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	Thaumatin
		Thaumatin is a protein which is isolated from katemfe fruit of west Africa (Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth).
		Thaumatin I is composed of 207 amino acids, with molecular weight 22,204.
		Thaumatin is sweet, with a slow onset, lingering sweetness and a licorice after-taste.
	www.rosalindfranklin.edu /cms/biochem/walters/sweet/thaumatin.html (185 words)

	Thaumatin - Datenbank Zusatzstoffe
		Thaumatin ist ein Gemisch aus verschiedenen Eiweißen, das natürlicher Bestandteil des westafrikanischen Katemfe-Strauches (Thaumatococcus daniellii) ist.
		Da Thaumatin jedoch wegen seiner starken Süßkraft nur in sehr geringen Mengen eingesetzt wird, leistet es keinen nennenswerten Beitrag zur Gesamtenergieversorgung.
		Thaumatin wird durch Extraktion aus den Samen des Süßholzbaumes gewonnen.
	www.zusatzstoffe-online.de /zusatzstoffe/296.e957_thaumatin.html (176 words)

	605. Thaumatin (WHO Food Additives Series 20)
		THAUMATIN EXPLANATION Thaumatin is a mixture of intensely sweet proteins (thaumatins) extracted with water from the arils of the fruit of the West African perennial plant Thaumatococcus daniellii.
		Thaumatin was assessed for oral allergenicity in humans by giving 100 mg/day thaumatin or lactose in gelatin capsules to 4 women and 6 men for a period of 14 days using a double-blind cross-over design.
		No antibodies to thaumatin were detected in either rats or humans after prolonged oral administration of quantities of thaumatin that substantially exceed the anticipated human exposure, thus indicating that the intact protein is not absorbed, and confirming the digestibility of thaumatin.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v20je15.htm (3452 words)

	XOMA Corporation to Receive Three New Patents
		The third patent provides protection to XOMA for the recombinant manufacture of Thaumatin, a naturally-occurring protein originally found in the fruit of an African shrub that is traditionally used for flavor enhancement.
		Thaumatin, about 5,000 times sweeter than sucrose, is non-toxic, low-calorie and non-cariogenic (does not promote cavities).
		Thaumatin has potential for use as a flavor enhancer or as a research tool for taste perception testing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-17484696.html (615 words)

	ARTICLE
		Thaumatin has a demonstrable effect on various groups of taste receptors, in various species of animal, for which it is used in feeding stuffs, as well as in man and is assumed to operate with the majority of taste receptors.
		Thaumatin’s high and rapid solubility in water and its tendency to increase salivation are additional physical features that increase the effect of flavours and aromas, particularly where physical contact with the taste receptors is limited.
		Thaumatin’s masking effects, particularly of metallic or bitter tastes, are an important feature accounting for it’s widespread use in the human and animal food industry and with high intensity sweeteners and in particular with saccharin.
	www.btinternet.com /~natexuk/id3.htm (1601 words)

	The Sweetest Fruits ... - Can be tasteless - Softpedia
		But thaumatin's taste is markedly different from sugar's: its sweetness is felt very slowly and for long time, it leaves a liquorice-like aftertaste at high usage levels.
		Thaumatin is highly water-soluble and stable to heating under acidic conditions and its synthesis is induced in katemfe in response to an attack upon the plant by viruses and fungi.
		The thaumatin protein is considered a prototype for a pathogen-response protein domain, found also in rice and some worms.
	news.softpedia.com /news/The-Sweetest-Fuits-45309.shtml (668 words)

	Nature's Sugar High
		The calorie-free thaumatin protein, sometimes called nature's "artificial sweetener" was analyzed by scientists from the University of California, Irvine and the Institute for Molecular Biology in Strasbourg, France.
		Because these kinds of complex sensory-stimulating proteins typically require binding to specific taste receptors, much of their biology remains to be worked out in the kind of studies done on the space shuttle and using modern tools of biological crystallography.
		Thaumatin already is being marketed as a nutritional supplement in blood sugar stabilizers for childhood behavioral problems and the more than 3.5 million sufferers from attention deficit disorder.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-09/NSFC-NSH-140998.php (699 words)

	WeBeFit.com Articles - Artificial Sweeteners - The Natural Stuff
		Thaumatins are natural sweeteners first isolated from the katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcus daniellii Bennett) of west Africa.
		Thaumatin is 2,000 to 3,000 times sweeter than sugar, making it the sweetest naturally occurring substance known to man.
		Because thaumatin is a naturally occurring substance, it's unlikely that any company will step up and carry out the additional testing needed to get it cleared as a food additive.
	www.webefit.com /articles_100_199/article_112_artsweet01.html (1390 words)

	The Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility (APCF) on USML-2 Summary of Experiments and Preliminary Results
		Thaumatin crystals grown in the DIA reactors in space were observed to grow much bigger with significantly less nucleation than the corresponding ground controls.
		The quality of the thaumatin crystals was excellent in all cases, except those where the crystals grew with faces against walls.
		One thaumatin crystal grew from the wall from the point of its tetragonal face and was safely returned to UCR with no evidence of perturbation or damage.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /microgra/micrv9n1/fuhv9n1.htm (3324 words)

	Genetic engineering
		Sweeteners are considered food additives, and can be an example: the thaumatins are a class of intensely sweet proteins isolated from the fruit of the tropical plant Thaumatococcus danielli.
		Thaumatin is approved for use in many countries and has application as both a flavor enhancer and a high-intensity sweetener.
		The thaumatin gene can also be engineered directly into selected fruit and vegetable crops to improve their flavor and sweetness.
	www.eat-online.net /english/education/genetic_engineering.htm (394 words)

	Silencing of the Aspergillopepsin B (pepB) Gene of Aspergillus awamori by Antisense RNA Expression or Protease Removal ...
		Thaumatin is a sweet-tasting protein (14, 15, 38) used as a
		Thaumatin degradation by aspergillopepsin B. Thaumatin (200 ng) was incubated with 5 ng of pure aspergillopepsin B at 30°C in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.0.
		of thaumatin, from 8 mg/liter in strain TGDTh-4 to 10.5 mg/liter
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/7/3550 (5187 words)

	Katedra Entomologii Stosowanej - Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu SGGW
		Their effects were measured by: (a) fruit infestation reduction by codling moth larvae; (b) population density of spider mites, aphids and tortrids; and (c) increased number of predatory mites, hemipterous bugs and coccinellids.
		Additionally, the level of thaumatin II, leaf nutritional value (total nitrogen, soluble proteins, reducing sugars) and the level of secondary metabolites (total phenolics) in the age-different leaves of transformed and untransformed plants was analysed.
		Due to thaumatin II gene insertion into the cucumber genome the production of some leaf metabolites was changed making the transformed lines rather less attractive than untransformed ones to some sucking pests such as thrips and aphids.
	woiak.sggw.waw.pl /kes/?id=p04 (2447 words)

	afrol News - Sweet industrial prospects in Ghana
		Thaumatin may soon become a billion dollar industry, but patents on genes that contain the sweetening agent of the katemfe plant are filed in the United States, threatening the Ghanaian industrial prospect.
		Thaumatin is a protein extracted from a West African shrub called katemfe and is locally used as a natural sweetener and flavour enhancer.
		The German cooperation partners celebrate the establishment of the thaumatin processing plant as an opportunity for the region that has fostered the plant resource to gain its part of the revenues.
	www.afrol.com /articles/10706 (808 words)

	Innovation (September/October 98) - Advanced Technologies
		On a scale in which 0 refers to no sweetness and 1 refers to table sugar or sucrose, thaumatin is nearly off the scale at 3,000, more than ten times sweeter than other sugar substitutes such as saccharin or aspartame.
		In the best of only a few thaumatin crystals grown in microgravity, compared with many more trials conducted on Earth, the microgravity-grown crystals were consistently and significantly larger, as well as substantially more defect free.
		This is the first experiment to produce space crystals by multiple methods, with both methods suggesting the same conclusion: crystals grown in microgravity can be significantly improved in their x-ray diffraction properties when compared with those grown on Earth.
	nctn.hq.nasa.gov /innovation/Innovation65/success.htm (480 words)

	Structure-Sweetness Relationship in Thaumatin: Importance of Lysine Residues -- Kaneko and Kitabatake 26 (2): 167 -- ...
		The spectra of native thaumatin I and derivatives whose sweetness was affected are shown in this figure.
		Kim, S.H. and Weickmann, J.L. Crystal structure of thaumatin I and its correlation to biochmical and mutational studies.
		Van der Wel, H. and Loeve, K. Isolation and characterization of thaumatin I and II, the sweet-tasting proteins from Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/2/167 (6031 words)

	thaumatin (an amazing protein) - Molecular Biology Forum
		Thaumatin is an amazing protein that is reported to be 3000 times more sweeter then common sugar.
		Thaumatins were first found as a mixture of proteins isolated from the katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcus daniellii Bennett) of west Africa.
		The thaumatin family are natural sweeteners at least 2000 X more potent than table sugar.
	www.molecularstation.com /forum/biology-forum/139-thaumatin-amazing-protein.html (632 words)

	Nutrition Journal \| Full text \| Sweet proteins - Potential replacement for artificial low calorie sweeteners
		Monellin was found to be 100000 times sweeter than sucrose on a molar basis [21], followed by Brazzein and Thaumatin which are 500 times [13] and 3000 times sweeter then sucrose [14] respectively (the latter two on a weight basis).
		The thaumatins are a class of intensely sweet proteins isolated from the fruit of the tropical plant Thaumatococcus danielli.
		Thaumatin has been approved for use in many countries as both a flavor enhancer and a high-intensity sweetener [31].
	www.nutritionj.com /content/4/1/5 (3510 words)

	A new sweetener thaumatin – A process for the utilization of an African cultured plant
		A useful plant that is easy to cultivate under plantation trees is the katemfe shrub (Thaumatococcus daniellii), which is native to the African rain forest.
		Thaumatin is approved as a food additive throughout the entire European Union and in many other countries throughout the world.
		The method includes the mechanical dissolution of the fiber parts containing thaumatin and, since the protein is very easy to dissolve in water, the aqueous extraction.
	www.igb.fraunhofer.de /www/GF/DP/en/GFDP_25_Thaumatin.en.html (460 words)

	Table 1
		Comparison of thaumatin, monellin, mabinlin, pentadin, brazzein, curculin and miraculin.
		At least five different forms of thaumatin (Lee et al., 1988) and four different forms of mabinlin (Nirasawa et al., 1994) have been identified.
		This same fraction, when subjected to electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions showed bands in the region between 22 and 41 kDa, suggesting the presence of subunits.
	www.nutritionj.com /content/4/1/5/table/T1 (88 words)

	SMART: THN domain annotation
		Thaumatin is an intensely sweet tasting protein (about 100,000 times sweeter than sucrose) found in the West African shrub Thaumatococcus danielli: it is induced by attack by viroids, which are single-stranded unencapsulated RNA molecules that do not code for protein.
		Like other PR proteins, thaumatin is predicted to have a mainly beta structure, with a high content of beta-turns and little helix.
		Tobacco cells exposed to gradually increased salt concentrations develop a greatly increased tolerance to salt, due to the expression of osmotin a member of the PR protein family.
	smart.embl-heidelberg.de /smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=THN&BLAST=DUMMY (356 words)

	Modulation of Aspergillus awamori Thaumatin Secretion by Modification of bipA Gene Expression -- Lombraña et al. ...
		Thaumatin is an extremely sweet protein derived from the tropical
		protein thaumatin was overexpressed in the TGDTh-4 strain.
		Overexpression and lack of degradation of thaumatin in an aspergillopepsin A-defective mutant of Aspergillus awamori containing an insertion in the pepA gene.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/9/5145 (5318 words)

	Thaumatin
		Thaumatin was discovered in the middle of the nineteenth century.
		Thaumatin is obtained from a plant (Thaumatococcus Danieli), native in West Africa.
		It is the only natural sweetener approved in the EU and is about 2000-3000 sweeter than sugar.
	www.hermesetas.com /data/en/products/thaumatin.php (82 words)

	Goran Hellekant, Ph.D., DVM - Medical School Duluth - University of Minnesota
		, Kasahara, Y., van der Wel, H., and Zotterman, Y. Electrophysiological study of the gustatory effects of the sweet proteins Monellin and Thaumatin in monkey, guinea pig and rat.
		On the gustatory effects of monellin and thaumatin in dog, hamster, pig and rabbit.
		On the gustatory effects of gymnemic acid and miraculin in dog, pig and rabbit.
	www.med.umn.edu /duluth/Faculty/Hellekant_Goran.html (2489 words)

	RESEARCHERS DISCOVER PROMISING NEW NATURAL SUBSTANCES IN THE RAINFOREST
		A useful plant that can easily be cultivated under plantation trees is the katemfe bush, a plant native to the African rainforest.
		That thaumatin, one of the strongest known natural sweeteners, can be extracted from the katemfe berry is not a new discovery.
		The U.S. FDA long ago classified thaumatin as "generally recognized as safe" and the EU approved its use in chewing gum, desserts and soups under E 957.
	www.newmaterials.com /news/4810.asp (609 words)

	Spacelab successfully crystallizes intensely sweet protein
		Kim, S.-H.; Weickman, J. Crystal structure of thaumatin I and its correlation to biochemical and mutational studies.
		Thaumatin (J. Higginbothom, ed.), CRC Press, Inc, ch 10, 135-149 (1994).
		Control of diabetes, the most common metabolic disease in the world, largely hinges on managing sugar levels in the bloodstream.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/msad14sep98_1.htm (1253 words)

	The Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit
		It has long been used as a non timber forest product, with stems being used to produce mats and leaves used for roofing but perhaps it is most well known as a food wrapper in markets of the region.
		This substance has a market value of £4000 kg -1 and is used as a food additive in pet foods, a flavour enhancer and sweetener (it is virtually non calorific) in the pharmaceutical, confectionary and animal feed industries.Currently arils are collected from the natural resource by collectors in the Ivory Coast and Ghana.
		Primary processing, involving removal of the aril from the fruit is conducted in country with secondary processing, where much of the value is added to thaumatin, in the U.K. small processing plant has now been established in Ghana.
	akt.bangor.ac.uk /References.php?menu=4&catid=5371&subid=0 (755 words)

	Thaumatococcus Daniellii (Thaumatin) Manufacturer exporting direct from Ghana
		Some of the proteins in the thaumatin family are natural sweeteners roughly 2000 times more potent than sugar.
		Thaumatin is a sweet-tasting, flavour-enhancing protein produced by fruits of the African plant Thaumatococcus daniellii.
		These results demonstrate that transgenic expression of thaumatin could be useful for modifying tomato fruit taste.
	www.alibaba.com /catalog/12300637/Thaumatococcus_Daniellii_Thaumatin_.html (323 words)

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