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	Thabit ibn Qurra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit was born in Harran (additional info and facts about Harran) (antique Carrhae), Mesopotamia (The land between the Tigris and Euphrates; site of several ancient civilizations; part of what is now known as Iraq) (now Turkey (A Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923)).
		Thabit and his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit studied the curves needed for making sundial (Timepiece that indicates the daylight hours by the shadow that the gnomon casts on a calibrated dial) s.
		Thabit's son Sinan ibn Thabit was a distinguished physician who was responsible for supervising all the public hospitals of Baghdad.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/thabit_ibn_qurra.htm (745 words)

	THABIT IBN QURRA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 A.D. at Harran (present Turkey).
		As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs.
		It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic.
	members.tripod.com /~wzzz/QURRA.html (441 words)

	Thabit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit ibn Qurra was a native of Harran and a member of the Sabian sect.
		Thabit's work on parabolas and paraboliods is of particular importance since it is one of the steps taken towards the discovery of the integral calculus.
		Thabit's concept of number follows that of Plato and he argues that numbers exist, whether someone knows them or not, and they are separate from numerable things.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Thabit.html (1366 words)

	Ibn Al Haytham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ibn Al Haytham was the first to describe in full details the various parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation of the process of vision.
		Ibn Al Haytham also made the important observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and refraction does not remain constant and investigated the magnifying power of a lens.
		Ibn al-Haytham's influence on physical sciences in general and optics in particular, has been held in high esteem and, in fact, it ushered in a new era in optical research, both in theory and practice.
	www.islamonline.com /cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=743 (924 words)

	Thabit ibn Qurra - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Thabit ibn Qurra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit ibn Qurra abu' l'Hasan ibn Marwan al-Sabi al'Harrani, (826 – February 18, 901) was an Arab astronomer and mathematician.
		Thabit was born in Harran (antique Carrhae), Mesopotamia (now Turkey).
		At the invitation of Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir, one of the Banu Musa brothers, Thabit went to study in Baghdad at the House of Wisdom.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Thabit-ibn-Qurra.html (520 words)

	Thabit ibn Qurra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Later Thabit's patron was the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid (reigned 892-902) and Thabit very soon became his personal friend and the visitor of his court.
		Thabit has developed a theory about the trepidation and oscilation of the equinoctial points, of which many scolars debated in the Middle Ages.
		Thabit and his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan have studied the curves which are needed for making of sundials.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Thabit_ibn_Qurra.php (467 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit Ibn Qurra was born as a Christian, but his sympathies were with the Arab Muslims and he was expelled from his own church.
		Thabit was also responsible further for a treatise on the Roman balance, on which is determined the special weight that should be placed on the shorter arm.
		Thabit ibn Qurra also had a grandson called Ibrahim ibn Sinan, a mathematician who, in confronting the problem of squaring the parabola, perfected the procedure of Archimedes and devised a method which was not improved on until the advent of the integral calculus.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=25&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=487 (3042 words)

	Thabit ibn Qurra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		His native language was Syriac (additional info and facts about Syriac), which was the eastern Aramaic (A Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia) dialect from Edessa (additional info and facts about Edessa), and he knew Greek well too.
		Later in his life, Thabit's patron was the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid (additional info and facts about al-Mu'tadid) (reigned 892 (additional info and facts about 892) –902 (additional info and facts about 902)).
		Only a few of Thabit's works are preserved in their original form.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/T/Th/Thabit_ibn_Qurra.htm (745 words)

	Sinan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra was the son of Thabit ibn Qurra and the father of Ibrahim ibn Sinan.
		Thabit ibn Qurra, Sinan's father, was a member of the Sabian sect.
		Of course being worshipers of the stars meant that there was strong motivation for the study of astronomy and the sect produced many quality astronomers and mathematicians such as Thabit himself.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Sinan.html (731 words)

	References for Thabit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		L M Karpova and B A Rosenfeld, The treatise of Thabit ibn Qurra on sections of a cylinder, and on its surface, Arch.
		G E Kurtik and B A Rozenfel'd, Astronomical manuscripts of Thabit ibn Qurra in the library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Russian), Voprosy Istor.
		B A Rozenfel'd and L M Karpova, A treatise of Thabit ibn Qurra on composite ratios (Russian), in Phys.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/References/Thabit.html (498 words)

	BottomText.htm
		"Ptolemy and Ibn Yûnus on Solar Parallax." 30 (1980), 5-26.
		"The Parameters of the Zîj of Ibn al-A‘lam." 39 (1989), 22-50.
		"An Analemma for the Determination of the Azimuth of the Qibla in the Risâla fî ‘ilm al-zilâl of Ibn al-Raqqâm." 1 (1984), 61-72.
	facstaff.uindy.edu /~oaks/Biblio/BottomText.htm (8877 words)

	Thabit ibn Qurra -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some sources describe Thabit as a money changer in Harran, and, although the sources give two different accounts of his life, both agree that he went to Baghdad to work for three wealthy brothers, known as the Banu Musa, translating Greek mathematical texts.
		Through the influence of the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir (father of the three famous Banu Musa mathematician brothers), late in his life Thabit ibn Qurrah became court astronomer for the 'Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid (reigned 892–902).
		A son, Sinan ibn Thabit, became a renowned physician and director of a hospital in Baghdad, and a grandson, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, won fame as an important mathematician.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9071897 (945 words)

	Islam and Science by Will Durant
		At the head of the translators in the House of Wisdom was a Nestorian physician, Hunain ibn Ishaq (809—73)— i.e., John son of Isaac.
		His son Ishaq ibn Hunain helped him with his translations, and himself rendered into Arabic the Metaphysics, On the Soul, and On the Generation and Corruption of Animals of Aristotle, and the commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias—a work fated to wield great influence on Moslem philosophy.
		Thabit ibn Qurra (826—901), besides making important translations, achieved fame in astronomy and medicine, and became the greatest of Moslem geometers.
	www.sullivan-county.com /x/is_durant.htm (2434 words)

	Thabit Ibn Qurra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit Ibn Qurra, one of the most famous and prominent Muslim astronomers and mathematicians who flourished in Baghdad.
		Mohamed Ibn Musa Ibn Shaker the great Muslim mathematician, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realizing his potential for a scientific career, choose him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronized by the Abbasid Caliphs.
		In this way Thabit was able contribute in several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a huge number of works from Greek to Arabic.
	www.islamonline.com /cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=951 (505 words)

	Jabir_ibn_Aflah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although not he was not in the first rank of Arabic mathematicians, he is important in the development of mathematics since his works were translated into Latin, and so became available to European mathematicians, whereas the work of some of the top rank Arabic mathematicians such as Abu'l-Wafa were not translated into Latin.
		Both may be based on the work of Thabit ibn Qurra, or the work of ibn Aflah, Abu'l-Wafa, and Thabit ibn Qurra may all be based on some still unknown source.
		Regiomontanus did not acknowledge that ibn Aflah was the source of the material and this caused Cardan to strongly criticise Regiomontanus.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Jabir_ibn_Aflah.html (470 words)

	[No title]
		Since among the Harranians, Hermes Trismegistus was esteemed as a prophet and sage, the Hermetic view of the Cosmos as one, great unified Being, guided Thabit Ibn Qurra to a mastery of all arts and sciences.
		habit Ibn Qurra's best known esoteric work is De Imaginibus "On Images" a key text of astrological magic cited as a source in Picatrix and widely consulted in the Middle Ages and Renaissance by such esoteric masters as Albertus Magnus, Marsilio Ficino and Cornelius Agrippa.
		Thabit Ibn Qurra and the Harranian Sabians made a key contribution in preserving and advancing the Neoplatonic and Hermetic esoteric tradition, the fruits of which are newly available to us in De Imaginibus.
	www.renaissanceastrology.com /thabit.html (570 words)

	Deadly attacks against the Assyrian Christians of Iraq
		Thabit bin Qurra (826-901) is considered to be the greatest geometer of the Arab period.
		In astronomy Thabit was one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics." Thabit also wrote on logic, psychology, ethics, the classification of sciences, the grammar of the Syriac language, politics, the symbolism of Plato's Republic...
		Thabit was succeeded by his son Sinan (943) who was forced by the Chalif al-Qashir to embrace Islam.
	www.christiansofiraq.com /harranian.html (682 words)

	Unparalleled Scientific Legacy of Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abu Yousuf Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi was born at Kufa around 800 and educated at Al Barah and Baghdad.
		Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 at Harran (present Turkey).
		But the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, realized his potential for a scientific career and selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronized by the Abbasid Caliphs.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /contribute.asp?artid=C059&Pg=3 (1028 words)

	Ibn Taymiyyah -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		His writings are a major source of the Wahhabiyyah, a puritanical movement founded by Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.
		The best-known medieval Arab traveler, Ibn Battutah, was the author of one of the most famous travel books in history, the ‘Rihlah' (Travels).
		The man who formed the modern nation of Saudi Arabia and who began petroleum exploration on the Arabian peninsula, Ibn Saud was a descendant of a dynasty that had ruled most of Arabia during the century prior to his birth.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9367736 (692 words)

	History of Islamic Science 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The intellectual relaxation which characterized the second half of the seventh century and the first half of the eighth was followed by a period of renewed activity which was entirely due to Muslim initiatives, that is why this period gave an Arabic name marking the beginning of Muslim science.
		Ya'qub ibn Tariq and Muhammad, son of Ibrahim al-Fazari, are the first to be mentioned in connection with Hindu mathematics: Ya'qab met at the court of al-Mansur, a Hindu astronomer called Kankah (?), who acquainted him with the Siddhanta, and Muhammad was ordered to translate it.
		The most famous alchemist of Islam, Jabir Ibn Haiyan, seems to have had a good experimental knowledge of a number chemical facts; he was also an able theoretician.
	www.levity.com /alchemy/islam12.html (1842 words)

	Thabit ibn Qurra - TheBestLinks.com - Astronomer, Archimedes, Arab, Aramaic language, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thabit ibn Qurra - TheBestLinks.com - Astronomer, Archimedes, Arab, Aramaic language,...
		Thabit ibn Qurra, Astronomer, Archimedes, Arab, Aramaic language, Alexandria...
		Later Thabit's patron was the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid (reigned 892–902) and Thabit very soon became his personal friend and the visitor of his court.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Thabit_ibn_Qurra.html (484 words)

	Arabic mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Al-Baghdadi (born 980) looked at a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, while al-Haytham (born 965) seems to have been the first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form 2
		Ibrahim ibn Sinan (born 908), who introduced a method of integration more general than that of Archimedes, and al-Quhi (born 940) were leading figures in a revival and continuation of Greek higher geometry in the Islamic world.
		For example Ibrahim ibn Sinan and his grandfather Thabit ibn Qurra both studied curves required in the construction of sundials.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Arabic_mathematics.html (2643 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Thabit number
		The binary representation of Thabit numbers is n + 2 digits long, consisting of "10" followed by n 1s.
		Thus, with the exception of 5, no Thabit number is palindromic in binary.
		The 9th Century astronomer Thabit ibn Qurra is credited as the first to study these numbers and their relation to amicable numbers.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Thabit_number (269 words)

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