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Topic: The Alphabet Cipher

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	The Alphabet Cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It describes what is known as a Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in cryptography.
		It is amusing to note that while Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", Kasiski had published a volume describing how to break such ciphers just five years earlier (see Vigenère cipher for a description of the method).
		EACH column of this table forms a dictionary of symbols representing the alphabet: thus, in the A column, the symbol is the same as the letter represented; in the B column, A is represented by B, B by C, and so on.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Alphabet_Cipher (367 words)

	Assignment 1 CS 305J - Algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Cryptographers often think in terms of the plaintext alphabet as being the alphabet used to write the original message, and the ciphertext alphabet as being the letters that are substituted in place of the plain letters.
		Ciphers in which the cipher alphabet remains unchanged throughout the message are called Monoalphabetic Substitution Ciphers.
		If we permit the cipher alphabet to be any rearrangement of the plain alphabet, then we can generate an enormous number of distinct modes of encryption.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/scottm/cs305j/assignments/PseudoCode.htm (691 words)

	Ceaser Shift Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The ceaser shift cipher takes the plain text alphabet in alphabetical order and shifts it along a certain number of places to produce the cipher text alphabet.
		To decrypt these ciphers look for groups of three letters that could be the most common word in the English language, "the" or they could represent the word "and" which is another common word in the English language.
		This is used as the beginning of the cipher alphabet and the remaining unused letters of the alphabet follow in sequence.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~ma3ljb/ceaser.html (181 words)

	ipedia.com: Substitution cipher Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The simple substitution cipher is one in which each plaintext character is simply replaced by a corresponding one from a cipher alphabet.
		The cipher alphabet may be shifted or reversed (creating the Caesar cipher and atbash ciphers, respectively) or scrambled, in which case it is called a "mixed alphabet" or "deranged alphabet".
		In the Vigenère cipher, the first row of the tableau is filled out with a copy of the plaintext alphabet, and successive rows are simply shifted one place to the left.
	www.ipedia.com /substitution_cipher.html (2388 words)

	Bletchley Park Cryptographic Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The letters of the alphabet and/or other symbols used, if any, arranged in the order in which they are substituted for the letters of the clear alphabet (a, b, c, etc.) for a particular key-letter, usually with the clear alphabet written alongside.
		A ciphering device consisting of two concentric discs of unequal size (the smaller rotating on the larger) each being divided usually into 26 equal sectors in which the letters of the alphabet are inscribed.
		The smaller disc has the clear alphabet, usually in alphabetical order, on it, and the larger disc the cipher alphabet, usually in hatted order; but the orders may be alphabetical on both or hatted on both.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /documents/cryptdict/page15.htm (272 words)

	"Shake-speares Sonnets" Cryptogram. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Specifically, the text is used in a demonstration of his "Bi-literarie Alphabet" cipher method, a means of enciphering a message and concealing its presence by using two alphabets, the corresponding letters of which differ slightly in appearance.
		Ciphers were "used by monks all through the Middle Ages for scribal amusement, and the Renaissance knew from its study of such classic texts as Suetonius that the ancient world had used ciphers for political purposes" (@ Kahn 106).
		Bacon's 21 letter cipher alphabet key was essentially the first Roman alphabet, though it included the letter "G", which was added by the Romans later.
	www.veling.nl /anne/templars/acrocipher.html (10899 words)

	The Alphabet Cipher -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		It describes what is known as a (additional info and facts about Vigenère cipher) Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in (Act of writing in code or cipher) cryptography.
		It is amusing to note that while Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", (additional info and facts about Kasiski) Kasiski had published a volume describing how to break such ciphers just five years earlier (see (additional info and facts about Vigenère cipher) Vigenère cipher for a description of the method).
		alphabet: thus, in the A column, the symbol is the same as the letter
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/the_alphabet_cipher.htm (532 words)

	Cryptography:Polyalphabetic substitution - Wikibooks
		A Polyalphabetic substitution cipher is simply a substitution cipher with an alphabet that changes.
		Polyalphabetic substitution ciphers are useful because they cannot be broken using frequency analysis.
		The number of letters encrypted before a polyalphabetic substitution cipher returns to its first cipher alphabet is called its period.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cryptography:Polyalphabetic_substitution (125 words)

	Cipher Glossary
		cipher alphabet : The rearrangement of the ordinary (or plain) alphabet, which then determines how each letter in the original message is enciphered.
		The cipher alphabet can also consist of numbers or any other characters, but in all cases it dictates the replacements for letters in the original message.
		The Vigenère square contains 26 separate cipher alphabets, each one a Caesar-shifted alphabet, and a keyword defines which cipher alphabet should be used to encrypt each letter of a message.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/cipherglos.html (1226 words)

	Proposal for Assignment 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Note that the Cipher Alphabet is simply a reversal of the Plain Alphabet.
		The ciphered message and the deciphered message should then be displayed at the standard output.
		Use this key to generate the Cipher Alphabet used in the assignment above.
	www.cs.usm.maine.edu /~saxena/Assignment3.htm (403 words)

	Whetstone Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		To encipher, the long hand is moved clockwise until it points to the character to be enciphered and it's cipher text substitution is obtained from the position of the short hand.
		Note that the cipher can't encrypt double letters: They must either be omitted, separated a null or the second must replace by a null.
		Within CipherClerk's Applet's implementation, you specify the the cipher text alphabet by a key word and an algorithm how to generate the mixed alphabet (see how a substitution is generated), while the two hands point to the first letters of the alphabet.
	members.aon.at /cipherclerk/Doc/Whetstone.html (283 words)

	CORE 139 S04: Substitution Cipher Tool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Enter guesses for cipher alphabet letters in the appropriate alphabet boxes and click "decrypt" to update the plaintext.
		The cipher alphabet letter will be shown as "*" if it cannot be determined because there are contradictory entries in the plaintext.
		Use "reset alphabet" to adjust the cipher alphabet to just those letters which can be determined from the current plaintext, and "clear alphabet" to remove all plaintext-ciphertext letter associations from the alphabet.
	cs.colgate.edu /faculty/stina/courses/core/139/s04/tools/substitution.html (176 words)

	Chapter 8 -- The Cipher Exchange
		The latter is done by attaching a letter of the alphabet (25-letter alphabet as shown with v and W in the same cell) to each row of pt in the block.
		Cipher substitutes are found at the other corners of that rectangle, first in square 2, the second in square 4.
		The first pt letter is found in the top alphabet and the second in one of the lower alphabets, depending on which letter of the keyword is in use.
	www.cryptogram.org /cdb/aca.info/aca.and.you/chap08.html (5807 words)

	KABBALAH - LoveToKnow Article on KABBALAH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		This cipher alphabet is called Albam, from the first interchangeable pairs.
		(8) The commutation of the twenty-two letters is effected by the last letter of the alphabet taking the place of the first, the last but one the place of the second, and so forth.
		This cipher is called Atbash These hermeneutical canons are much older than the Kabbalah.
	35.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KA/KABBALAH.htm (3231 words)

	Swapping Cipher Alphabets
		The first letter of the plaintext message is encrypted using Ciphertext Alphabet 1, the second letter of the message is encrypted using Ciphertext Alphabet 2.
		We encrypt the third letter of the message by returning to Ciphertext Alphabet 1, the fourth letter is encrypted using Ciphertext Alphabet 2, and so on.
		This is much stronger than using just one cipher alphabet because a common letter like E is encrypted in two different ways, which makes it much harder to spot in the cipher text.
	simonsingh.net /The_Black_Chamber/Swapping_Cipher_Alphabets.html (216 words)

	- mjidor - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Cipher alphabets may be re-spaced to form equivalent cipher alphabets by the same process as that applied to construct related sequences.
		The secondary alphabets generated by shifting the points of coincidence of the plain and cipher components are the same alphabets regardless of which equivalent cipher alphabet has been shifted.
		The secondary alphabet of this example has been derived by shifting the cipher component of the original alphabet of the previous paragraph, and the equivalent secondary cipher alphabet by shifting the cipher component of the equivalent alphabet of the previous paragraph.
	www.mjidor.com /lektion10.shtml (11888 words)

	Alphabets, Ciphers and Codes
		A cipher is a rearrangement or replacement of the characters of a message, almost always with the aim of secrecy.
		It differs from an alphabet, which is indeed a replacement, but a standard, constant one for all messages, and not for secrecy, but rather for clarity and efficiency.
		The Confederates used a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that was broken by the cryptographers of the United States Military Telegraph early in the war, in the sense that messages were easy to read with a little work that revealed the key words used to encrypt it.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tel/codes.htm (3587 words)

	WU Libraries Special Collections - Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Porta is know chiefly for his invention of a series of twelve alphabet ciphers in which letters of the second half of the alphabet are made to stand for letters of the first half, a key word indicating what substitutes are used.
		Of special interest is Thicknesse's extensive section on the use of a harmonic alphabet, wherein musical notes are made to represent letters of the alphabet, elaborating in particular on the views of Bishop John Wilkins (1614-1672).
		The work includes the first description of the multi-alphabet cipher, or "alphabet square." Although some writers consider this to be Vigenère's invention, more likely it was devised by Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472) or one of the early cryptographers of the Papal States.
	library.wustl.edu /units/spec/rarebooks/semeiology/cryptography.html (1107 words)

	Secret Code Breaker: The Cipher that Caesar Used (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Later, any cipher that used this "displacement" concept for the creation of a cipher alphabet, was referred to as a Caesar cipher.
		Of all the substitution type ciphers, this Caesar cipher is the simplest to solve, since there are only 25 possible combinations.
		A disk or wheel has the alphabet printed on it and then a movable smaller disk or wheel with the same alphabet printed on it is mounted forming an inner wheel.
	codebrkr.infopages.net /history2.htm (283 words)

	Problem
		For example, Julius Caesar used a substitution cipher that replaced each letter in the plaintext message by a letter three places further down in the alphabet ('A' would be 'D' and so on).
		The most significant breakthrough was the use of multiple cipher alphabets, which turned the cipher impregnable to frequency analysis (a technique for deducing the plaintext from a ciphertext).
		Then, the multiple cipher alphabets (rows in the Vigenère square) to be used in the encipherment must be chosen.
	acm.uva.es /p/v8/856.html (1391 words)

	Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher Applet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The letters A-Z are substituted according to the characters specified in the "Cipher alphabet".
		For example, if your cipher alphabet were "QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM", A would be substituted by the first letter of the cipher alphabet; 'Q', B would be substituted by 'W';...; and Z would be substituted by 'M'.
		The cipher alphabet present when the applets starts up implements a "Caesar-shift" substitution cipher, whereby the normal, in this case English, alphabet is "shifted" a certain number of places to the right.
	www.reed.edu /~mcphailb/applets/crypto (200 words)

	Welcome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		This cipher was invented during the reign of Caesar.
		The general affine cipher is a combination of the shift cipher and the multiplicative cipher.
		This is used to determine the length of the keyword used in a Vigenere cipher.
	web.bvu.edu /students/hersste/SE/Project.html (1549 words)

	Chapter 7 -- ACA General Standards
		The alphabet is keyed by writing an arbitrary keyword or phrase FOLLOWED (underlined "followed") by the rest of the alphabet in NORMAL (underlined "normal") order.
		Either the plaintext or the ciphertext alphabet may be shifted ("wrapped round") to avoid a plaintext letter standing for itself in simple substitutions.
		The acceptable lengths for Cipher Exchange ciphers are given with each cipher in Chapter 8.
	www.cryptogram.org /cdb/aca.info/aca.and.you/chap07.html (663 words)

	Zodiackiller.com Message Board
		This cipher is considered Homophonic instead of Monalphabetic because of the use of multiple cipher characters for certain plaintext characters.
		When multiple cipher characters are used to express the same plaintext letter such as “E”, the multiple cipher characters for the letter "E" are referred to as “homophones” because they all have the same meaning, hence the term “homophonic” cipher.
		The reason this cipher alphabet has varying numbers of cipher symbols representing pt characters is due to the “popularity” or “frequency” of these characters in written English.
	www.zodiackiller.com /mba/zc/69.html (7891 words)

	Cryptologia: memoria technica cipher, The
		He used his Memoria Technica cipher as a tool in work that was never published, a projected book whose working title was "Logarithms by Lightning: A Mathematical Curiosity." The logarithms project, a joint work with his colleague, Robert Edward Baynes, is examined in detail.
		We know that in the ten year period, 1858-1868, Dodgson invented four ciphers, the two of the Vigenere type are known as the Alphabet Cipher (1868) and the Key -Vowel Cipher (1858).
		The Telegraph Cipher (1868) is a Beaufort cipher, and the Matrix Cipher (1858) is a Variant Beaufort cipher.1 [1, 10, 11]
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200307/ai_n9291665 (1451 words)

	The C-38 / M-209 cipher machine
		There is also the possibility to offset the used alphabet by a fixed number of steps, which, cryptographically, has the effect of adding a constant number to the key produced by the machine.
		The use of larger number of bars on the cage has the effect of allowing several wheel patterns to result in the same displacement of the alphabet, thus introducing problems for the would be cryptanalyst.
		This displaces the input alphabet, relative the output, cipher alphabet, when the knob is set at any other position than 'A'.
	hem.passagen.se /tan01/c38.html (1869 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		One keyword is used for both plain alphabet and cipher alphabet with the two alphabets being offset from each other.
		After finishing with the plain alphabet, you will be asked to do the same for the cipher alphabet.
		Before finishing, the 2 alphabets must not have a plain letter equaling itself in the cipher alphabet.
	www.und.nodak.edu /org/crypto/crypto/solvers/dutchman/SSK3INFO.txt (674 words)

	Avernus - Cryptography - Caesar Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The Caesar Cipher is a very simple example of a substitution cipher.
		The cipher simply involves shifting the plain-text alphabet by a fixed number of character.
		where small letters represent the plaintext (not encrypted) alphabet and capital letters represent the ciphertext (encrypted) alphabet.
	www.avernus.org.uk /encrypt.php?article=caesar (204 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Writing System/Simplified Lang
		For several centuries, language scholars had felt the need for an international alphabet that would represent the same sounds regardless of language and regardless of how a sound might be spelled in a given language.
		The alphabet is often called "futhark" from the first 6 letters ("th" is one letter).
		As other alphabets grew in popularity, with a corresponding decline in the knowledge of runes, the latter were used as magic signs as well as for writing secret messages.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/simpwrth.htm (2188 words)

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