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	Teutonic Knights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum) was a German crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows which was formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre (Akko) in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims to the holy places.
		The Order did not conquer Prussia in order to incorporate it into Poland, but instead ruled it under permits issued by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor as a sovereign Teutonic Order state, comparable to the arrangement of the Knights Hospitallers in Rhodes and later in Malta.
		The Order and its relations with its neighbours (Poland, the Duchy of Masovia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) are the main subject of a novel Krzyżacy (or, in English, The Cross Bearers) by the Polish author and Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Teutonic_Knights (1176 words)

	Teutonic Knights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum; Hungarian: Német Lovagrend-German Knighthood; Polish Zakon Krzyżacki - The Order of the Cross) was a German crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre in Palestine.
		The aggression of the Order posed a threat to the neighbouring states, especially Poland and Lithuania.
		The Order and its relations with its neighbours (Poland, the Duchy of Masovia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) are the main subject of a novel Krzyżacy (or, in English, The Knights of the Cross) by the Polish author and Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teutonic_Order (1332 words)

	Kaliningrad Oblast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The indigenous Prussians were pagans and the Teutonic order entered the area under the pretext of spreading Christianity.
		According to the Teutonic chronicles, the centre of Baltic paganism, which was also adhered to by the Lithuanians, Samogitians and various other Baltic nations, was a city known as Romuva (supposedly after "Rome") in the Prussian lands.
		In 1525, Order's Grand Master secularised the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order and established himself as the Duke of Prussia and as a vassal of the Polish crown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast (1861 words)

	Teutonic Knights. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It was originally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
		The order was one of nobles, and the knights took the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
		The order was strongly centralized, and its administration and colonization laid the foundation of the Prussian state.
	www.bartleby.com /65/te/TeutonKn.html (501 words)

	teutonic knights - order of the teutonic knights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		teutonic knights - order of the teutonic knights
		The order of the Teutonic Knights (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum) was a crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows which was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims to the holy places.
		The Order of the Teutonic Knights and its relations with its neighbours (Poland, the Duchy of Masovia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) are the main motive in a novel by the Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz, called Krzyzacy (or, in English, The Teutonic Knights).
	www.crusades-history.com /Teutonic-Knights.aspx (822 words)

	Station Information - Teutonic Order state
		The pope installed the Teutonic Knights, a crusading order that reported directly to the Papacy, as rulers of the area.
		In 1410, with the death of the emperor Rupert, war broke out between the Teutonic Knights and a Polish-Lithuanian alliance supported by Ruthenian and tiny Tatar auxiliary forces, in which Poland and Lithuania were the winners following their victory at Battle of Grunwald.
		The Order assigned Henry XIII, duke of Reuss-Plauen, to defend Pomerania.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/t/te/teutonic_order_state.html (381 words)

	Teutonic Order state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since the Monastic Prussia and Livonia did not have a common border, itwas the aim of the Teutonic Knights' politics in XIV century to incorporate the Lithuanian province of Samogitia, in order tojoin the lands ruled by the Order.
		The pope installed the Teutonic Knights, a crusading order thatreported directly to the Papacy, as rulers of the area.
		Possession of Danzig by the Teutonic Order was questioned all the time by the Polish kings Ladislaus the Short and Casimir the Great what led to a series of bloody wars and legal-suits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333.
	www.therfcc.org /teutonic-order-state-183197.html (705 words)

	Teutonic Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The first Teutonic hospital, of Saint Thomas, was confirmed by the Emperor Henry VI in 1197 and, in the same year, the Emperor and Empress granted the knights their request for possession of the Church of Santa Trinità in Palermo.
		The Order still continued to recruit priests and nuns who dedicated themselves to hospitaller and humanitarian services, but the religious members were effectively separated from the lay and professed knights by the dropping of the requirement that the latter should live in a convent of the Order.
		The badge of the Order is a latin Cross in fl enamel with a white enamel border, surmounted (for Knights of Honor) by a helmet with fl and white feathers or (for Marians) by a simple circular ornament, and is suspended from a fl and white ribbon.
	www.chivalricorders.org /vatican/teutonic.htm (9042 words)

	Order Of Teutonic Knights Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum; Hungarian: Német Lovagrend-German Knighthood; Polish Zakon Krzyżacki) was a German crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre in Palestine.
		The Order induced the immigration of thousands of colonists from Germany and the Netherlands, founded numerous towns and cities, and built a number of castles (Order Castles (Ordensburgen in German)), to defend the territory against attacks from Lithuania and Poland, with whom the Order was often at war during the 14th and 15th centuries.
		Among the cities of the Order was Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), founded in 1255 in honor of King Otakar II of Bohemia.
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Order_of_Teutonic_Knights (1435 words)

	Prussia under the Teutonic Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1237 the Teutonic Knights absorbed the Order of the Sword Knights (established 1202 in Livonia, increasing the occupied regions by the territories of today's Latvia and Estonia.
		Since the Monastic Prussia and Livonia did not have a common border, it was the aim of the Teutonic Knights' politics in XIV century to incorporate the Lithuanian province of Samogitia, in order to join the lands ruled by the Order.
		The resulting Second Treaty of Thorn (October 1466 provided for the Teutonic Order's cession to the Polish crown of its rights over the western half of its territories, which became the province of Polish or Royal Prussia.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/prussia_under_the_teutonic_order (793 words)

	[No title]
		The Teutonic Knights had sent a contingent into the unsettled region, had built a series of wood and earth forts, and brought in peasants from Germany to farm the land and provide the taxes and labor that were necessary to construct more fortifications and buildings and to harvest the crops that fed the garrisons.
		He examined the complaints, concluded that the Order had indeed exceeded their mandate, and agreed that changes should be made in the charters; but he ended by issuing a new charter more extensive in its terms than the first.
		Unfortunately, the nobles and people of those states often had little in common with the members of the Teutonic Order; therefore, hostility rather than sympathy was their natural attitude toward the crusaders.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/books/PrussianCrusade2.htm (9846 words)

	Teutonic Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The main area of conflict between the Lithuanians and the Order was the territories of the Samogitian tribes.
		The Order was able to slowly expand their hold on Lithuanian territories, defeating a large coalition of Lithuanian and Samogitian forces in 1348 at the battle of Streva Stream.
		The remainder of the 14th Century would see this pattern repeated as the Teutonic Order alternated between support for rivals of the Grand Duke or peace with the Duke, Either way the Order was able to keep Lithuania destabilised and her grip on the Northern lands secure.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /matthaywood/main/Teutonic_Order.htm (2427 words)

	Teutonic Knights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Order didn't want to give back once conquered and baptised territories, instead it was converted into Teutonic Order state, which in principle was against the rules of a Chivalric Order.
		The Order ruled over much of the Baltic for several centuries, losing power during the late Middle Ages with the rise of Poland.
		The Order and its relations with its neighbours (Poland, Duchy of Masovia, Grand Duchy of Lithuania) are the main motive in a novel by the Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz Krzyzacy (The Teutonic Knights).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/teutonic_knights (642 words)

	Courland biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Courland, Kurland, Couronia, or Curonia, a former Baltic province of the Teutonic Order state in Livonia (ca.
		The prevailing religion was Lutheranism, to which 76% of the population belonged; the rest belong to the Orthodox Eastern and the Roman Catholic churches.
		In 1237, it passed under the rule of the Teutonic Knights owing to the amalgamation of this order with that of the Brethren of the Sword.
	courland.biography.ms (1947 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Teutonic Order, 1230-1309
		In 1237, the LIVONIAN ORDER formally was federated with the Teutonic Order, but in practice preserved a separate organization.
		Conquest, the establishment and expansion of a MONASTIC STATE was the aim of the order, not the conversion of the indigenous Prussians.
		The Sense of Humor among the Teutonic Knights of the Thirteenth Century, essay by William Urban, from illinois Quarterly 1979 pp.40-47
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/teutord.html (419 words)

	Teutonic Order (Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Among the groups of knights organized during the Crusades (e.g Templars, Hospitallers) was a group, largely and later exclusively German, called in German the Deutscher Orden ["German Order"] and in English the Teutonic Knights.
		In 1225, after the failure of the attempt to reconquer the Holy Land, Pope Gregory IX ordered the Teutonic Knights to convert the Prussians, a people related to the Lithuanians and Latvians and who were the last remaining pagans in Europe.
		Banner of the Teutonic Order, under which Grand Marshal of Prussia, Friedrich Wallerod, native of Franconia and of illustrous lineage, who, with his family, has a coat-of-arms of the river marked with cross and on the helmet, a crowned rooster.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de_to.html (518 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Teutonic Order, 1409-1525 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1410, troops of the Teutonic Order and of Polansd-Lithuania clashed in the BATTLE OF GRUNWALD/TANNENBERG.
		Peace was concluded in 1414; the Order ceded Schamaiten to Lithuania, the Land of Dobrin to Poland.
		In 1467-1479 the Order was involved in the Warmia Stift Feud; in 1520-1521 the Rider War was fought - the Order's last war with Poland.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/teutord14.htm (464 words)

	Chapter VI. - THE TEUTSCH RITTERS OR TEUTONIC ORDER.
		His Order, both Pope and Emperor so favoring the Master of it, was in a vigorous state of growth all this while; Hermann well proving that he could help it better at Venice than at Acre.
		He keeps his SCHWERTBRUDER (Brothers of the Sword), a small Order of Knights, recently got up by him, for express behoof of Liefland itself; and these, fighting their best, are sometimes troublesome to the Bishop, and do not much prosper upon Heathendom, or gain popularity and resources in the Christian world.
		The Order was victorious; Livonian "Sword-Brothers," "Knights of Dobryn," minor Orders and Authorities all round, were long since subordinated to it or incorporated with it; Livonia, Courland, Lithuania, are all got tamed under its influence, or tied down and evidently tamable.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Fred2/00000016.htm (3370 words)

	German Flag Store - buy flags of Germany
		By a Decree of 2 March 1886, its use was authorized for the rulers and princes of ruling houses of German states and for mayors of the Hansa cities.
		The fl-white-red in the canton is replaced by the fl-red-gold (the Iron Cross remaining) and the Prussian royal eagle in the round center field is replaced by a new republican eagle.
		East Germany had initially used the same flag, but on October 1, 1959 it introduced a communist emblem to the centre of the flag, which remained almost until the territory of East Germany was annexed by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 (East Germany formally removed the emblem shortly before reunification).
	www.germanflag.us /downloads.html (802 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Teutonic Knights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Among the cities founded by the Order was Königsberg (1255), later capital of the German province of East Prussia (Ostpreussen) and, after World War II, the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad.
		Their next aim was to convert Russia to the Roman Catholicism, but that idea had to be dropped in the wake of the disastrous Battle on the Ice (1242).
		The new Grand Magistery was then established in Mergentheim in Württemberg, and members of the Habsburg family continued as grand masters over the Order's considerable holdings in Germany until 1809, when Napoleon ordered its dissolution and the Order lost its last secular holdings.
	www.nowtryus.com /article:Teutonic_Knights (902 words)

	Juhan Kreem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Livonia the Teutonic Order inherited the position of the Sword-brothers, and thus never reached overall acceptance to its hegemony.
		The developments in the study of the Teutonic Order which took place in Germany in the sixties, when the Order as a phenomenon became an object of study, have not found their counterpart in Estonia.
		Curiously enough, in spite of the central role of the Teutonic Order in the history of medieval Livonia, relatively few studies are specifically devoted to its history.
	www.ceu.hu /medstud/events/ev004/kreem.htm (1170 words)

	Summaries in English (main texts only)
		The undated German–language description of the Mazovian–Teutonic Order frontier from the sources of the Biebrza to the Wkra, published by the authors, has beens well–known in literature on the subject since 1792, when it was issued by Ludwig von Baczko, without, however, a commentary or information concerning the base of the edition.
		The text in question indubitably originates from the fifteenth century, and was written in connection with frontier controversies between Mazovia and the Teutonic Order after 1410.
		Concern for woodland cultivation and the rational exploitation of forest resources in the estate was particularly discernible during the period preceding the outbreak of the second world war.
	www.kh.semper.pl /summ07.html (1365 words)

	Teutonic
		The order was never as important in the Palestine as in the Baltic countries; and it was in the modern day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania where it made its (in)fame.
		The Order was known by its brethren's ferocious charge, discipline and toughness, and I felt justified to have the Ritterbrüder have three attributes: Ferocious Charge (as Normans), Drilled (reflecting their regular nature and discipline) and Stubborn (reflecting their religious fervour and fanaticism).
		The Order was a great employer of mercenaries, who varied from motley sell-swords and cut-throats to highly disciplined and drilled elite infantry, like the Swiss pikemen and English longbowmen.
	www.inisfail.com /~ancients/teutonic.html (1843 words)

	Royal Prussia biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Royal Prussia (Polish: Prusy Królewskie, German: Königliches Preussen) was a Polish province formed from the western part of the Lands of the Teutonic Order following the Thirteen Years War or "War of the Cities".
		The resulting war ended with Second Treaty of Thorn (October 1466) provided for the Order's cession to the Polish crown of its rights over the western half of Prussia - Gdansk Pomerania, Elblag, Malbork and Chelmno districts and the bishopric of Warmia.
		The eastern part of Prussia remained under the rule of the Order and its successors, until 1660 under Polish suzerainty as a Polish fief, becoming the Duchy of Prussia in 1525 when the Order's Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg adopted Lutheranism and secularised his land as hereditary ruler.
	royal-prussia.biography.ms (288 words)

	Channelnewsasia.com
		And in the city's theatre, he presided over a meeting of the council of state with the 89 regional chiefs, including billionaire Roman Abramovich, governor of Chukotka in the extreme north of Russia.
		At 27, Ivanov is one of the third generation of Russians who arrived in Kaliningrad after the northern part of East Prussia was transfered to Soviet administration, pending a peace treaty, by the Potsdam Agreement of 1945.
		The order, fearsome Christian warriors whose emblem was a fl cross on a white background, moved to northern Poland after their expulsion from Palestine in the 13th century and created the independent Teutonic Order state.
	www.channelnewsasia.com /stories/afp_world/view/155905/1/.html (998 words)

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