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Topic: The Burghers of Calais

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	Calais history
		Calais is one of only 5 cities of France to be allowed to have its own flag by royal decree, with Dunkirk, Boulogne, Le Havre and Saint Malo.
		The Calais flag is the one that floated on the former belfry, at the head of the burgher militia and on the mastheads of the privateer vessels of the City.
		The Calais Dover line was the first on the continent to be served by a steam boat, the Rob-Roy in 1821.
	www.calais.ws /History.html (1577 words)

	Calais
		Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km (21 miles) wide here, and is the closest French town to England.
		The governorship or Captaincy of Calais was a lucrative and highly prized public office; the famous Dick Whittington was simultaneously Lord Mayor of London and Mayor of the Staple in 1407.
		Calais was regarded for many years as being an integral part of Kingdom of England, with its representatives sitting in the English Parliament.
	pedia.counsellingresource.com /openpedia/Calais (1939 words)

	Calais (Maine) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Calais (Maine), industrial city and port of entry in Washington County in northeastern Maine.
		Calais is located on the Saint Croix River, 218 km...
		Calais (France), city in northern France, in Pas-de-Calais Department, on the Strait of Dover, opposite Dover, England.
	encarta.msn.com /Calais_(Maine).html (129 words)

	Calais
		Calais was captured in 1347 by Edward III during the Hundred Years War and remained an English possession until 1558, when it was liberated by François 2nd duc de Guise.
		On April 17, 1596, Calais fell to an assault by the Spanish under the command of the Archduke Cardinal Albert of Austria.
		The crosses Lorraine recall the capture of the town from the English by the duc de Guise in 1558, the crescent and the fleur-de-lys recall Henri II under whose reign it occurred.
	www.lepg.org /calais.htm (875 words)

	Virtual Gallery
		In 1884 Rodin submitted a maquette for a competition in Calais, France to erect a monument in honor of a local hero, Eustache de Saint-Pierre.
		Six leading citizens of Calais volunteered themselves as hostages to the English king Edward III in exchange for his lifting an eleven-month siege on their city.
		Rodin, however, finished The Burghers of Calais in 1888 and exhibited it to the public in 1889 at a joint exhibition in Paris with Impressionist painter Claude Monet.
	www.cantorfoundation.org /Rodin/Gallery/rvg31.html (276 words)

	[No title]
		He insisted that the burghers come to his camp dressed in very simple and plain clothing, wear nooses around their necks, and carry the keys to the city with them.
		When Calais received the monument from Rodin, the city reneged on placing it at eye–level in front of the town hall, which was the original agreement.
		The 19th century burghers of Calais were not completely comfortable nor pleased with Rodin’s depiction of their 14th century counterparts.
	www.facinghistory.org /campus/memorials.nsf/0/800B2DDE722CCE4E85256E94006EBAE2 (541 words)

	Calais monuments
		Born on the outskirts of Calais, at Coulogne, Dutertre, a regimental infantry officer was taken prisoner by Abd el-Kader.
		Rodin’s statue of the Burghers of Calais occupied the strip of land in front of the gardens from 1895 to 1924 when it was replaced by the 1914-18 war memorial, the work of the sculptor Moreau-Vauthier.
		On July 1909 Hubert Latham and Louis Blériot settled at Cap Gris Nez, close to Calais and 33 kilometers from the cliffs of Dover.
	www.calais.ws /CalaisMonuments.htm (685 words)

	Calais
		In September of 1346, Edward III of England led a victorious battle near Abbeville, France and subsequently laid siege to the town of Calais, a small coastal town on the English Channel.
		The English siege of Calais endured 11 months before Edward offered to end the siege only if a party of the wealthiest citizens of Calais, wearing their own death-nooses, brought to him keys to the city.
		The town of Calais commemorated this historic act by commissioning a sculpture from Auguste Rodin in 1895.
	www.travelgrotto.com /calais.htm (386 words)

	Shopping in Calais
		Calais is an interesting combination of old and new.
		On the frontier between the old and the new parts of Calais is the extravagant and flamboyant Town Hall, completed in 1925 and fronted by Rodin’s famous statue of the Six Burghers of Calais, which immortalises their courage during the siege of Calais in 1347.
		Calais has three main shopping areas - the Place D'Armes and Rue Royale are closest to the port and the sea while Boulevard Jacquard and Boulevard La Fayette are in the south of the town past the Town Hall.
	www.calais.cci.fr /shopping/towncenter.html (594 words)

	Burghers of Calais (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1347, the city of Calais was besieged by the English, led by King Edward III.
		To stop any further loss of life, the oldest Burgher, Eustache de Saint Pierre, led a group of six of Calais' leading citizens to the English.
		However, thanks to the intercession of Edward's wife, Phillippa, the lives of all six Burghers were spared.
	pw2.netcom.com /~eweston/burghers.htm (124 words)

	Rodin Works
		Rodin's 'Burghers of Calais' tell the story of the six distinguished citizens of the French coastal town Calais, who in 1347, during the Hundred-Years War with England, exposed themselves volunteerly into captivity of King Edward III to save their town from extermination.
		and even though a financial crisis in Calais hindered the tasks of the committee and the realisation of the monument was not certain anymore, Rodin finished the group in the following years.
		The first examples of these small 'Burghers' were ordered by the banker Joanny Peytel; subsequently, this edition was in great demand among collectors, who now were able to purchase the famous 'Burghers' for an affordable price, in a size that fitted their private housing.
	www.rodin-web.org /works/1884_burghers.htm (1379 words)

	Six Burghers
		During the 14th Century, England and France were adversaries in the Hundred Years War and after the English victory at Crecy, near Abbeville, in September 1346, Edward III laid siege to Calais, the "nest of pirates" from where attacks were launched on ships in the Channel.
		These conditions were reported back to the people of Calais and six burghers volunteered to step into the English lion's den.
		Some 550 years later, on June 3, 1895, the town of Calais marked this historic act by unveiling a bronze statue, The Six Burghers of Calais, in the shadow of the Hotel de Ville.
	www.seaview.co.uk /le-shopper/sixburghers.html (365 words)

	Education \| History refuses to look kindly upon the good burghers of Calais
		In his comprehensive and highly scholarly survey of the subject, Moeglin radically reassesses the well-known episode of the burghers of Calais, which took place in 1347 during the early years of the Hundred Years' War.
		The people of Calais negotiated a pardon, and it was only once they were virtually certain of this that they agreed to perform the rite.
		The burghers did indeed wear halters round their necks, but they were accompanied by the town's men-at-arms.
	education.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4482571-110864,00.html (850 words)

	Calais
		Calais Town Hall with its spectacular belfry, and the famous statue of the Six Burghers by Rodin.
		The English occupied Calais from 1347 to 1558 - after complaints from English merchants that the old port was a "den of pirates" raiding their ships.
		The dramatic circumstances are commemorated by Auguste Rodin's famous bronze statue of the "Six Burghers of Calais" outside the Town Hall.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/towns/calais.htm (714 words)

	Burghers of Calais \| Auguste Rodin Sculptures \| Rodin Statues \| Classical Statues \| The Large Art Company
		The monument was proposed by the mayor of Calais for the town's square in 1880.
		Rodin's design was controversial, as it did not present the burghers in a heroic manner, rather they appeared sullen and worn.
		The monument was innovative in that it presented the burghers at the same level as the viewers, rather than on a traditional pedestal, although until 1924 the city council of Calais, against Rodin's wishes, displayed the statue on an elevated base.
	www.largeart.com /detail.aspx?ID=93 (578 words)

	Sculpteur/monuments
		Six burghers, Eustache de Saint-Pierre, Jean d'Aire, Jacques and Pierre de Wissant, Jean de Fiennes, Andrieu d'Andres, were willing to sacrifice their lives and accepted to hand over the keys of the city to the King.
		The Monument to the Burghers of Calais on a scaffolding
		But it was not inaugurated in Calais until August 1895, on a traditionally high pedestal, to the great regret of Rodin who would have preferred the group to be displayed "very low to enable the spectators to penetrate the heart of the subject, like entombments in churches, where the group is almost at ground level.
	www.musee-rodin.fr /smonu-e.htm (1321 words)

	Calais France - Northern France - IndigoGuide Calais
		Calais, a busy port, is only 40km from Dover and welcomes 9 million British travellers and 1 million day trippers every year.
		The town of Calais has two sections: Calais-Nord is the renovated and drab old town with the place d'Armes and rue Royale, Calais-Sud's main attraction is the boulevard Jacquard shopping street.
		Rodin's sculpture the Burghers of Calais is in front of the Hotel de Ville, a Flemish style building that was finished in 1926.
	www.indigoguide.com /france/calais.htm (539 words)

	In-Depth
		In 1884, the town council of Calais commissioned Auguste Rodin to create a monument commemorating the end of the terrible siege of 1346-47, when the conquering English agreed to accept the town's surrender without punishment if six prominent citizens (burghers) would offer themselves as permanent hostages.
		Rodin portrayed the burghers with necks encircled by ropes, their bodies covered only by rough robes, as they walk barefoot to deliver the keys of the town.
		The novel idea that heroic deeds are performed at great sacrifice by average people infuriated the Calais authorities, who reluctantly accepted the monument in 1895 but refused to place it in front of the town hall until 1925.
	hirshhorn.si.edu /collection/indepth_work.asp?ID=24&ObjectNumber=66.4340 (211 words)

	Auguste Rodin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1844 the town of Calais opened a competition for a monument commemorating the resistance of the town for eleven months against the King Edward in 1346-47.
		Rodin worked for ten years (1876-86) on a composition of the six burghers that were held hostage.
		The bodies of the six 'Burghers of Calais', as they prepare to terms of surrender, is wrought with emotion--sublime, sad and great.
	gallery.sjsu.edu /paris/the_academy/rodin.htm (437 words)

	Browse by Title - Norton Simon Museum
		In 1347, after the city of Calais had been under siege for eleven months, six prominent citizens offered their lives to the English king, Edward III, in return for his promise to spare the city.
		In 1884, Rodin was commissioned by the city of Calais to produce a monument honoring the six burghers.
		Rodin rejected the established conventions of public sculpture and portrayed the men not as glorious heroes, but as troubled and isolated individuals brought together by their anguish and common purpose.
	www.nortonsimon.org /collections/browse_title.asp?id=M.1968.04.S (150 words)

	La culture et les loisirs à Calais (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the town that inspired Rodin’s Burghers of Calais, sculpture from the 19th and 20th centuries naturally takes pride of place.
		Rodin’s works are exhibited in the centre of the exhibition area alongside artists who preceded and inspired him, such as Barye (Napoleon in a frock coat) and Carpeaux (Ugolino and his sons).
		This exhibition predates and sets the scene for the future Lace and Fashion Centre- Museum due to open at the end of 2007 in Calais, «Lace, codes and modes (fashions) » throws light on the uses of lace and on the influence of fashion on the figure from the 16th century to the 19th century.
	www.mairie-calais.fr /musee_2005_2006_GB.htm (573 words)

	Rodin’s Sculptures
		Commissioned and completed in the late 1880’s in what would be the most creative period of his life, Auguste Rodin’s The Burghers of Calais seemed to embody the academic spirit that the sculptor imbued in his art.
		It follows, then, that meticulous detail in academic art was Rodin’s forte; it was the tool he utilized to differentiate his work from the Impressionist style then in vogue and was also the method he employed to revitalize otherwise traditional subjects with strong, emotional expressions.
		When looking again at Rodin’s The Burghers of Calais, what is most striking about the sculpture is not the subject matter of the six figures, but rather the powerful image that Rodin captured through their respective poses.
	blogs.princeton.edu /wri152-3/f05/bgreeley (407 words)

	Rodin's Intent
		he six Rodin statues of the Burghers of Calais that for years had been separated in different locations on campus have been reunited as their creator intended.
		"Rodin wanted the sculpture to be at street level and for the citizens of Calais to be able to mingle with their ancestors," said Thomas Seligman, director of the Stanford Museum of Art.
		The installation of the newly united burghers is part of a large-scale renovation of the museum, scheduled to be reopened in early 1999.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/stanfordtoday/ed/9807/9807ncf401.shtml (157 words)

	Calais - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Calais, town in northern France, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, on the Strait of Dover, opposite the English port of Dover.
		Calais, Siege of, blockade of the French city of Calais by the English during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).
		Dover, Strait of, strait, separating Britain from France and the European continent, and connecting the English Channel and Atlantic Ocean with the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Calais.html (85 words)

	Old Town, Calais
		As well as an important port, Calais is also a popular seaside resort, with one of the finest beaches in northern France.
		During the Second World War the old town of Calais (Calais-Nord) was almost completely destroyed, together with the port installations.
		After the war Calais was rebuilt, and the port regained its former importance.
	www.planetware.com /calais/old-town-f-cal-cot.htm (147 words)

	Auguste Rodin: The Burghers of Calais \| Publications for Educators \| Explore & Learn \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1885, the town council of Calais commissioned the French sculptor Auguste Rodin to create a sculpture commemorating the bravery of their local heroes, the so-called Burghers of Calais.
		This resource was produced in conjunction with the special exhibition "Rodin's Monument to Victor Hugo." The exhibition was organized by the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation.
		The exhibition in New York was made possible, in part, by The Georges Lurcy Charitable and Educational Trust.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/publications/burghers.htm (187 words)

	Calais (France) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Calais (France) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		French Sculpture : pictures of French sculpture: Burghers of Calais
		Encarta's bilingual dictionary provides quick and easy English-to-French translations of commonly used words.
	encarta.msn.com /Calais_(France).html (154 words)

	Talaria Enterprises Rodin Sculpture Reproduction, Burgher of Calais, Prodigal Child, Man with Broken Nose, Hand of God, ...
		Licensed reproduction from the monument “The Burghers of Calais” by Auguste Rodin.
		In this graceful yet emotional portrait of one of the Burghers of Calais, Rodin moves us with his stunning, twisted pose.
		The Hand of God originated from a study of a hand used for two characters in the Burgher of Calais group, the gestures of which evoke farewell and despair.
	www.talariaenterprises.com /product_lists/rodin_pg4.html (710 words)

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