (1937 words)

	Tetrodotoxin - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Diagnosis of Human Illness: The diagnosis of pufferfish poisoning is based on the observed symptomology and recent dietary history.
		Associated Foods: Poisonings from tetrodotoxin have been almost exclusively associated with the consumption of pufferfish from waters of the Indo-Pacific ocean regions.
		MMWR 45(19):1996 On April 29, 1996, three cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning occurred among chefs in California who shared contaminated fugu (puffer fish) brought from Japan by a co-worker as a prepackaged, ready-to-eat product.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /fda_bad_bug_book/tetrodotoxin.htm (1040 words)

	Ascent Scientific Launches Low-Cost Tetrodotoxin – an Essential Research Tool for Neuroscientists
		This standard tool is widely used by scientific researchers who investigate electrical activity in biological systems – helping research into a vast range of medical conditions including pain, epilepsy, sleep and cognitive disorders.
		Tetrodotoxin modulates ion channels in biological systems, and is the latest addition to the Low-Cost Ligand™ range, which also includes other ion channel modulators, such as D-AP5 and MK801.
		Steve Roome PhD, Commercial Director commented, “Tetrodotoxin is used by researchers worldwide, but up until now, has been prohibitively expensive for many research labs.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2006/7/prweb416899.htm (352 words)

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