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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Thaddeus of Edessa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Thaddeus was one of the Seventy Apostles of Christ, not to be confused with Thaddeus of the Twelve Apostles.
		Thaddeus of the Seventy (=Judas Jacobi?, or Judas Simon?) was born a Jew, in Edessa.
		In Christian mythology the story of king Abgar of Edessa was an early tale of a wonder-working icon, set in the heart of the region where iconoclast tradition disapproved strongly of images in general and miraculous ones in particular, but which this icon-legitimizing legend connected directly with Jesus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Thaddeus-of-Edessa (628 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Edessa
		Edessa from 115 to 118 under Trajan, and from 216 to 244, when the kingdom was definitely suppressed to form a Roman province.
		Edessa, assisted at the Council of Nicæa (325).
		Edessa and kept the city till 1144, when it was again captured by the Turk Zengui, and most of its inhabitants were slaughtered together with the Latin archbishop.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05282a.htm (1025 words)

	Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 5: Diocese-Fathers of Mercy \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		The name under which Edessa figures in cuneiform inscriptions is unknown; the native name was Osroe, after some local satrap, this being the Armenian form for Chosroes; it became in Syriac Ourhoï, in Armenian Ourhaï in Arabic Er Roha, commonly Orfa or Urfa, its present name.
		Among the illustrious disciples of the School of Edessa special mention is due to Bardesanes (154-222), a schoolfellow of Abgar IX, the originator of Christian religious poetry, whose teaching was continued by his son Harmonius and his disciples.
		Suffice it to mention here among the later celebrities of Edessa Jacob Baradeus, the real chief of the Syrian Monophysites known after him as Jacobites; Stephen Bar Sudaïli, monk and pantheist, to whom was owing, in Palestine, the last crisis of Origenism in the sixth century; Jacob, Bishop of Edessa, a fertile writer (d.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/herbermann/cathen05.html?term=Edessa (1193 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: William of Tyre: Fall of Edessa
		The population of Edessa was made up of Chaldeans and Armenians, unwarlike men, scarcely familiar with the use of arms and accustomed only to the acts of trade.
		The safekeeping of the city was entrusted solely to mercenaries and these were not paid according to he type of service they performed or the length of time for which they were engaged indeed, they often had to wait a year or more for the payment of their stated wages.
		It was announced, meanwhile, and the news was also spread by rumor, that the city of Edessa, a city faithful to God, was suffering the agonies of a siege at the hands of the enemy of the faith and the foe of the Christian name.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/tyre-edessa.html (1548 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		In Christian mythology, the story of king Abgar of Edessa was an early tale of a wonder-working icon, set in the heart of the region where iconoclast tradition disapproved strongly of images in general, but which this icon-legitimizing legend connected directly with Jesus.
		Eusebius also states that in due course, namely Addai (called AddaÃ¯), or one of the seventy-two Disciples, called Thaddeus of Edessa, was sent by Thomas the Apostle in AD 29.
		Abgar is counted as saint, with feasts on May 11 and October 28 in the Eastern Orthodox Church, August 1 in the Syrian Church, and daily in the Mass of the Armenian Orthodox church.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Abgarus_of_Edessa (1296 words)

	What is the Image of Edessa: Shroud of Turin FAQ
		Edessa was a cosmopolitan city in Jesus’ day and one of the cities were Christian communities developed early as they did in Antioch.
		If, in fact, the cloth was taken to Edessa in the earlier part of the first century, it might have been hidden for protection as early as the reign of Ma’nu VI, Abgar’s son, who is thought to have reverted to paganism.
		It was, to the people of Edessa, the lost cloth of the “legend.” In the late sixth century, Evagrius Scholasticus’ Ecclesiastical History mentions that Edessa was protected by a “divinely wrought portrait” (acheiropoietis) sent by Jesus to Abgar.
	www.shroudstory.com /faq/Shroud-Turin-Image-Edessa.htm (885 words)

	Prince of Edessa
		But he did not at that time comply with his request; yet he deemed him worthy of a personal letter in which he said that he would send one of his disciples to cure his disease, and at the same time promised salvation to himself and all his house.
		Thaddeus began then in the power of God to heal every disease and infirmity, insomuch that all wondered.
		Abgarus therefore commanded the citizens to assemble early in the morning to hear the preaching of Thaddeus, and afterward he ordered gold and silver to be given him.
	www.biblefacts.org /church/edessa.html (1025 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Legend of Abgar
		Syriac, were thought to be kept in the archives of Edessa.
		The legend, according to these two works, runs as follows: Abgar, king of Edessa, afflicted with an incurable sickness, has heard the fame of the power and miracles of Jesus and writes to Him, praying Him to come and heal him.
		He had been charged to paint a portrait of Our Lord, a task which he carried out, bringing back with him to Edessa a picture which came an object of general veneration, but which, after a while, was said to have been painted by Our Lord Himself.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01042c.htm (1049 words)

	The Ecole Initiative: Edessa in the Parthian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Edessa stands on the Silk Road, which begins on the Mediterranean coast at one of the Seleucid capitals, Antioch; passes across the Euphrates; and through Edessa reaches the Assyrian city of Nisibis.
		Edessa and the surrounding region of Osrhoene was one among several areas of the Seleucid kingdom that gained a considerable independence after the defeat of Antiochus VII Sidetes in
		In this regard Edessa was not different from other similar cities in the region, much as Palmyra and Hatra, where a considerable part of the population consisted of the settled Arab nomads (Dussaud, passim).
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/articles/pedessa.html (3447 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		According to Christian legend, the '''Image of Edessa''', (known to Orthodox Christians as the ''Mandylion''), was a holy relic consisting of a square or rectangle of cloth upon which an image of the face of Jesus was imprinted.
		The image is next said to have surfaced in 525, during a flood of the Daisan, a tributary stream of the Euphrates.
		Evagrius Scholasticus mentions in his ''Ecclesiastical History'' the image of Edessa discovered in 544, that was "created by God, and not produced by the hands of man".
	www.mauspfeil.net /Image_of_Edessa.html (717 words)

	Apocrypha
		The oldest form of the Pseudo-Correspondence of Jesus and Abgar, King of Edessa, is found in Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica, I, xiii), who vouches that he himself translated it from the Syriac documents in the archives of Edessa, the metropolis of Eastern Syria.
		Lipsius, a high authority, is of the opinion that the Abgar correspondence goes back to the reign of the first Christian ruler of Edessa, Abgar IX (179-216), and that it was elicited by a desire to force a link uniting that epoch with the time of Christ.
		The translation of the remains of St. Thomas to Edessa in 232 may have furnished the inspiration for the composition.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/apocrypha.html (13331 words)

	The Ultimate Image of Edessa - American History Information Guide and Reference
		If the image was truly brought to Edessa in the first century, it might well have been hidden during the reign of Abgarus' son Ma'nu VI, who is thought to have reverted to paganism.
		An Arab legend, related to historian Andrew Palmer when he visited Urfa (Edessa) in 1999, relates that the towel (mendil) of Jesus was thrown into a well in what is today the city's Great Mosque.
		The Christian tradition is at variance with this, recounting how in 944 it was exchanged for a group of Muslim prisoners— at that time the Image of Edessa was taken to Constantinople where it was received amidst great celebration by emperor Romanus I, who deposited it in the Palatine Chapel.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Mandylion (630 words)

	Prince of Edessa
		But he did not at that time comply with his request; yet he deemed him worthy of a personal letter in which he said that he would send one of his disciples to cure his disease, and at the same time promised salvation to himself and all his house.
		For after his resurrection from the dead and his ascent into heaven, Thomas, one of the twelve apostles, under divine impulse sent Thaddeus, who was also numbered among the seventy disciples of Christ, to Edessa, as a preacher and evangelist of the teaching of Christ.
		Thaddeus began then in the power of God to heal every disease and infirmity, insomuch that all wondered.
	www.montanasat.net /rickv/PrinceEdessa.html (1421 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Thaddeus of Edessa
		After Pentecost, Thaddeus of the Seventy preached the Gospel in Mesopotamia, and built up the Church there, supported, as some hagiographies note, by the other Thaddeus, Jude the Brother of the Lord.
		He was a martyr in the Artaz region in the year AD 50, according to an ancient Armenian tradition.
		But according to other sources he reposed peacefully in Edessa or Beirut in September 3, 44.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa (183 words)

	St. Jude
		Jude Thaddeus: One of the Catholic Epistles, the shortest, bears his name; various traditions say he preached the Gospel in Mesopotamia, Persia and elsewhere, and was martyred; in art, is depicted with a halberd, the instrument of his death; Oct 28 (Roman Rite), June 19th (Byzantine Rite).
		Jude Thaddeus was a courageous man. When he was called to follow the Lord as an apostle, to leave his wife and children, his home and fields, he gave his commitment courageously and went out to be a messenger of the kingdom of God.
		This one apostle, Jude Thaddeus, radically threw all timidity aside and ignored the defamation aimed at Christianity as if it were a transaction for people with affected natures, for good-for-nothings, for men neither worthy nor capable of life.
	www.12apostlesofthecatholicchurch.com /jude.html (7477 words)

	Shroud of Turin Story Guide to the Facts 2007
		Edessa, in the Fertile Crescent of the upper Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and the Euphrates, was a major city on the Silk Road and undoubtedly one of the earliest Christian communities.
		There is some evidence and a strong tradition that Thomas and Thaddeus Jude (Thaddeus of the 70, Thaddeus of Edessa) went to Edessa as early as 33 CE.
		In 544 CE, a cloth, with an image believed to be Jesus, was found above one of Edessa's gates in the walls of the city, a cloth that Gregory Referendarius of Constantinople would later describe with a full length image and bloodstains.
	www.shroudstory.com (4727 words)

	Catholic Culture : Library : Most Theological Collection : Browse
		It consisted of two short letters: one from King Abgar V Ukkama to Christ, asking him to come and heal him, recognizing his divinity, and offering a safe city; a second, in which Christ replies that he will send someone after his ascension.
		Thaddeus, Acts of, a set of Edessene legends, taking as its starting point the Epistles of Christ and Abgarus (extant), this work recounts how Thomas the Apostle after Christ's Ascension was divinely led to send one of the 70 Disciples, Thaddeus, to King Abgarus of Edessa.
		Thaddeus heals him and converts the entire community.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=224 (5483 words)

	Prince of Edessa
		"After the ascension of Jesus, Judas, who was also called Thomas, sent to him Thaddeus, an apostle, one of the Seventy. When he was come he lodged with Tobias, the son of Tobias. When the report of him got abroad, it was told Abgarus that an apostle of Jesus was come, as he had written him.
		He then asked Thaddeus if he were in truth a disciple of Jesus the Son of God, who had said to him, 'I will send you one of my disciples, who shall heal you and give you life.'
		These things were done in the three hundred and fortieth year. I have inserted them here in their proper place, translated from the Syriac literally, and I hope to good purpose.
	www.nku.edu /~longa/family/thad/PrinceEdessa.html (708 words)

	Jude (Thaddeus)
		My sources are conflicting and it is hard to separate Jude the disciple from the records of Jude the brother of Jesus.
		Judas, Lebbaeus or Thaddaeus, is said to have been dispatched by St. Thomas to Abgar, king of Edessa, and to have been martyred at Berytus.
		Another source records that he was crucified at Edessa, AD 72.
	www.latter-rain.com /nt/jude1.htm (182 words)

	CHRISTIANIZATION (FROM APOSTOLIC ACTS TO 551) - History of Armenia
		According to tradition, two other Apostles also met their death in different places of Armenia: St.Bartholomew was skinned alive in Alvanapolis, and Judas was pierced with arrows in Artaz region.
		In Edessa, he finds some of the scrolls in old Armenian, and after carefully reviewing them and exploring the possibilities, he recreates the Armenian alphabet in 405.
		In 425, the Bible was translated into the Armenian language from the authentic copies of the Bible brought from Constantinople and Edessa.
	www.hayastan.com /armenia/history/armenia/index03.php (1266 words)

	St Jude Thaddeus - Patron saint of impossible cases hopeless causes - traditions about this Apostle's life
		Abgar, King of Edessa (the modern-day city of Urfa in Turkey), who was afflicted with leprosy, hearing of Our Lord’s miracles, sent a messenger begging Jesus to come and cure him.
		When St. Jude went to Edessa after Our Lord’s Ascension, he healed Abgar of the frightful disease and, by his eloquent presentation of the truths of the Gospel, converted the King and his whole household, as well as many of his subjects.
		After firmly establishing the Church in Edessa, St. Jude visited the whole of Mesopotamia, preaching the Gospel and everywhere increasing the number of the faithful.
	www.tanbooks.com /doct/jude_thaddeus.htm (3216 words)

	The Shroud of Turin Story: From Jerusalem to Edessa to Constantinople
		From Eusebius of Caesarea’s Ecclesiatical History we learn of a letter in Edessa’s archives written by King Abgar V to Jesus asking Him to come to Edessa to cure Abgar of leprosy.
		525 or 544 CE Image of Edessa is discovered or revealed in the city of Edessa.
		Evagrius Scholasticus’ Ecclesiastical History mentions that Edessa is protected by a "divinely wrought portrait" (acheiropoietis) sent by Jesus to Abgar.
	www.shroudforum.com /topic-earlytable.htm (368 words)

	Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The king of Edessa, Abgar, was a leper.
		Thaddeus later visited Edessa after the resurrection and ascension of Christ and converted King Abgar to Christianity.
		The Holy Image was venerated for centuries in the city of Edessa before it was transferred to Constantinople.
	home.att.net /~stgeorgechs/questions/icons-iconostasis.htm (940 words)

	The First Icon - The Story Of King Abgar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Abgar was the king of Edessa, a small country in the Middle East.
		He was a pagan, so the bishop of Edessa walled up the portrait in the niche so that the king would not harm it, and it stayed there, hidden, for nearly 400 years.
		Then in the year 545, when Edessa was being attacked by the Persians, the portrait was rediscovered, and the town was saved.
	www.sln.org.uk /storyboard/stories/c4.htm (644 words)

	Christian Unity - A Working Group of the Uniting Church in Australia
		And if we are to understand the Syriac Christianity of the 4th and 5th centuries, we ought to have some idea of the early development of the Church in Edessa (Turkey), the first centre of Christianity in the Syriac-speaking world.
		It was believed that the city had been evangelised by Addai, 'St Thaddeus', one of the Seventy disciples.
		Another factor concerning the spread of the Gospel in Persia was the missionary activity of Mar Mari, one of the Seventy disciples, a helper-disciple of St Thaddeus and Mar Bartholomew of the Twelve.
	nat.uca.org.au /cunity/churchesjoin/cjgeneraldocs/localecumenismkit/cjlocalecukit25app2_4.htm (824 words)

	Kinship of Sanatruk, killer of Jesus' disciple Thaddeus, with Daniel and Lalou Holdt
		Abgar is said to have had a nephew named Sanatruk, "king of another province in Great Armenia", who converted to Christianity when he was visited by Thaddeus, but later recanted and had Thaddeus murdered on the slopes of Mount Ararat.
		In Armenia, Thaddeus met with the Armenian King Abgar, who reigned in the city of Edessa from 1 B.C. to A.D. King Abgar had contracted a grave illness during his travels to the East.
		Hearing of the miracles of healing by Jesus of Nazareth, he wrote a letter to Jerusalem inviting Christ to Edessa.
	www.american-pictures.com /genealogy/descent/Thaddeus.killer.htm (287 words)

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