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	Textual criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts.
		The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants and establish a "critical text" that is intended to best represent the original by explaining the state of all extant witnesses.
		Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible centers on the comparison of the manuscript versions of the Masoretic text as compared to early witnesses such as the LXX, Samaritan Pentateuch and the Biblical texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Textual_criticism (2102 words)

	TEXTUAL CRITICISM - LoveToKnow Article on TEXTUAL CRITICISM
		The aim of the textual critic may then be defined as the restoration of the text, as far as possible, to its original form, if by original form we understand the form intended by its author.
		Textual criticism is called upon to repair the mischief done to inscriptions (texts inscribed upon stones) by weathering, maltreatment or the errors of the stone-cutter.
		It is a weakness of conservative critics to extol interpretation (or exegesis) at the expense of emendation.
	62.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TE/TEXTUAL_CRITICISM.htm (7311 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biblical Criticism
		In this textual criticism differs from higher criticism, whose aim is to investigate the sources of a literary work, study its composition, determine its date and trace its influence and various transformations throughout the ages.
		Textual criticism has no application except in regard to a work whose original does not exist; for, if extant, it could easily be reproduced in photogravure, or published, once it had been correctly deciphered.
		All critics have observed the predilection of copyists for the most verbose texts and their tendency to complete citations that are too brief; hence it is that an interpolation stands a far better chance of being perpetuated than an omission.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04497a.htm (5836 words)

	Higher criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis known as historical criticism that attempts to investigate the origins of a text, especially the text of the Bible.
		This term is used in contrast with lower criticism or textual criticism, which is the endeavour to establish the original version of a text.
		Although the questions of higher criticism are widely recognized by Orthodox Jews and many traditional Christians as legitimate questions, they often find the answers given by the radical higher critics unsatisfactory or even heretical.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Higher_criticism (599 words)

	Synoptic Gospels Primer - Glossary: Textual Criticism
		Textual criticism is a painstaking but crucial task in restoring the oldest version of compositions like the gospels that were hand copied for many centuries before the printing press made standard editions possible.
		The standards of modern textual criticism were refined by the German linguist, Karl Lachman (1793-1851), whose two critical editions of the Greek NT (1831 and 1850) made scientific criteria rather than doctrine the basis for establishing the oldest version of biblical texts by arguing:
		Textual Criticism - Timothy W. Seid surveys the history of the discipline (with details on principles used by major modern text critics) and conducts an illustrated exercise using variant versions of John 1:3 in key mss.
	virtualreligion.net /primer/text.html (678 words)

	Textual Criticism
		The application of critical methods in the editing of classical texts was developed principally by three German scholars, Friedrich Wolf (1759-1824), one of the founders of classical philology, Immanuel Bekker (1785-1871), and Karl Lachmann (1793-1851).
		Criticism of the text must always begin from the evidence of the manuscript tradition and only afterward turn to a consideration of internal criteria.
		The primary authority for a critical textual decision lies with the Greek manuscript tradition, with the version and Fathers serving no more than a supplementary and corroborative function, particularly in passages where their underlying Greek text cannot be reconstructed with absolute certainty.
	www.earlham.edu /~seidti/iam/text_crit.html (1517 words)

	Threads from Henry’s Web » Blog Archive » Textual Criticism - Briefly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I was encouraged to make a few notes on textual criticism after I read the collection of essays The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research.
		Textual criticism is simply the study of the various manuscripts, or witnesses, to the text of the Bible in order to determine the text that is closest to the autograph.
		For textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible, some of the witnesses are different, as are some of the details of practice, but in general they are quite similar.
	www.energionpubs.com /wordpress?p=115 (986 words)

	Textual Criticism
		As Textual Critics understood that they would have more trouble attacking the Bible on a historical basis and archeological basis, they started attacking the Text itself - and replacing it with their texts...that they asserted were superior.
		Textual Criticism in the USA is often approached from the perspective of radical feminism, which begins its opening premise with the assertion that the Bible must be bad because it is patriarchal.
		The main focus in Textual Criticism is in the study of all of the false assertions made by textual critics in the past.
	www.exorthodoxforchrist.com /Textual_critics.htm (3906 words)

	"Biblical Inspiration" & Modern Day Textual Criticism
		Textual critics of classical texts know that the first century of their transmission is the period on which the most serious corruptions occur.
		In fact, the textual history of the first three hundred years of the New Testament is described by the textual critics as "the period of relative freedom" or "the period of relative creativity." During this period the majority of changes to the text of the New Testament, both accidental and intentional, originated:
		Those textual critics that adhere to the principles of "Thoroughgoing Eclecticism", such as G. Kilpatrick and his pupil J. Elliot, state that by around 200 CE most of the deliberate changes (and virtually all variants) to the text of the New Testament had been inserted into the textual stream.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Bible/Text/Canon/inspire.html (8328 words)

	Evangelical Textual Criticism
		Particularly highlighted are also the codex format, oral and written text, the textuality of the canon, canonical shape, the Liturgy of the Word, the Rule of Faith and the logic of the Christian canon.
		Strictly speaking the text-critical decision about the textual integrity of the narrative can be made without regard to the question of whether the narrative is historical and whether it was composed in the fifteenth or the third century BC.
		My conclusion from textual criticism is that evangelicals do indeed have a problem, but that this problem is to be solved by historical research (on topics like ancient population estimates, and the archaeology of the exodus and conquest) not by text-critical conjecture.
	evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com (2901 words)

	Comparing Translations: Textual Criticism and Interpretation
		Modern textual criticism is certainly not free of academic bias, for the Western manuscript Bezae is routinely given preeminence when it “disagrees” with the Byzantine, yet quietly discarded to the margin when it agrees.
		Textual Criticism is beginning to validate the earliness and strength of this text.
		Textual modifications in the NIV frequently: (1) create additional commentary which readers may assume to be original, (2) omit words that will never be missed without cross-reference, (3) alter meanings from that intended by the biblical writer.
	www.cob-net.org /compare.htm (16549 words)

	Who Is Afraid Of Textual Criticism?
		The textual criticism of the New Testament is a human endeavour.
		The bravery of modern day Christians towards the textual criticism ("Who is afraid of textual criticism?") is similar to the roar of a paper tiger.
		We have discussed the response of Muslims and Christians to the textual criticism of the Qur'an and the Bible.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Bible/Text/textcriticism.html (6932 words)

	Bibliology: Doctrine of Scripture - Textual Criticism
		The necessity for textual criticism is obvious, because the modern reader is in the predicament of the man with two watches.
		By means of textual criticism we attempt to find all the alterations that have occurred and then recover the earliest possible form of the text.
		Less serviceable than the LXX for textual studies are the Aramaic Targums (Targum is derived from the Aramaic word meaning translation) both because they were standardized only later in their history and because they contain aggadic (nonlegal or narrative) and paraphrastic material, obviate anthropomorphisms, explain figurative language, and modernize geographical names.
	www.theology.edu /script02.htm (5596 words)

	Technorati Tag: textual criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Textual Criticism and the False ‘Telephone’ Analogy The publication of Dr. Bart Ehrman’s latest book, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed...
		The first half of the book is informative and interesting; textual criticism introduced in a very basic...
		I’m approaching the textual issues for these four chapters from the point of view of English translations.
	www.technorati.com /tag/textual+criticism (513 words)

	TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE BIBLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Textual Criticism is the science of studying ancient manuscripts to determine the authentic text of the Bible.
		Textual Criticism deals with Hebrew and Greek, not English translations.
		Because of the wealth of materials and the difficulties of the many other languages involved, it is one of the most difficult sciences in Bible study.
	members.aol.com /rbiblech/MiscDoctrine/TextualCriticismOfTheBible.htm (2165 words)

	Textual Reliability of the New Testament by James Patrick Holding
		Textual critics Westcott and Hort asserted [Hunt.IntNT, 13] that the parts of the NT "still subject to doubt can hardly amount to more than a thousandth part" of the NT - which would be less than a third of a page.
		The student of the history of Jesus is, from the point of view of textual criticism, on vastly safer ground than the student of the life of Julius Caesar or indeed of any other figure of ancient history.
		Moir and Earle are quoted as saying that modern textual critics have arrived at 95% certainty for what the original text said; and of the 5% remaining, no variant impacts Christian doctrine.
	www.tektonics.org /lp/nttextcrit.html (5803 words)

	L425 Biblical Textual Criticism: Introduction
		The basic principles involved in the textual criticism of both Testaments are the same (though, as is true in every area of Biblical studies, some scholars would argue the opposite).
		The tools which are used by textual critics are well tried; to such an extent that the text of the Bible is over 95% certain.
		The task of the textual critic is to rediscover the original text.
	www.theology.edu /l425.htm (608 words)

	Introduction to Textual Criticism, or Why Newer Translations Sometimes Differ Slightly from the KJV - Christian ...
		But first, I realize that when I talk about Textual Criticism some will confuse it with "Higher Criticism" that was sometimes seemed like a synonym for modern unbelief.
		Textual Criticism is the fancy name for the discipline of determining as closely as possible which was the original text of a New Testament Gospel or Epistle as it came from the pen of its divinely inspired author or his secretary.
		Sometimes people choke on the word "criticism." It doesn't mean to criticize everything; it is a technical term that means "the scientific investigation of literary documents (as in the Bible) in regard to such matters as origin, text, composition, or history."[1]
	www.joyfulheart.com /scholar/textcrit.htm (1787 words)

	Introduction to Textual Criticism
		That is the purpose of textual criticism: Working with the materials available, to reconstruct the original text of an ancient document with as much accuracy as possible.
		A good critical edition will explain how it is to be read, but you can also find information in the article on Critical Editions -- which also briefly describes the nature and history of several of the major editions.
		Treat textual criticism as a science (using logic in the application of internal evidence and text-types and mathematical data in the evaluation of the external), and you should do well.
	www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/intro.html (10516 words)

	Textual Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Textus Receptus is the result of textual criticism performed by Erasmus, a Catholic scholar of the 16th century.
		So when men say that Textual Criticism, sometimes called Biblical Criticism, is an attempt to destroy the Word of God, these men are willfully ignorant, because it is in truth an attempt to restore the Word of God to its original form.
		Anyone who is truly honest must admit that the process of textual criticism must be used to arrive at the original text of the Greek Bible, and they must further admit that we today have more evidence to successfully do this than ever before.
	www.christianseparatist.org /ast/hist/textcrit.htm (5590 words)

	Bibliography of Textual Criticism "S"
		F.H.A. Scrivener and Eberhard Nestle, Novum Testamentum: textus Stephanici, A.D. 1550, cum variis lectionibus editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, Tregellesii, Wescott-Hortii, Versionis Anglicanae Emendatorum.
		Clarence Esme Stuart, Textual Criticism of the New Testament for English Bible Students; being a comparison of the authorised version with the critical texts of Griesbach, Scholz, Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, and Alford, and the Uncial MSS.; including the celebrated Codex Sinaiticus.
		1979), have arisen "by a process of editing the early Textus Receptus through the substitution of selected readings," and that because this was done "upon an inadequate representation of the evidence" they actually perpetuate "remnants of the twelfth century minuscules used by Erasmus" (pp.
	www.bible-researcher.com /bib-s.html (3397 words)

	Textual Criticism and Manuscript Interpretation
		Vanderbilt Divinity Library bibliography on OT textual criticism
		A helpful book which includes definitions of technical terms sometimes encountered in writings on textual criticism is Matthew DeMoss's Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek, (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 2001).
		A consideration of the Majority Text's challenge of the critical, eclectic text.
	members.aol.com /dvdmoore/html/txtcrt.htm (304 words)

	NT Txt.Crit
		The Neglect of the Firstborn in New Testament Studies (Bart D. Ehrman) Presidential Lecture, Society of Biblical Literature, SE Region, March 1997 [This is an assessment of the current state of textual criticism among both NT scholars and the untrained.
		The "firstborn" is the discipline of textual criticism.
		It is of interest for textual criticism in that it is extant in several papyrus fragments dating from ca.
	faculty.bbc.edu /rdecker/nt_txtcr.htm (3702 words)

	NT Textual Criticism (NT810)
		See my specialized page for links to specific content documents related to textual criticism, to the "KJV Debate"--also another page with links to other textual criticism sites and to helpful photographs of various NT manuscripts.
		Colwell, Ernest C. Studies in Methodology in Textual Criticism of the New Testament.
		"Modern Textual Criticism and the Revival of the Textus Receptus." Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 21.1 (1978): 19–33.
	faculty.bbc.edu /RDecker/classes/nt810.htm (1348 words)

	Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism
		A very brief (and inadequate) introduction to textual criticism can be found here.
		I just received your commentary about textual criticism or some other religious subject, in which you either informed me that I am due for some dreadful fate after death, or in which you attempted to convert me to some particular, often bigoted, form of something you call Christianity.
		Third, the Textus Receptus is an un-edited text made based on the basis of a handful of late and corrupt manuscripts; it should never have been the acknowledged Bible of any church, and all translations based on it, such as the King James Bible, should cease to be used for worship purposes.
	www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn (1053 words)

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