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	Battle of Maldon -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An account of the battle, embellished with many speeches attributed to the warriors and with other details, is related in an (A native or inhabitant of England prior to the Norman conquest) Anglo-Saxon poem of the same name.
		The poem begins with his teaching his men (who, except for his household guard, were peasants and householders from the area) how to stand and how to hold weapons.
		Another argument is that the poem is an elegy on a terrible loss and that the monastic author pinpoints the cause of the defeat in the commander's sin of pride.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_maldon.htm (700 words)

	Bibliografia per la 'Battaglia di Maldon' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Campbell, B.R. 'The suþerne gar in The Battle of Maldon', N&Q, vol 214 (1969), pp.
		Blake, N.F. 'The Flyting in The Battle of Maldon', ELN 13 (1976), pp.
		Locherbie-Cameron, M.A.L. 'Ælfwine's Kinsmen and The Battle of Maldon', N&Q 25 (1978), pp.
	bilbo.di.unipi.it /bifrost/biblio/maldon.html (2439 words)

	Medieval English urban history - Maldon - Origins
		Maldon's name is principally known for its association with the Danish victory at the Battle of Maldon (991), whose fame rests principally on the fact of it being immortalized in a fine Anglo-Saxon poem.
		Maldon's centre stands on a hill atop the south bank of the River Blackwater which, immediately east of Maldon, becomes a wide estuary for several miles before entering the North Sea.
		That Maldon was among the minority of Edward's burhs to have developed into a medieval borough is doubtless due to the fact that it also served as a regional market centre.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/maldon1.html (829 words)

	Battle of Maldon - Maeldune
		The only contemporary or near contemporary sources for the battle are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the 'Life of Oswald' and, of course, the poem on the battle.
		A long section preceding the account of the battles with the Vikings is dedicated to fulsome praise of Byrhtnoth's virtues, which was perhaps understandable as Byrhtnoth had been a generous benefactor to the monastery.
		The battle at Maldon in 991 would have received little attention had it not been the inspiration for the celebrated poem on the subject.
	www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk /Maeldune/battle_of_maldon.htm (3311 words)

	Battle of Maldon, Tumulus? - www.ezboard.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maldon was an obvious target for the Vikings as it possessed a royal mint and had been besieged earlier in the century by a Danish army.
		The crisis point of the battle had been reached and the majority of the Saxon forces fled to the nearby woods, leaving the household companions to fight on to try to avenge the death of their lord.
		Scragg, D.G. The Battle of Maldon (Manchester, 1981)
	p208.ezboard.com /ftalkinghistoryfrm17.showMessage?topicID=102.topic (4145 words)

	§13. "The Battle of Maldon" or "Byrhtnoth’s Death". VII. From Alfred to the Conquest. Vol. 1. From the ...
		The manuscript of this poem 50 was destroyed by the Cottonian fire; but it had, fortunately, been printed by Herne in 1726, and it is from his text that our knowledge of the poem is derived.
		In the poem before us he stands out as the ideal leader of men, admirable alike in his devotion to his king, his simple piety and his sense of responsibility towards his followers.
		The poem, the beginning and end of which are lost, opens with the directions of Byrhtnoth to his men, and tells how, after marshalling his troops, he exhorted them to stand firm, taking his place among the band of his immediate followers.
	www.bartleby.com /211/0713.html (872 words)

	UK Battlefields Resource Centre - Britons, Saxons & Vikings - Maldon Campaign - The Battle of Battle of Maldon - The ...
		The battle at Maldon culminated in the death of Earldorman Brihtnoth and the defeat of his army.
		It has been argued that Maldon was one of the largest of the battles of the period and yet in 994, just three years later a fleet of 94 ships once more attacked the south east of England.
		The importance of Maldon is that it is the best documented of battles of this dramatic period which ended in the subjugation of England under a Danish king.
	www.battlefieldstrust.com /resource-centre/viking/battlepageview.asp?pageid=347&parentid=343 (417 words)

	Maldon - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maldon is a town on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, England.
		A Viking raid was beaten off in 924, but in another raid in 991 the defenders were defeated in the Battle of Maldon and the Vikings received tribute but apparently did not attempt to sack the town.
		It became the subject of the epic poem The Battle of Maldon.
	www.unipedia.info /Maldon.html (374 words)

	991 AD - The Battle of MALDON
		Then they understood and clearly saw, 85 that this guarding of the causeway was a fierce encounter, and so began to use guile, the hateful strangers, asked that passage to land they might have, to the shore and pass the fjord would this force lead.
		Yet still at the battle front stood Eadweard the tall ready and eager, speaking vaunting words 275 that he would not flee a foot's ground, or turn away back to the bank, then leave his superior where he lay.
		Then at the battle's height Offa a sea-farer sent to the Earth dead, and there Gadd's kinsman was laid low to the ground: soon it was at battle that Offa was hewn down.
	www.airflow.net /maldon/thepoem.html (2315 words)

	Maeldune - Introduction - Maldon
		The celebration in 1991 of the 1000th anniversary of the Battle of Maldon shone a light on an event which, however once significant in the nation's history, had long since slipped into the shadows for most Maldonians.
		The battle is set in the context both of chronological history and of events outside the narrow confines of Maldon and Essex.
		Maldon was to play a dramatic role, according to the annals of the time, when that civilisation was challenged and, for a time, overwhelmed by the Viking invaders.
	www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk /Maeldune/bookint.htm (847 words)

	Encyclopedia: Vikings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Their ruthlessness and courage in battle is well documented by contemporary chroniclers, and they were feared along the western coast of France and in Britain.
		According to the Swedish writer Jan Guillou, the word Viking was popularized, with positive connotations, by Erik Gustaf Geijer in the poem The Viking, written at the beginning of the 19th century.
		During the 18th century, British interest and enthusiasm for Iceland and Nordic culture grew dramatically, expressed in English translations as well as original poems extolling Viking virtues, and increased interest in anything Runic that could be found in the Danelaw, rising to a peak during Victorian times.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vikings (1864 words)

	Battle of Maldon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Old English poem known as 'The Battle of Maldon' survived into modern times in a single, incomplete, manuscript - both the beginning and end of the poem were missing.
		The battle of Maldon is mentioned in the 'Vita Sancti Oswaldi' (Life of St.Oswald), written c.1000 (usually attributed to Byrhtferth of Ramsey).
		The cowardly Godric flees from the battle on Byrhtnoth's horse.
	www.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk /maldon.htm (812 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Battle of Maldon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The battle of Maldon was fought in August 991 between English forces commanded by Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, and Vikings raiding around the east and south of England.
		From the poem it appears that the Viking force has landed on the island of Northey in the tidal estuary of the River Blackwater (or Pante, as it is called in Old English).
		The poem tries hard to make something positive out of what was a significant defeat for the English: it gives Byrhtnoth's death a saintly tinge by having him pray on the battlefield in the manner typical of Christian martyrs; and it makes much of the heroic commitment of the loyal retainers of Byrhtnoth.
	www.litencyc.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1248 (1305 words)

	Maldon
		However, "Maldon" represents a comparative oddity in the epic literature of the Anglo-Saxon period (from the Roman retreat in 410 to the Norman invasion in 1066).
		The poem describes an actual historical event, a Viking raid on the eastern coast of England in either 991 or 992, and its characters are described using all the epic poet’s linguistic strategies (see Homer and Milton, for examples) but with no reference to the supernatural.
		It has been suggested that the poem records a very early state of the conversion of the pagan Angles and Saxons from their Germanic religion which promised no afterlife except a kind of eternity of fame for the warrior who dies well in battle.
	faculty.goucher.edu /eng211/maldon.htm (1828 words)

	UK Battlefields Resource Centre - Britons, Saxons & Vikings - Maldon Campaign - The Battle of Battle of Maldon - ...
		The poem is the only substantial account we have of the battle, but even it is not complete.
		The origin and date of the poem are uncertain, although it does appear to be near contemporary to the events.
		What is certain is that the poem cannot be taken as a simple historical account and that the truth has to be distilled from the literary embellishment.
	www.battlefieldstrust.com /resource-centre/viking/battlepageview.asp?pageid=353&parentid=343 (214 words)

	Battle of Maldon -- Aug. 10, 991 AD
		The subject of a famous Anglo-Saxon poem, the Battle of Maldon (Maeldun or "hill with the cross") was actually fought along the southern shore of the Blackwater Estuary in Essex and in adjacent wheatfields.
		The famous poem recounts that Byrhtnoth's thegns, despite his demise and the scattering of the fyrd, stood their ground and fought to the death to avenge his loss.
		Then fled from battle who feared to be there: The sons of Odda were first in flight, Godric from battle, leaving his lord who had gven him many a goodly steed; he leaped on the horse that belonged to his leader, rode in the trappings that were not his by right.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/maldon.html (1391 words)

	Learn more about Old English poetry in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The tale of the Battle of Maldon likewise tells of the last stand of Byrhtnoth and his band of doomed warriors.
		Chief among these is the Dream of the Rood, which displays the passion of Jesus Christ in a manner that may owe much to the depiction of Odin in the Old Norse Hávamál.
		There are also a number of magic charms preserved in the literature, a metaphorical poem about the Phoenix, and Alfred the Great's translation of the Meters by Boethius.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/ol/old_english_poetry.html (912 words)

	Vikings & Anglo-Saxons: The Battle of Maldon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Analysis of the poem and archaeology reveals that most of the fighting was around the mouth of the causeway over the River Pante between the mainland and Northey Island in the Blackwater estuary.
		The poem states that it was 'foolhardy pride' that made him invite the enemy onto firm ground (line 89).
		Finally, towards the end, an aged warrior named Byrhtwold utters the most inspiring words of the whole poem, words which have been described as the 'last clarion call of old England', and were quoted during the dark days of the Battle of Britain in 1940.
	www.dicksonc.act.edu.au /Showcase/ClioContents/legends/maldon.html (1478 words)

	Battle of Maldon Bibliography: Part II (Secondary Works) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A Peculiarity of Alliteration in the Battle of Maldon." Wortbildung, Syntax and Morphologie: Festschrift zum 60.
		"The Genesis of The Battle of Maldon." Anglo-Saxon England 7 (1978), 119-29.
		Rogers, H. The Battle of Maldon: David Casley's Transcript." Notes and Queries N.S. Russom, Geoffrey R. "Artful Avoidance of the Useful Phrase in Beowulf, The Battle of Maldon, and The Fates of the Apostles." Studies in Philology 75 (1978), 371-90.
	www.wmich.edu /medieval/research/rawl/maldon/part2.html (4085 words)

	The Battle of Maldon
		The heroic and futile battle of the Saxons of Essex against Viking invaders in 991.
		In the aftermath of the Battle of Maldon the Vikings exacted tribute from local leaders in Hampshire, Kent, and the west of present-day England.
		The poem, of which only fragments remain, tells the tale of Byrhtnoth in stirring detail, and it is through this poem that most of what we know about the battle has been preserved.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/battles/maldon.htm (524 words)

	Battle of Maldon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Battle of Maldon marked a series of harrying raids and sporadic attacks that began that year and continued throughout the troubled reign of Æthelred the Unready until, in 1016, the king of England was defeated by Cnut, the son of Swein Forkbeard.
		The battle was perceived by the poet as a moral event, one between Christian and pagan, between loyalty and disloyalty.
		Since the poet cannot change the outcome of the battle, the defeat must be understood in terms of an explanatory fault or vice: that of the ealdorman's pride.
	itsa.ucsf.edu /~snlrc/britannia/maldon/maldonbattle.html (1169 words)

	Medium Aevum: The Battle of Maldon AD 991. (book reviews)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Tribute to the men who died in the Battle of Maldon in 991 is indirectly the theme of every work that comes out on the eponymous poem.
		Rightly so, as now that the millennial anniversary is over, the focus may move away from historicity towards literary merit where The Battle of Maldon is concerned.
		In artistry this poem is relatively limited, so it is good to have Scragg's gathering of contemporary scholarship for a composite picture of what is known, rather than fondly reconstructed, of the true event.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:14796127&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (214 words)

	Long Island Battle Of: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		...R.A.F. of its long-range-warning...the outcome of the Battle of Britain might...or Destroyer long-range fighter...England during the Battle of Britain.
		Embedded in the "Battle of the Lakes": A Report from the Textual Frontlines of the 1833 Humboldt Sink Massacre
		Circulation battles and editorial clashes over liquor...Smart, the insouciant editor of Salt Lakes alternative City...feeler to Singleton, who had long eyed the Tribune as an attractive...000), however, is a no-mans island that is closely divided between...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101255869 (1866 words)

	channel4.com - Monarchy - Battle of Maldon - text only
		This battle took place near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, during the reign of Ethelred the Unready.
		The story of the battle, embellished with many speeches attributed to the warriors and other details, is given in the Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon, which is responsible for its continued fame.
		According to the poem, at low tide, the river left a land bridge from this island to the shore.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/M/monarchy/battles/maldon_t.html (388 words)

	Essays on the battle of maldon, chaucer's the wife of bath and shakespeare's sonnet 20
		Essays on the battle of maldon, chaucer's the wife of bath and shakespeare's sonnet 20
		The Battle of Maldon was lost in the Cottonian fire of 1731 (the same that destroyed Beowulf), but fortunately a copy had been made of it.
		The poet had to abide by to the expectations of his time and thus portray Byrhtnoth as one who fights bravely, is killed by the heathen Danes and avenged by his retainers who die beside their lord.
	www.angelfire.com /nd/EssaysOnEnglishLit/EssaysOnEnglishLiterature.htm (6786 words)

	The world's top battle of maldon websites
		The Battle of Maldon, 991 A.D. (although there is a great deal of confusion in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle about the date, and it might have been 992).
		The Battle of Maldon took place near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Ethelred the Unready.
		An account of the battle, embellished with many speeches attributed to the warriors and with other details, is related in a Saxon poem of the same name.
	dirs.org /wiki-article-tab.cfm/battle_of_maldon (685 words)

	The Battle of Maldon
		The main source of our knowledge of the Battle of Maldon is the independently preserved Old English heroic battle-poem, which appears to have been composed not long after the event.
		Nevertheless, it was a fateful decision, emphasised in the poem by the dramatic advance of the Viking "slaughter-wolves" [l.96a] across the causeway as the hungry ravens wheel overhead [l.106].
		After the battle the Danes probably carried off Byrhtnoð's head as a battle-trophy, but his body was recovered by the monks of Ely and buried in their great abbey.
	www.wuffings.co.uk /WuffSites/Maldon.htm (930 words)

	Battle of Maldon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Anglo-Saxons, led by Byrhtnoth and his theigns, fought against a Viking invasion, a battle which ended in utter defeat for the Anglo-Saxons.
		A modern tapestry depicting the battle can be seen at the Moot House (Town Hall) in Maldon.
		The Old English poem was written soon after the battle itself, probably by a monastic scribe.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/B/Battle-of-Maldon.htm (804 words)

	Maldon and Brunanburh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Battle of Maldon: the meaning, dating & historicity of an Old English poem.
		Scragg, Donald G. The Battle of Maldon A.D. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
		Die Battle of Maldon als historisches und literarisches Zeugniss.
	www.unc.edu /~jwittig/51/51bib/maldon.htm (266 words)

	Old English poetry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The longest, and most important, Old English poem is Beowulf, whichsurvived in a single damaged manuscript.
		The tale of the Battle of Maldon likewise tells of the last stand of Byrhtnoth and his band of doomed warriors.Within Beowulf itself, the tale of the Fight at Finnsburg is told as a digression.
		The fit was not always perfect, but the very tension between the two visions lends depth to both of them.Chief among these is the Dream of the Rood, whichdisplays the passion of Jesus Christ in a manner that may owe much to thedepiction of Odin in the Old Norse Hávamál.
	www.therfcc.org /old-english-poetry-11352.html (780 words)

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