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	Thames, England - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Thames is navigable for rowing-boats as far upwards as Cricklade, except in dry seasons, and for barges at all times as far as Lechlade, 18 m.
		Although the Thames, as one of the "great rivers of England," was always a navigable river, that is to say, one over which the public had the right of navigation, it was not until the last quarter of the 18th century that any systematic regulation of its flow in the upper reaches was attempted.
		A statute of 1393 was granted to the citizens of London to remove weirs on the Thames, and empowered the Lord Mayor to enforce its provisions.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Thames,_England (2497 words)

	Tunnel - LoveToKnow 1911
		Tunnelling on a large scale was also carried on at the rock temples of Nubia and of India, and the architectural features of the entrances to some of these temples might be studied with advantage by the designers of modern tunnel fronts.
		As instances of ancient tunnels through soft ground and requiring masonry arching, reference may be made to the vaulted drain under the south-east palace of Nimrod and to the brick arched tunnel, 12 ft. high and 15 ft. wide, under the Euphrates.
		This tunnel is one of fiftytwo single-line tunnels, with a gradient of I in 40, on the main line between Florence and Bologna, built by Thomas Brassey.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TU/TUNNEL.htm (8015 words)

	ooBdoo
		Tunnels are dug in various types of materials, from soft clays to hard rocks, and the method of excavation heavily depends on the ground conditions.
		The Thames Tunnel, built by Marc Isambard Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel and opened in 1843, was the first underwater tunnel and the first to use a tunnelling shield.
		The Channel Tunnel between France and England under the English Channel is the second-longest, with a total length of 50 km (31 miles), of which 39 km (24 miles) is under the sea.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Tunnel (2028 words)

	River Thames
		By the 18th century, the Thames was one of the world's busiest waterways, as London became the centre of the vast, mercantile British Empire.
		In return, the Thames has undergone a massive clean-up from the filthy days of the late 19th and early- to mid-20th centuries, and life has returned to its formerly dead waters.
		There are also many tunnels used by "tube" trains as part of the London Underground network or (at Greenwich), the Docklands Light Railway, and a free ferry for vehicles, cycles and people on foot during daylight hours at Woolwich.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/Thames.html (579 words)

	Isambard Kingdom Brunel
		The son of noted engineer Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, Isambard K. Brunel was sent to France to be educated at the College of Caen in Normandy and the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris.
		He rose to prominence when, aged 20, he was appointed as the resident engineer of the Thames foot tunnel[?], his father's greatest achievement.
		There is an anecdote which states that Box Tunnel on the Great Western railway line is placed such that the sun shines all the way through it on Brunel's birthday.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/br/Brunel.html (659 words)

	Greenwich foot tunnel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glazed cupola above southern entrance to the Greenwich foot tunnel, with the figurehead of the Cutty Sark in the foreground.
		Reflections of the Southern Entrance to the Greenwich foot tunnel caught in the rain.
		The Greenwich foot tunnel is a pedestrian tunnel crossing beneath the River Thames in east London, linking the London Borough of Greenwich to the south with the London Borough of Tower Hamlets to the north.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greenwich_foot_tunnel (372 words)

	Victorian London - Thames - Tunnels - Thames Tunnel
		The approach to the entrance of the tunnel is by a spacious flight of steps, of very gradual descent; and the general effect of these sub-aqueous roads, when viewed from the end, the whole being brilliantly lighted with gas, is imposing in the extreme.
		THE THAMES TUNNEL, between Wapping and Rotherhithe, has already been described under the head of "Public Buildings connected with Commerce." It is 1200 ft. long; was designed and carried out by Sir Isambard Brunel; cost 620,000l., and occupied from March, 1825, to March, 1843 (with an interval of about seven years) in its construction.
		Thames Tunnel.-This great, but for many years comparatively useless, work of Sir Isambard Brunel was carried under the river from Wapping (left bank) to Rotherhithe (right bank) at a cost of nearly half a million of money.
	www.victorianlondon.org /thames/thamestunnel.htm (2473 words)

	River Thames: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		In return, the Thames has undergone a massive clean-up from the filthy days of the late 19th...
		...River Thames River Thames The Thames (pronounced temz) is a river flowing...of London, the river begins to exhibit signs of tidal activity as the North Sea begins to...factors have pushed this spot up river in the 2000 years since then.
		...Thames River Thames River The Thames River is located in southwestern Ontario, Canada...the antlered river, by the original Iroquois inhabitants, the river was renamed after the...the antlered river, by the original Iroquois inhabitants, the river was renamed after...
	www.encyclopedian.com /th/Thames.html (779 words)

	Brunel 200: The Thames Tunnel
		However, the traditional method of shoring up the tunnel sides and roof with timber proved unsuccessful in these difficult conditions and after a series of floods, the pilot was abandoned just 200ft/61m short of its target.
		Convinced that the shield made the scheme to build a tunnel beneath the Thames a feasible proposition, the Thames Tunnel Company was formed in 1824 with Marc Brunel appointed as chief engineer.
		It was the first tunnel to be built under a navigable river and hailed as the eighth wonder of the world.
	www.brunel200.com /thames_tunnel.htm (1075 words)

	Wikinfo \| River Thames
		From the outskirts of Greater London, it passes Syon House, Hampton Court, and Richmond (with the famous view of the Thames from Richmond Hill), and Kew, before it passes through London proper, then Greenwich and Dartford before entering the sea in a drowned estuary, The Nore.
		Richard Coates has recently suggested that the river was called the Thames upriver where it was narrower, and Plowonida down river where it was too wide to ford.
		The Thames provided the major highway between London and Westminster in the 16th and 17th centuries.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=River_Thames (927 words)

	Channel Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Two centuries ago, the idea of a road tunnel was suggested to Napoleon during a brief peace between France and England in 1802.
		All trains are electric, and the twin tunnel While the vehicle shuttle competes head-on with the ferries, Eurostar trains regard their main competitor as the airlines.
		As part of the conditions under which the Tunnel Company were granted a monopoly for 25 years, they had to produce a feasability study for a second tunnel.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/tunnel.htm (2049 words)

	Thames Foot Tunnels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In addition to the many tunnels bored under the Thames to carry the underground railway lines, there are a small number of road and foot tunnels, the latter being covered here.
		The first of these - and the first tunnel under the Thames - was the original Thames Tunnel, designed and built by Marc Isambard Brunel to connect Wapping in the north with Rotherhithe to the south.
		The tunnel was never a success as access to it had to be via vertical shafts on each bank and the dark and dank conditions soon made it unpopular.
	www.londonrailways.net /thames.htm (444 words)

	Thames Tunnel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Thames Tunnel is a tunnel, 35 feet wide (10.6m) and 1,300 feet long (366m), beneath the River Thames in London, between Rotherhithe and Wapping.
		Brunel and Thomas Cochrane devised the tunnelling shield to dig the tunnel.
		In 1995 it became the focus of considerable controversy when the tunnel was closed for long-term maintenance,with the intention of sealing it against leaks by "shotcreting" it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thames_foot_tunnel (950 words)

	Woolwich foot tunnel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Woolwich foot tunnel is a tunnel crossing under the River Thames in east London from Woolwich in the London Borough of Greenwich to North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham.
		The tunnel was constructed for London County Council and opened in 1912.
		In many respects it is very similar to the nearby Greenwich foot tunnel, being accessed by lifts and stairs from buildings featuring glass domes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Woolwich_foot_tunnel (219 words)

	Book of the Month: February 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Thames tunnel, moreover, became a symbol of the increasing technological and political hegemony of Great Britain in the international scene.
		The shaft from which the excavation of the tunnel was carried was built originally as a tower made of brick, and then sunk into its position by digging the earth within.
		The horizontal screws on the head and foot of the shield are used to push forward the different divisions.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /index.cfm?PAGE=3475 (2312 words)

	Victorian London - Thames - Tunnels - Greenwich Tunnel (opened 1902)
		Besides, there was little promise of any vehicular traffic, with Blackwall Tunnel so near on the one side, and the promised Rotherhithe tunnel between the island and the Tower-bridge on the other.
		The approach to the tunnel on the Greenwich side will be from the north end of Church-street, in the rear of the famous Ship Tavern.
		in diameter in each shaft for tunnel entrance, and during the sinking of the shafts these openings will be plugged by steel plugs, which will be removed when the tunnelling operations are commenced.
	www.victorianlondon.org /thames/greenwichtunnel.htm (518 words)

	BRIEF HISTORY DURING THE SNOW ERA
		The Thames Tunnel was both a historic achievement for the engineer Sir Marc Brunel and a practical necessity for people of the Rotherhithe who had easier access to docks across the River Thames.
		The tunnel was first attempted in the early 1800s but ran into trouble in 1808 when quicksand and river water flooded the chamber.
		The tunnel was to have two sections, one to allow two carriages and the other to serve as a footpath.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/snow/1859map/thamestunnel_a2.html (797 words)

	Greenwich Guide - The Blackwall Tunnel
		Blackwall Tunnel is a free road tunnel under the River Thames, between Blackwall Point in East Greenwich and East India Dock Road in Poplar.
		When the tunnel was opened it was at the time the longest underwater tunnel in the world.
		The tunnel was in places only five feet six inches (1.67 metres) below the bed of the river, and the use of compressed air in the tunnel meant that sometimes the pressure was too much and the ceiling of the tunnel would give way.
	www.greenwich-guide.org.uk /blackwall.htm (399 words)

	Brassy's Men - Home Page
		The huge 25 foot diameter bore sloped from 35 feet under the river bed to 121 feet on the far side.
		When Queen Victoria learned of the success, she was so enthralled with the idea of traveling beneath the Thames that she ordered a small-scale rail with open cars be constructed so that the entire Parliament could accompany her at the dedication journey through the tunnel.
		Gaslights and walkways were installed and small stalls lined the tunnel to provide souvenirs for visitors who paid a small toll to walk under the mighty river.
	www.interactivitiesink.com /larps/brassy/sewers.shtml (643 words)

	Brunel Engine House - The Tunnel
		The Thames Tunnel was the first tunnel to be built under a navigable river and the first to use a tunnel shield.
		In 1869 after 26 years as a not very profitable foot tunnel it was converted into a railway tunnel to create the East London Railway which became part of the Southern Railway in 1923 and then became part of London Underground in 1948.
		The tunnel was the greatest achievement of Sir Marc Brunel's career and the beginning of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's long and varied engineering career.
	www.brunelenginehouse.org.uk /tunnel.asp (435 words)

	Ramblers Association - Information - Path - Thames Path
		A path along the Thames was among the original list of long distance routes proposed by the Hobhouse Committee in 1948 and was subsequently keenly supported by the Ramblers' Association, who published David Sharp's first guide to the route in 1981.
		Thames Head is a short walk from Kemble station, with rail services to London, Reading, Swindon, Cheltenham and Gloucester and connections for Bristol, south Wales and many other parts of the country.
		The Thames Barrier is a short walk from Charlton station, with Connex trains to Greenwich, London Bridge, Charing Cross, Cannon Street, Dartford and the Medway Towns, with connections for other parts of Kent.
	www.ramblers.org.uk /info/paths/thames.html (1737 words)

	Greenwich Guide - The Foot Tunnel
		The Greenwich Foot Tunnel runs under the River Thames between Cutty Sark Gardens and Island Gardens, on the Isle of Dogs.
		The tunnel is lined with 200,000 glazed white tiles.
		The Woolwich Foot Tunnel, situated about three miles downstream and opened ten years later, is very similar.
	www.greenwich-guide.org.uk /tunnel.htm (169 words)

	Searching the Thames: The Thames Barrier
		East of the great Millennium Dome, between Wapping New Stairs and King Henry's Stairs and near the entrance to the Blackwall Tunnel is Execution Dock.
		As recently as 1928 fourteen people were drowned in the basements of Westminster, and only in 1953 a flood on the east coast and the Thames Estuary claimed three hundred lives.
		Britain continues to tilt towards the south-east at a rate of one foot every hundred years and the polar ice caps continue to melt.
	www.thames-search.com /barrier.html (624 words)

	QEII Bridge
		The proposed Thames Gateway Bridge (TGB) would be a local road bridge connecting Beckton to Thamesmead in East London, with two segregated and dedicated public transport lanes and separate lanes for pedestrians and cyclists.
		Mr hose, the proprietor of the "Old barge house" is constructing an esplanade extending along the banks of the river, 300 yards, the depths upwards of 130 foot.
		Half an hour later, the party re-crossed the Thames, and Lord Rosebery, standing in his carriage before a crowd of 600 people, declared the ferry open, free for ever. To round off the day's proceedings, there was a banquet for 200 at the Freemason's hall.
	www.thames.me.uk /s00020.htm (2056 words)

	GORP - Trivia - Desert Cinema
		One of the wise decisions that followed was to move trains underground and spare street-level traffic from the scourge of these steam behemoths.
		Yes, a great deal of work was done in London: The Thames Tunnel was opened in 1843 and trains ran through it about ten years later; additionally a cut-and-cover underground track area was proposed in 1860 and on January 10, 1863, trains ran on it for the first time.
		The 17-foot-high, 21-foot-wide, 2000-foot-long tunnel was sealed in 1861 and not rediscoverd until 1980.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/contests/tunnel.htm (378 words)

	Brunel Theme
		The Thames Tunnel was built between 1825 and 1843, and was a triumph of ingenuity and perseverance in the face of floods, financial losses, and human disaster.
		You can see from the engravings reproduced here that the tunnelling shield was divided into 36 compartments, and each compartment held one miner, who was protected by extensive shoring which allowed a small section of tunnel face to work on.
		The tunnel was opened as a pedestrian route in 1843, but was sold to a railway company in 1865.
	sas.planetthesims.gamespy.com /CulturalHF/brunel/BrunelTheme.htm (5345 words)

	No. 1388: A Short Discourse on Tunneling
		In 525 BC the Greeks cut a six-foot square water supply tunnel, two-thirds of a mile long, on the island of Samos.
		Take Marc Brunel's tunnel under the Thames River: Brunel was first to work in the really soft soil under a river.
		He began the Thames Tunnel in 1825, and it opened to foot traffic in 1843.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1388.htm (542 words)

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