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Topic: Tharu

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Demographics of Nepal

Uttar Pradesh

	Maslak - Daughters of the Tharu
		For example, her claim that Nepal's legal code (muluki ain) of 1854 was promulgated by King Jayastithi Malla (a 14th-century king) and her description of the muluki ain as a treaty that was outlawed (it was a legal code that was repealed) are both errors of fact.
		Indentured servitude (or bonded labor) was widespread among Tharus in western Nepal during the time of her fieldwork and was a significant factor in restricting education for Tharus, both for boys and girls, yet she makes only glancing reference to its presence in her field site.
		The first is the existence of the Tharu Welfare Association, a Nepal-wide Tharu ethnic association that has made education the centerpiece of its social reform efforts and "Tharu upliftment." Most elite Tharus belong to this organization, which had its biannual convention in the neighboring district of Bardiya in 1995.
	www.aaanet.org /cae/aeq/br/maslak.htm (969 words)

	Print news - IPS Inter Press Service
		Tharu lore holds that all the land in the five districts once belonged to the Tharus.
		Most Tharu families are landless in their own country, living a life of squatters and share-croppers, dependent on the landlord's goodwill.
		Tharus soon found that the small loans they took became the instruments through which the landlord entrapped them in bonded labour, in many cases, for generations.
	www.ipsnews.net /print.asp?idnews=34736 (954 words)

	Tharu - Ethnos - Books about the Tharu People
		Tharu populations also traditionally reside in regions of India contiguous to the Nepal border, specifically Naini Tal, Kheri and Gonda Districts of Uttar Pradesh State and Champaran district of Bihar State.
		According to Nepal’s 2001 census, there are 1,533,879 ethnic Tharu (6.75% of Nepal's total population) of which 1,331,546 speak one of the seven Tharu dialects as a mother tongue.
		Subsistence agriculture is the main traditional occupation and the Tharu maintain a close relationship with the forests and rivers of their native Terai.
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Tharu.htm (310 words)

	Tharu - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Tharu populations also traditionally reside in regions of India contiguous to the Nepal border, specifically Naini Tal, Kheri and Gonda Districts of Uttar Pradesh State and Champaran district of Bihar State.
		According to Nepal’s 2001 census, there are 1,533,879 ethnic Tharu (6.75% of Nepal's total population) of which 1,331,546 speak one of the seven Tharu dialects as a mother tongue.
		Tharu women are generally not submissive and may play a strong role in household decision-making, especially among the Rana Thakur who traditionally maintain a female dominant society.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Tharu (383 words)

	Tharu
		Tharu living in Nepal are concentrated in the jungles of the southern Terai lowlands of Nepal in Bardia, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Saptari and Jhapa districts, as well as in the inner Terai valleys of Chitwan, Dang, Deukhuri Surkhet and Udaipur.
		Tharu living in India live near the Nepali border, mainly in Naini Tal in Uttaranchal, Kheri and Gonda Districts of Uttar Pradesh State and Champaran district of Bihar State.
		The Tharu population in Nepal is estimated to be at 1.2 million.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DTharu%26type%3Den (957 words)

	Tharu Museum
		The main source of occupation of the Tharu's is marginal agriculture, animal husbandry, bonded laborers and seasonal migration for labor.
		The Tharu community is known for the diversity in healing methods and practices in their community.
		Tharu Culture Museum is situated on the eastern part from the tourist hub of Sauraha, which is about 2 kms by a bicycle ride.
	www.tharumuseum.org (662 words)

	Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) - Tharu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Tharus have their own languages but the respective Tharu languages are thus ingluenced by Awadhi, Bhojpuri and Maithili languages, depending on the regions of their inhabitation.
		Tharus are a largely populated indigeneous minority nationality who have settled all over the kingdom of Nepal along the whole of Terai belt and the adjoining Inner Terai, including Udayapur, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Dang, Deukhuri and Surkhet Valley from ancient times.
		Tharus are well-known peasant farmers of the Terai.
	nefin.org.np /content/view/71/44 (524 words)

	Anti-Slavery - Dilli Chaudhary's Award acceptance speech
		The Tharu are an ethnic group indigenous to the terai -- the plains -- of southern Nepal.
		Until the 1960s, the Tharu were relatively isolated from the rest of the population.
		Witnessing this unrelenting exploitation, I and a group of young Tharus decided to establish a development organisation to empower the Tharu.
	www.antislavery.org /homepage/antislavery/award/dillispeech.htm (1432 words)

	MS Nepal - Development Through Partnership
		Others declare that the Tharu are the descendants of the Shakya Dynasty who introduced Mahayana Buddhism to Nepal in the second half of the 1st millennium BC6.
		The fact is that the Tharu themselves did not keep written records and what is known of their early history is derived from passing references in religious texts and etymological evidence.
		The Tharu were feared by outsiders and the land they inhabited was infested with malaria, to which the Tharu have a natural immunity.
	www.msnepal.org /partners/base/tharuculture.htm (590 words)

	The Dang Tharu of Nepal
		The Tharu are the largest and most important of the various tribal groups occupying the Tarai zone of southern Nepal.
		The Tharu live on the edge of the forests, farming and raising livestock on the plains.
		The Tharu are traditionally animistic in their beliefs, worshipping various animals such as monkeys, snakes, and cows.
	www.prayway.com /unreached/peoplegroups/235.html (855 words)

	Tharu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Tharu are one of the major and indigenous ethnic groups of [(Nepal)and (India)].
		Most Tharu are devout [[Hindu] and [Buddhism]]s but many also propitiate forest and household gods as part of syncretic or vestigal animist traditions.
		Tose who believe in the Theravada Buddhism they become Tharus in spite of this fact that Rana Tharus are claimg to be the descendents of Maha Rana Pratap of Rajsthan, India but without success.
	www.measuroo.com /eth-T/Tharu.php (755 words)

	Digging for Tharu roots - Nepali Times
		Land administration in the tarai for the benefit of the rulers is the basic theme of all the lal mohars in the collection.
		Educated Tharus bemoan the double jeopardy of their community: they are too close to madhesis to be anything else, but too beholden to the court in Kathmandu (due to tenancy relationships) to develop local solidarity.
		The challenge now is to overcome fears and begin dreaming about an inclusive Nepali society where Tharu will cease to be a term of abuse and acquire its rightful place in the polity of the country.
	www.nepalitimes.com /issue/186/Culture/3997 (578 words)

	The Rising Nepal
		Tharus, one of the indigenous people and ethnic groups of Nepal live in Terai from Jhapa in the east to Kanchanpur in the west.
		Tharu language is influenced by Maithili in the east, Bhojpuri in the central region, and Awadhi in the west.
		Tharus from east to west are composed of various endogamous groups with different cultural practices.
	www.gorkhapatra.org.np /content.php?nid=8357 (1099 words)

	Tharu Autonomy: When The Slaves Fise Up On The Nepal Plains
		Having appropriated the land from the Tharu community, the Zamindars subjugated the Tharus and turned them into bonded labourers (in return for food, clothing and shelter) on the very land they previously owned.
		In 2002, the parliament under the king, declared the Tharu people free from the Kamaiya system even as these people, by then rebellious, had begun to retake their property - with many of the landlords already in full flight - under the impetus of the Maoist advances in the south-western region.
		It was a vicious conspiracy between the imperialist powers, the government, and certain foreign-funded non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to wean the Tharus away from the Maoist revolution.
	www.countercurrents.org /hr-wtw060504.htm (1046 words)

	The Tharu of the Tarai on Asianart.com
		The isolation of the Tharu in the Tarai was even more complete: living in villages located in the malaria-infested jungles of the Gangetic plains, they rarely encountered outsiders.
		For generations Kochila Tharu women of the eastern Tarai have transformed the verandahs and outer walls of their homes into colorful outdoor canvases dedicated to Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity and fertility, at Tihar, the festival of lights.
		According to Tharu legend, on this night she circles the earth on the back of an owl, inspecting homes to see that they are properly purified with rigorous cleaning and newly painted walls.
	www.asianart.com /tharu/index.html (942 words)

	[No title]
		Tharu community is the first inhabitant of the foothills of Nepal, in the Dang Valley.
		Their Barka Atwari festival celebrates Mahadeva's marriage to the goddess, daughter of the First Tharu, in which the Pandavas are invited, the 1st Sunday of the bright fortnight of August.
		Tharu men fast in honour of the Pandavas who they regard as the first farmers of their land and its protectors.
	www.geocities.com /harindranath_a/maha/variation/tharubarkanach_mbh.html (2168 words)

	1040Window.org
		In many Tharu homes, they also appease this god with the blood of the male of the household in a ceremony where he makes superficial cuts on his forehead, arms, throat, legs and chest.
		The Tharus staple foods are: rice eaten with fish, chicken, pork, rabbit, pigeon, tortoise, etc. as well as dahl and vegetables.
		Traditionally, Tharu women decorate the walls of their one storied mud homes with colorful paintings of elephants, horses, parrots and flowers.
	www.1040window.org /nepalprayerguide/day13.htm (375 words)

	Tharu terra cotta water jar, Deokhuri District, Nepal
		Lightning strikes dirt, blindingly fusing it into nature’s terra cotta, changing its color to red, brown, orange, white, gray or fl, sometimes leaving behind strange fused bits of metal that are sought as amulets.
		Entering a Tharu long house requires bending low, but once inside, there is a feeling of spaciousness, reaching up to the darkness under the peak of the roof.
		On the day of the firing, the pieces are coated with a shiny, thin clay slip known as “gabij”, which adds beauty to the surface and can be used for finger painting.
	www.asis.com /jandjtrips/lastwaterjarmay03.htm (3853 words)

	Ødegaard, Sigrun: From Castes to Ethnic Group? Moernisation and Forms of Social Identification among the Tharus of the ...
		The Tharu elite not only refuse their status as a caste, but they also claim to be an indigenous people and raise political claims as such vis-à-vis the government.
		Further east, in Siraha and Saptari, the Tharu population is 82,257, whereas in Sunsari and Morang, the districts east of Kosi river, the number of Tharus is 145,070 (Gurung 1996).
		The differences between the Tharu communities are significant, both when it comes to their languages, religious and cultural practices, as well as to phenotypical signs, such as dressing and house styles.
	www.anthrobase.com /Txt/O/Oedegaard_S_01.htm (16370 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Tharus will be showing their culture in with out any hesitation wheal is dominated and marginalized.
		Tharu are the ethnic community and indigenous of the mid and Far western Terain of Nepal.
		The main aim of BASE itself is to uplift the livelihood of Tharus and other exploited people in Mid and Far western part of Nepal, whose lives are often characterized by extreme poverty.
	www.changemakers.net /journal/300506/displayethics.cfm?ID=92 (2835 words)

	Tiger Mountain Tharu Safari Lodge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Situated on high ground on the edge of the National Park and overlooking the lush green forests, the Lodge was inspired by the lifestyle and rich culture of the indigenous Tharu people.
		For those who prefer to travel overland, Tharu Safari Lodge is accessible from Kathmandu and Pokhara by road, a pleasant 5-6 hour drive through the Himalayan foothills.
		A more exciting option is to travel to the Tharu Safari Lodge via a two-day raft trip on the Trisuli or Seti River with our own river running company, Himalayan River Exploration.
	www.tigermountain.com /lodg/tharu.htm (484 words)

	Lesson 12 // Gurkas, Brahmans, Cchetris, Tharu
		In the Terai region (where the Tharus live) malaria used to be a huge problem until 1950 when it was eradicated.
		Tharu villages consist of longhouses, which are built with mud and lattice wall.
		The Tharus are mostly farmers who grow barley, wheat, maize, and rice.
	www.2001everest.com /ev/lesson_plans/lesson_12.htm (672 words)

	:: Different Travel 2007 - Tharu Rural Development Programme :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Tharu’s are increasingly resorting to subsistence farming, as opposed to their more traditional lifestyles of hunting/gathering.
		The Tharu were forced to work the land which was ‘owned’ by others, excluded from the cash economy and barely surviving from one harvest to the next.
		Kamiaya came after the Maoist insurgency started gaining some support amongst the Tharu, who were increasingly disillusioned with their lot, but despite this, the Tharu are still (wrongly) considered by some to be Maoist sympathisers, which leads to misunderstanding and tensions.
	www.different-travel.com /projects.php?mod=project_details&submod=Current_Projects&Project_ID=26 (579 words)

	The Rising Nepal
		KATHMANDU, Nov. 9: The 19th General Meeting of the Tharu Welfare Assembly today has stressed that the constitution to be made after the election of the constituent assembly should be judicious for all the indigenous peoples and nationalities and it should be based on the principles of inclusive democracy.
		The speakers who expressed their views at the meeting believed that the new constitution would address the fact that the Tharu people who are called the 'sons of the soil' had to always remain backward even after the reinstatement of democracy in the country.
		Tharu men and women from 25 districts of the Terai region of Nepal have gathered in the capital for taking part in the general meeting that will last for three days.
	www.gorkhapatra.org.np /content.php?nid=6001 (545 words)

	International Programs
		The Tharu had been fairly isolated because malaria was endemic.
		With the invention and use of chemicals that erradicated malaria in the 1950’s, the Tharu’s land was taken from them.
		By taking community based literacy classes, the Tharu were able to become literate, enabling them to use the court system to retrieve their lands.
	www.buildingwithbooks.org /int/nepal/haupur/report.shtml (179 words)

	TharuResources.html
		The Tharu are a culturally and linguistically diverse ethnic category who live along the Indo-Nepal border, in the region known as the Tarai.
		There are almost 1.2 million Tharu in Nepal, and smaller numbers live in the adjacent areas of India, mostly in Champaran district of Bihar and in Naini Tal district of Uttar Pradesh.
		The Naini Tal district in India and the Jhapa district in Nepal are, respectively, the westernmost and easternmost areas of Tharu habitation.
	www.macalester.edu /~guneratne/Teaching/TharuResources.html (319 words)

	Nepal Ethnographic Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Tharu is one of the ethnic groups of Nepal found through out Terai region from east to west.
		The population of the Tharu is 1533879 (6.75%).They have their own dialect.
		The Tharu women have a fancy for tattooing and use silver bangles, nose rings and anklets.
	www.asia-planet.net /nepal/museum.htm (1353 words)

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